A collection of phylogenetic trees for the caniform carnivores. The cladograms were copied from Wikipedia mainspace articles and used to test the Lua module version of the ((clade)) using the test template ((cladeN)).

Also see User:Jts1882/phylogeny/Feliformia for feliform carnovores.

General schemes

External phylogeny

Internal phylogeny

Note: "Recently, however, Schmidt-Kittler (1976; Chen & Schmidt-Kittler 1983) has demonstrated, on the basis of the structure of the deciduous dentition, that percrocutoids are likely to be phylogenetically quite distant from hyaenids sensu stricto, and instead share a common ancestry with 'stenoplesictines' (Chen & Schmidt-Kittler 1983, p. 168)." (Werdelin & Solounias, 1991, p5)

Werdelin , Lars & Solounias, Nikos 1991 05 31: The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution. Fossils and Strata, No. 30, pp. 1-104. Oslo. ISSN 0300-9491 . ISBN 82-00-37481-5 .


   Carnivora   
Feliformia

Nimravidae† Hoplophoneus mentalis




Stenoplesictidae†



Percrocutidae† Dinocrocuta




Nandiniidae Two-spotted palm civet



Feloidea

PrionodontidaeSpotted linsang




Barbourofelidae†



Felidae Ocelot




Viverroidea

Viverridae African civet


Herpestoidea

Hyaenidae Striped hyena




Herpestidae Meller's mongoose



Eupleridae Falanouc







   Caniformia   

Amphicyonidae† Ysengrinia americana



Canidae African golden wolf


   Arctoidea   
   

Hemicyonidae†



Ursidae American black bear




Pinnipedia

Enaliarctidae† Enaliarctos mealsi



   

Phocidae Common seal



   

Otariidae California sea lion



Odobenidae Pacific walrus





   Musteloidea   
   

Ailuridae Red panda



   

Mephitidae Striped skunk



   

Procyonidae Common raccoon



Mustelidae European polecat









Dog-like families

Phylogeny


   Caniformia   

Amphicyonidae† Ysengrinia americana


Canidae

Hesperocyoninae† (basal canids)




Borophaginae† ("bone-crushing dogs")



Caninae African golden wolf




   Arctoidea   
   Ursoidea   

Hemicyonidae†



Ursidae American black bear




Pinnipedia

Enaliarctidae†



   

Phocidae Common seal



   

Otariidae California sea lion



OdobenidaePacific walrus





   Musteloidea   
   

Ailuridae Red panda



   

Mephitidae Striped skunk



   

Procyonidae Common raccoon



Mustelidae European polecat








Source.[1]

Canidae relationships

Family Canidae

Based on Lindblad-Toh et al (2005), modified to incorporate recent findings on wolf-like Canis species by Koepfli et al (2015).[2] [3]


Canidae
Canini
Canina

Canis familiaris (domestic dog)

Canis lupus (gray wolf)

Canis latrans (coyote)

Canis anthus (African golden wolf)

Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf)

Canis aureus (golden jackal)

Cuon alpinus (dhole or Asiatic wild dog)

Lycaon pictus (African wild dog)

Canis mesomelas (black-backed jackal)

Canis adustus (side-striped jackal)

Cerdocyonina

Speothos venaticus (bush dog)

Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf)

Lycalopex

Lycalopex vetulus (hoary fox)

Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)

Lycalopex griseus (South American gray fox or chilla)

Lycalopex gymnocercus (pampas fox)

Lycalopex culpaeus (culpeo or Andean fox)

Lycalopex sechurae (Sechuran fox or Peruvian desert fox)

Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox)

Atelocynus microtis (short-eared dog)

Vulpini

Otocyon megalotis (bat-eared fox)

Nyctereutes procyonoides (raccoon dog)

Vulpes

Vulpes zerda (fennec fox)

Vulpes cana (Blanford's fox)

Vulpes chama (Cape fox)

Vulpes vulpes (red fox)

Vulpes rueppellii (Ruppell's fox)

Vulpes corsac (corsac fox)

Vulpes macrotis (Kit fox)

Vulpes lagopus (Arctic fox)

Urocyon

Urocyon littoralis (island fox)

Urocyon cinereoargenteus (gray fox)


Borophaginae

Cladogram showing borophagine interrelationships, following Wang et al., figure 141:[4]

Canidae

Hesperocyoninae




Caninae


Borophaginae

Archaeocyon



Oxetocyon



Otarocyon




Rhizocyon



Phlaocyonini

Cynarctoides



Phlaocyon



Borophagini

Cormocyon




Desmocyon



Cynarctina

Paracynarctus



Cynarctus





Metatomarctus




Euoplocyon




Psalidocyon




Microtomarctus




Protomarctus




Tephrocyon


Aelurodontina

Tomarctus



Aelurodon



Borophagina

Paratomarctus




Carpocyon




Protepicyon




Epicyon



Borophagus





















Evolution of wolves

[5] [6] [7]


Dire wolf divergence
†Canis chihliensis
Canis lupus



†Canis armbrusteri
†Canis gezi


†Canis nehringi


†Canis dirus

†Canis dirus guildayi


†Canis dirus dirus






Phylogeny of Canis dirus based on morphology.[6]: p148 [5]: p181 
Wolf evolution
†Canis lepophagus
Canis latrans (Coyote)



†Canis priscolatrans

extinct taxa


†Canis ambrusteri
†Canis dirus (Dire wolf)


†Canis nehringi


†Canis gezi





†Canis etruscus

†Canis variabilis


†Canis mosbachensis
Canis rufus (red wolf)


Canis lupus (gray wolf)


Canis familiaris (dog)






Proposed evolution and branching of genus Canis towards the wolf.[7]: p240 
Wolf evolution - alternate proposal
†Eucyon davisi
†Canis lepophagus

extinct taxa


†Canis edwardii
Canis aureus (Golden jackal)


Canis latrans (coyote)




†Canis chihliensis
†Canis ambrusteri
†Canis dirus


†Canis nehringi


†Canis gezi



Canis lupus
Gray wolf


Domestic dog



†Canis falconeri


Extinct taxa



†Xenocyon
Cuon (Dhole)


Lycaon (African hunting dog)






Proposed evolution and branching from Eucyon towards the wolf.[6]: p148 [5]: p181 

other caniforms

Mustelidae

Genetic analysis suggests that Mustelidae should be divided into eight subfamilies:[8]


Mustelidae






Lutrinae




Aonyx

Aonyx capensis (African clawless otter)



Aonyx cinerea (Oriential small-clawed otter)



Lutrogale

Lutrogale perspicillata (smooth-coated otter)




Lutra 

Lutra lutra (European otter)



Lutra sumatrana (hairy-nosed otter)





Enhydra

Enhydra lutris (sea otter)


Hydrictis

Hydrictis maculicollis (spotted-necked otter)



Lontra

Lontra canadensis (North American river otter)




Lontra felina (marine otter)



Lontra longicaudis (Neotropical river otter)



(New World 
river otters) 


Pteronura  

Pteronura brasiliensis (giant otter)



(otters)
Mustelinae





Mustela altaica (mountain weasel)



Mustela nivalis (least weasel)








Mustela eversmanni (steppe polecat)



Mustela putorius (European polecat or common ferret)




Mustela nigripes (black-footed ferret)




Mustela lutreola (European mink)




Mustela sibirica (Siberian weasel)





Mustela erminea (stoat or ermine)





Mustela nudipes (Malaysian weasel)



Mustela strigidorsa (black-striped weasel)






Mustela frenata (long-tailed weasel)



Neovison vison (American mink)



(weasels etc)


Galictinae 




Poecilogale albinucha (African striped weasel)



Ictonyx striatus (striped polecat)




Ictonyx libyca (Saharan striped polecat)




Vormela peregusna (marbled polecat)



Galictis

Galictis vittata (grisón)



Galictis cuja (lesser grisón)



(weasel‑like species) 




Helictidinae  
Melogale

Melogale moschata (Chinese ferret-badger)



Melogale personata (Burmese ferret-badger)







Martinae






Martes americana (American marten)




Martes martes (pine marten)



Martes zibellina (sable)




Martes melampus (Japanese marten)




Martes foina (beech marten)




Martes flavigula (yellow-throated marten)




Gulo gulo (wolverine)




Martes pennanti (fisher)



Eira 

Eira barbara (tayra)




 


Melinae

Meles   

Meles meles (European badger)




Arctonyx   

Arctonyx collaris (hog badger)







Mellivorinae   
Mellivora

Mellivora capensis (honey badger)






Taxidiinae   
Taxidea

Taxidea taxus (American badger)





Procyonidae

Cladogram showing the results of the recent molecular studies.[9][10] [11] Genus Nasuella was not included in these studies, but in a separate study was found to nest within Nasua.[12]


Procyonidae  



Bassaricyon (olingos and olinguito)



Nasua and Nasuella (coatis)





Procyon (raccoons)



Bassariscus (ringtail and cacomistle)





Potos (kinkajou)



Procyonidae
Potos

Potos favus (kingajou)




Procyon

Procyon cancrivorus (crab eating raccoon)



Procyon lotor (common raccoon)


(raccoons)
Bassariscus

Bassariscus sumichrasti (cacomistle)



Bassariscus astutus (ringtail)





Bassaricyon



Bassaricyon medius (western lowland olingo)



Bassaricyon alleni (eastern lowland olingo)




Bassaricyon gabbii (northern olingo)




Bassaricyon neblina (olinguito)


(olingos)
Nasuina


Nasua nasua (ring-tailed coati)




Nasua narica (white-nosed coati)


Nasuella

Nasuella olivacea (western mountain coati)



Nasuella meridensis (eastern mountain coati)





(coatis)



Taxonomy of Pinnepids


Phocidae










ringed seal



Baikal seal




Caspian seal





spotted seal



harbor seal





grey seal





ribbon seal



harp seal





hooded seal




bearded seal







Weddell seal



leopard seal




crabeater seal




Ross seal






southern elephant seal



northern elephant seal






Mediterranean monk seal



Hawaiian monk seal





Otariidae





Antarctic fur seal




Guadalupe fur seal



Juan Fernández fur seal






Galápagos fur seal



southern fur seal






Australian sea lion



New Zealand sea lion





subantarctic fur seal



brown fur seal



South American sea lion








California sea lion



Galápagos sea lion




Japanese sea lion†




Steller sea lion





northern fur seal



Odobenidae

 walrus




Relationships among the pinnipeds, combining several phylogenetic analyses.[13]

Cat-like families

Moved because post expansion template size limit exceeded.

References

  1. ^ Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317–37. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326. PMID 16012099.
  2. ^ Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; Clamp, Michele; Chang, Jean L.; Kulbokas, Edward J.; Zody, Michael C.; Mauceli, Evan; Xie, Xiaohui; Breen, Matthew; Wayne, Robert K.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Ponting, Chris P.; Galibert, Francis; Smith, Douglas R.; Dejong, Pieter J.; Kirkness, Ewen; Alvarez, Pablo; Biagi, Tara; Brockman, William; Butler, Jonathan; Chin, Chee-Wye; Cook, April; Cuff, James; Daly, Mark J.; Decaprio, David; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803 in 803–19. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006. S2CID 4338513.
  3. ^ Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.; Godinho, R.; Robinson, J.; Lea, A.; Hendricks, S.; Schweizer, R. M.; Thalmann, O.; Silva, P.; Fan, Z.; Yurchenko, A. A.; Dobrynin, P.; Makunin, A.; Cahill, J. A.; Shapiro, B.; Álvares, F.; Brito, J. C.; Geffen, E.; Leonard, J. A.; Helgen, K. M.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Wayne, R. K. (2015-08-17). "Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–65. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211. S2CID 16379927.
  4. ^ Wang, Xiaoming; Richard Tedford; Beryl Taylor (1999-11-17). "Phylogenetic systematics of the borophaginae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 243. hdl:2246/1588.
  5. ^ a b c Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. S2CID 83594819.
  6. ^ a b c Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
  7. ^ a b R.M. Nowak (2003). "Chapter 9 - Wolf evolution and taxonomy". In Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (eds.). Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. pp. 239–258. ISBN 978-0-226-51696-7.
  8. ^ Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Deere, K.A.; Slater, G.J.; Begg, C.; Begg, K.; Grassman, L.; Lucherini, M.; Veron, G.; Wayne, R.K. (February 2008). "Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation". BMC Biology. 6: 10. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10. PMC 2276185. PMID 18275614.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Helgen, K. M.; Pinto, M.; Kays, R.; Helgen, L.; Tsuchiya, M.; Quinn, A.; Wilson, D.; Maldonado, J. (2013-08-15). "Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito". ZooKeys (324): 1–83. doi:10.3897/zookeys.324.5827. PMC 3760134. PMID 24003317.
  10. ^ K.-P. Koepfli; M. E. Gompper; E. Eizirik; C.-C. Ho; L. Linden; J. E. Maldonado; R. K. Wayne (2007). "Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carvnivora): Molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (3): 1076–1095. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.003. PMID 17174109.
  11. ^ Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Dragoo, J. W.; Wayne, R. K.; O’Brien, S. J. (2010-02-04). "Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033. PMC 7034395. PMID 20138220.
  12. ^ Helgen, K. M.; Kays, R.; Helgen, L. E.; Tsuchiya-Jerep, M. T. N.; Pinto, C. M.; Koepfli, K. P.; Eizirik, E.; Maldonado, J. E. (August 2009). "Taxonomic boundaries and geographic distributions revealed by an integrative systematic overview of the mountain coatis, Nasuella (Carnivora: Procyonidae)" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation. 41: 65–74. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
  13. ^ Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped taxonomy: Review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–34. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
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