Northern lands

Modern country name	Modern region name	Modern subregion name	Modern physiographic region name	Ancient region name	Ancient country name	Earliest recorded claimants to make direct contact
Turkey	Anatolia	Mediterranean region	Mediterranean basin	Upper sea^[a]		Lugalannemundu^[b] Lugalzagesi^[c] Sargon^[d]
		Mediterranean region	Amanus mountains^[e]	Mashu and the Cedar forest^[f]		Gilgamesh^[g] Naram-Suen^[h]
		Eastern Anatolia region	Mount Ararat	Hurum mountain^[i]	Aratta^[j]	Enmerkar^[k]

Central lands

Modern physiographic region name	Modern region name	Modern subregion name	Modern country name	Modern administrative division name	Modern physiographic subregion name	Ancient region name
Tigris-Euphrates	Mesopotamia	Upper Mesopotamia	Iraq	Upper Zab	Erbil	Gutium
				Lower Zab	Halabja	Lulubum
				ʿAdhaim	Kirkuk	Hamazi
				Shubur
				Diyala	Sulaymaniyah	Simurrum
				Diyala	Sulaymaniyah	Akkad
		Central Mesopotamia				Akkad
		Central Mesopotamia		Babil	Kish
		Lower Mesopotamia			Kish
				Al-Qadisiyah	Sumer
				Dhi Qar	Sumer	Gu-Edin

Countries	Regions	Locations	Peoples	Languages
Khuzestan plain	Susiana 𒈹𒂞𒆠 šušin^ki	Khuzestan Province	Elamites 𒉏𒈠𒆠 elam.ma^ki	Elamite 𒅴 𒉏𒈠𒆠 eme elam.ma^ki (Language isolate) + Elamite cuneiform
Iranian plateau	Anshan 𒀭𒁺𒀭𒆠 an.ša₄.an^ki	Fars Province
	Shimashki 𒇻𒋢𒆠 šimaški^ki	Isfahan Province
	Elam 𒉏𒆠 elam^ki	Ilam Province
	Awan 𒀀𒉿𒀭𒆠 a.wa.an^ki	Lorestan Province
	Hurti 𒄷𒄯𒋾𒆠 ḫu.ur₅.ti^ki
Zagros mountains	Lulubum 𒇻𒇻𒁍𒌝𒆠 lu.lu.bu.um^ki	Kurdistan Province	Lullubi 𒇻𒇻𒁉𒆠 lu.lu.bi^ki	Lullubi (Unclassified language) + Akkadian cuneiform
	Simurrum 𒋛𒈬𒊒𒌝𒆠 si.mu.ru.um^ki	Kermanshah Province
	Hamazi 𒄩𒈠𒍣𒆠 ḫa.ma.zi^ki	Hamadan Province
	Gutium 𒄖𒋾𒌝𒆠 gu.ti.um^ki	West Azerbaijan Province	Gutians 𒄖𒋾𒌝𒆠 gu.ti.um^ki	Gutian (Unclassified language) 𒅴𒄖𒋾𒌝 eme gu.ti.um
	Aratta 𒇶𒆠 aratta^ki	East Azerbaijan Province
Balochistan	Marhasi 𒈥𒄩𒅆𒆠 mar.ḫa.ši^ki	Sistan and Baluchestan Province
Balochistan	Meluhha 𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠 me.luḫ.ḫa^ki	Balochistan	Harappan	Harappan (Unclassified language) + Indus script