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-[[Poland]]

-[[Poland Is Not Yet Lost]]

-[[Territorial evolution of Poland]]

-[[Polish irredentism]]

-[[Wikipedia:General_sanctions#Arbitration_Committee-authorised_sanctions]] (ArbCom 500/30 restriction. Read it well before make a misinterpretation!)

[[File:Flag_of_Poland.svg|right|thumb|280x280px|Flag of Poland]]

[[File:Herb_Polski.svg|right|thumb|280x280px|Coat of Arms of Poland]]

== Polish Irredentism ==

((About|a [[Polish nationalism|Polish nationalist]] ideology|the Polish historical homeland|Greater Poland))
((copy edit|date=September 2020))

[[File:Flag_map_of_Poland_(Irredentist).svg|right|thumb|280x280px|Map of Greater Poland as advocated by Polish irredentists.]]
'''Polish irredentism''', or '''Greater Poland''', is a term applied to certain radical currents within [[Polish nationalism]]. In a general sense, it refers to the territorial scope of the [[Poles]], emphasising the ethnicity of those Poles living outside [[Poland]]. In the political sense the term refers to an [[irredentist]] belief in the equivalence between the territorial scope of the Polish people and that of the Polish state.

== Historical background ==
<gallery>
File:Polska1020-c.png|Map of Poland from the early 11th century shows Polish lands separated by Old Prussian and Kiev Russian territories
File:Mon Henrykow Slaskich (1201-1241).png|Map of Poland in the first half of the 13th century
File:Polska WladLokietka (1275-1300).png|Map of Poland with visible Polish-Lithuanian border
File:Polska 1333 - 1370.png|Map of Poland around 1333 - 1370, in pink
File:Polska 1370 - 1382.png|Map of Poland around 1370 - 1382, in pink
File:Map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (pink) and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (red) in 1386 - 1434.png|Map of Poland around 1386 - 1434, in pink
File:IRP 1466.PNG|Map of Poland around 1466
File:Poland and Lithuania in 1526.PNG|Map of Poland around 1526
File:Irp1569.jpg|Map of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after its formation in 1569, with visible Polish-Lithuanian border. Ukrainian territories were transferred under the administrative control of the [[Crown of Poland]].
</gallery>

== 20th century irredentism ==
[[File:Intermarium.png|right|thumb|Intermarium concept proposed by [[Józef Piłsudski]].]]

=== Intermarium ===
((Main|Kresy Zachodnie|Kresy))
Some of the first Polish irredentists in this era included [[Józef Piłsudski]], who initiated the [[Intermarium]] concept, which sought to create a united independent front in [[Central and Eastern Europe]] that could deter German and Russian [[imperialism]] and revive the fallen [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Commonwealth]]. He had worked with various Polish, Ruthenian (Belarusian, Ukrainian), Czech, Slovak, Baltic (Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian), and Romanian groups in order to capitalize and to make it happen. Thus, he unofficially became one of the first modern Polish irredentists.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2019/03/31/poland-and-the-success-of-its-intermarium-project/|title=Poland and the Success of its "Intermarium" Project|first=Emil|last=Avdaliani|date=March 31, 2019))</ref>

Unfortunately, his proposed plan faced unprecedented hostilities. The [[Ukrainians]], [[Czechs]] and [[Lithuanians]], in particular, did not support the project and saw it as being imperialistic.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.pac1944.org/featured-stories/intermarium-as-a-polish-geopolitical-concept-in-history/|title=Intermarium as a Polish Geopolitical Concept in History – Polish American Congress))</ref> The [[Allies of World War I|Entente]] was very critical and distrustful of Piłsudski, as well as underestimating [[Bolsheviks]]' threats.<ref name="Nowak">[http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no7_ses/chapter12.pdf Between Imperial Temptation And Anti-Imperial Function In Eastern European Politics: Poland From The Eighteenth To Twenty-First Century]. [[Andrzej Nowak (historian)|Andrzej Nowak]]. Accessed September 14, 2007.</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Soviet Russia]]ns viewed it as a threat for its agenda and vowed to thwart it. Even among major Polish irredentists like [[Roman Dmowski]] who also sought to expand Polish territory, such idea gained very little support since it required [[Polonization]] to do so.<ref name="PWN:wojna">((in lang|pl)) [http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3997498 Wojna polsko-bolszewicka] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111103019/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3997498|date=2013-11-11)). Entry at [[Internetowa encyklopedia PWN]]. Last accessed on 27 October 2006.</ref> Eruptions of [[Polish–Ukrainian War]], [[Polish–Czechoslovak War]], [[Polish–Lithuanian War]] and [[Polish–Soviet War]], which Poland reclaimed (and also annexed) territories, including Lithuania's capital [[Vilnius]], dented any hope for a possible Intermarium federation, even after Piłsudski overthrew the civilian government in 1926.

=== Zaolzie and World War II ===
[[File:Polish_Army_capturing_Zaolzie_in_1938.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Polish Army entering [[Český Těšín]] (Czeski Cieszyn) in 1938]]
In 1938, Poland reannexed [[Zaolzie]], a small region straddling between Poland and Czechoslovakia, back into it's borders after the latter previously annexed the region from Poland during the [[Polish-Soviet War]]. The reclamation of Zaolzie was justified by Poland but was criticized by Czechoslovakia as a sign of ongoing Polish irredentism.<ref>((Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779814?seq=1|jstor = 25779814|last1 = Cienciala|first1 = Anna M.|title = Reviewed work: Polish Foreign Policy and the Czechoslovak Crisis of 1938 as Reflected in Polish Diplomatic Documents. A Discussion of Polskie Dokumenty Dyplomatyczne 1938 &#91;Corrected title: Polish Foreign Policy and the Czechoslovak Crisis of 1938 as Reflected in Polish Diplomatic Documents. A Discussion of "Polskie Dokumenty Dyplomatyczne 1938"&#93;, Marek Kornat, Piotr Długołęcki, Maria Konopka-Wichrowska, Marta Przyłuska|journal = The Polish Review|year = 2009|volume = 54|issue = 2|pages = 243–262))</ref> With tensions on the rise, Polish irredentist movement grew stronger. Yet, it was halted in 1939 following a joint [[Invasion of Poland|invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and Soviet Union]]. Minorities like Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Germans had utilized the opportunity to demand secession from Poland, which let to frequent ethnic conflicts between Poles and minorities.<ref>https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/aade8de0-538f-4654-9382-55593cd5d767.pdf</ref> These conflicts further intensified the growth of Polish irredentism and resulted in numerous massacres throughout the [[World War II]] in order to restore Polish border territory, the most infamous of all was the [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] which had severely damaged Polish irredentist movement.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://pobeda-mf.ru/en/steny/volynskaya-reznya-pravda-i-vymysel-volynskaya-reznya-ostorozhno/|title=Volyn massacre is true and fiction. Volyn massacre|website=pobeda-mf.ru))</ref><ref name="ucsd">http://pscourses.ucsd.edu/ps200b/Snyder%20The%20Causes%20of%20Ukrainian-Polish%20Ethnic%20Cleansing%201943.pdf</ref> Both the Germans and Soviets tried to weaken irredentism among Poles and to ensure Poland could not resurge, committing massacres such as [[Katyń massacre]].<ref name="ucsd" /> Eventually, with Poland completely destroyed following the end of World War II, the Soviet Union annexed the entirety of the [[Kresy]] macro-region and drew Polish border to [[Kresy Zachodnie]] as part of [[Recovered Territories]].<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.essaysinhistory.com/recovered-territory-a-german-polish-conflict-over-land-and-culture-1919-1989/|title=Recovered Territory: A German-Polish Conflict Over Land and Culture 1919-1989|date=February 24, 2018))</ref>

=== Soviet control ===
During the [[People's Republic of Poland]]'s era, due to communist censorship and repression, irredentism lost its official place, a legacy of [[Joseph Stalin]]'s policy toward Poland.<ref>((Cite journal|url=http://journals.openedition.org/monderusse/9334|title=Stalin's postwar border-making tactics. East and West|first=David|last=Wolff|date=November 15, 2011|journal=Cahiers du monde russe. Russie - Empire russe - Union soviétique et États indépendants|volume=52|issue=52/2–3|pages=273–291|via=journals.openedition.org|doi=10.4000/monderusse.9334|doi-access=free))</ref> To Polish population, such repressive methods used by the Soviets made Polish irredentism back to Polish life, with many Polish livelihood in the Kresy region being stolen by the Russians and its allies (Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Belarusians). Many Poles in these recovered territories often mentioned to their dream of returning to the east, and one quote was widely mentioned that "Just one atom bomb, and we will be back in Lwów" (''Jedna bomba atomowa i wrócimy znów do Lwowa'').<ref>((cite web|title=Wyborcza.pl|url=http://wyborcza.pl/swoiobcy/1,110847,8883349,Jedna_bomba_atomowa_i_wrocimy_znow_do_Lwowa.html?as=1&startsz=x|accessdate=2 July 2016|publisher=))</ref> Polish irredentism was further enhanced by the painful losses Poland suffered during the World War II and how the Soviets stole it from Poland. The communist authorities did little to improve it, as the accusation of collaboration was strong among Polish public toward the communist regime, and was fearful of Polish irredentism could bring a dangerous prospect on its relations with the more powerful Soviet Union.<ref>((cite web|title=Gazeta Wyborcza, Kresowe życie na walizkach. Interview with Professor Zdzisław Mach, 2010-12-29|url=http://wyborcza.pl/swoiobcy/1,110847,8865061,Kresowe_zycie_na_walizkach.html?as=1&startsz=x|accessdate=2 July 2016|publisher=))</ref> Irredentism continued to be repressed in Communist Poland until its collapse at 1989.

== Modern Polish irredentism ==
Since the fall of the communist regime, Polish irredentism did not make an immediate resurgence, as Poles were concerned with trying to rebuild the country following decades suffering under communist rule. Poland's successful economic transition from a centralized economy to a market-oriented economy granted the country's accession to the [[European Union]] in 2004.

=== Ukraine ===
However, a number of unwanted political explosion in 2010s led to the rebirth of Polish irredentism, in the wake of increasing nationalist sentiment.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/in-central-europe-a-nationalist-bullet-dodged/|title=In Central Europe, a nationalist bullet dodged|date=June 9, 2020))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://visegradinsight.eu/polands-conservative-revolution/|title=Poland's 'Conservative Revolution'|date=June 17, 2016|website=Visegrad Insight))</ref> Following Ukraine's elevation status of heroes for OUN members [[Stepan Bandera]] and [[Roman Shukhevych]], in Poland, there have calls calling about reclaiming [[Lviv]] and Galicia from Ukraine, blaming Russia of robbing Ukraine from Poland, while rejecting the notion that Poland was an empire.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://culture.pl/en/article/slavery-vs-serfdom-or-was-poland-a-colonial-empire|title=Slavery vs. Serfdom, or Was Poland a Colonial Empire?|website=Culture.pl))</ref> It has drawn criticism from Ukraine and sometimes led to wars of misinformation, affecting its relations.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/poland-ukraines-battle-past/|title=Poland and Ukraine's Battle Over the Past|date=April 9, 2018))</ref><ref>https://polandin.com/39779608/ukrainepoland-history-exhibition-receives-criticism-for-misrepresentation</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://rpr.org.ua/en/news/how-ukraine-returns-poland/|title=How Ukraine returns Poland))</ref><ref>https://ukrainianweek.com/History/214203</ref>

=== Vilnius ===
Polish irredentism also sparked controversy regarding Polish historical claims of [[Vilnius]], the current capital of Lithuania, with the thought that since the city was part of Poland dated from the Commonwealth to even the [[Second Polish Republic]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLRuXV9vjswC|title=Democracy and Democratization: Post-Communist Europe in Comparative Perspective|first1=John D.|last1=Nagle|first2=Alison|last2=Mahr|date=May 28, 1999|publisher=SAGE|via=Google Books))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_g0ldP92ucC|title=When Nationalism Began to Hate: Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth-Century Poland|first=Brian|last=Porter|date=February 24, 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|via=Google Books))</ref>

=== Belarus ===
Polish nationalists' irredentist sentiment also draws its desire to Belarus, given Belarus' close cultural bond with Poland from history. In Poland there is a belief that the [[Belarusian alphabet|current Cyrillic alphabet of Belarus]] was actually a ((ill|Polish Cyrillic alphabet|ru|Польская кириллица)) invented by the Russians to distance Belarusians from Poles.<ref>((Cite journal|url=https://ispan.waw.pl/journals/index.php/ch/article/view/ch.2019.006|title=The New Polish Cyrillic in Independent Belarus|first=Tomasz|last=Kamusella|date=November 27, 2019|journal=Colloquia Humanistica|volume=0|issue=8|pages=79–112|via=ispan.waw.pl|doi=10.11649/ch.2019.006|doi-access=free))</ref> Polish irredentists also staged a march in [[Hajnówka]], a Polish town with a Belarusian minority.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarus-resents-intention-of-polish-nationalists-to-stage-far-right-march-in-hajnowka-109479-2018|title=Belarus resents intention of Polish nationalists to stage far-right march in Hajnowka|date=February 20, 2018|website=eng.belta.by))</ref> However, the claim receives less intention than that of Ukraine and Lithuania.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://jamestown.org/program/84916/|title=Split Identity and a Tug-of-War for Belarus's Memory|website=Jamestown))</ref>

== See also ==
((Portal|Poland))
* [[Kresy]]
* [[Kresy Zachodnie]]
* [[Intermarium]]
* [[Recovered Territories]]
* [[Polish nationalism]]
* [[Irredentism]]
* [[Historical revisionism]]
* [[Partitions of Poland]]
* [[Colonization attempts by Poland]]

== References ==
((reflist))

== External links ==

* [https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199209194-e-21 Nationalism in Europe, 1918–45]
* [https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2019/03/31/poland-and-the-success-of-its-intermarium-project/ Poland and the Success of its “Intermarium” Project]
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14650045.2018.1551206?needAccess=true&journalCode=fgeo20 The Intermarium as a Polish Geopolitical Concept in History and in the Present]
* [https://medium.com/@vathsan32/from-mitteleuropa-to-the-intermarium-visions-of-central-and-eastern-european-subjection-4a59e30c0c5c Intra-European Imperialism: Mitteleuropa and Intermarium]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/polishreview.58.4.0003#metadata_info_tab_contents Defense of Western Civilization or "Polish Imperialism?"]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779588?seq=1 POLAND AND HER EASTERN NEIGHBORS: (A LITHUANIAN PERSPECTIVE)]
* [https://www.unipo.sk/public/media/26616/9-MI%C4%98DZYMORZE%20AS%20A%20POLISH%20GEOPOLITICAL%20CONCEPT.pdf Międzymorze as a Polish Geopolitical Concept]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40393884?seq=1 Revisionist Poland: Charting a Difficult Course]

((Irredentism))
((Poland topics))
((Pan-nationalist concepts))

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