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((Refimprove|date=September 2009))
The '''void ratio''' of a mixture or composite is the ratio of the volume of [[Void (composites)|voids]] to volume of solids.
It is a [[dimensionless quantity]] in [[materials science]], and is closely related to [[porosity]] as follows:

:<math>e = \frac{V_V}{V_S} = \frac{V_V}{V_T - V_V} = \frac{\phi}{1 - \phi}</math>

and

:<math>\phi = \frac{V_V}{V_T} = \frac{V_V}{V_S + V_V} = \frac{e}{1 + e}</math>

where <math>e</math> is void ratio, <math>\phi</math> is [[porosity]], ''V<sub>V</sub>'' is the volume of void-space (such as fluids), ''V<sub>S</sub>'' is the volume of solids, and ''V''<sub>''T''</sub> is the total or bulk volume. This figure is relevant in [[Composite material|composites]], in [[mining]] (particular with regard to the properties of [[tailings]]), and in [[soil science]]. In [[geotechnical engineering]], it is considered one of the state variables of soils and represented by the symbol '''''e'''''.<ref>Lambe, T. William & Robert V. Whitman. ''Soil Mechanics''. Wiley, 1991; p. 29. ((ISBN|978-0-471-51192-2))</ref><ref>Santamarina, J. Carlos, Katherine A. Klein, & Moheb A. Fam. ''Soils and Waves: Particulate Materials Behavior, Characterization and Process Monitoring''. Wiley, 2001; pp. 35-36 & 51-53. ((ISBN|978-0-471-49058-6))</ref>

Note that in [[geotechnical engineering]], the symbol <math>\phi</math> usually represents the angle of shearing resistance, a [[shear strength (soil)]] parameter. Because of this, the equation is usually rewritten using <math>n</math> for porosity:

:<math>e = \frac{V_V}{V_S} = \frac{V_V}{V_T - V_V} = \frac{n}{1 - n}</math>

and

:<math>n = \frac{V_V}{V_T} = \frac{V_V}{V_S + V_V} = \frac{e}{1 + e}</math>

where <math>e</math> is void ratio, <math>n</math> is porosity, ''V<sub>V</sub>'' is the volume of void-space (air and water), ''V<sub>S</sub>'' is the volume of solids, and ''V<sub>T</sub>'' is the total or bulk volume.<ref>Craig, R. F. ''Craig's Soil Mechanics.'' London: Spon, 2004, p.18. ((ISBN|0-203-49410-5)).</ref>

==Engineering applications==

* Volume change tendency control. If void ratio is high (loose soils) voids in a soil skeleton tend to minimize under loading - adjacent particles contract. The opposite situation, i.e. when void ratio is relatively small (dense soils), indicates that the volume of the soil is vulnerable to increase under loading - particles dilate.
* Fluid conductivity control (ability of water movement through the soil). Loose soils show high conductivity, while dense soils are not so permeable.
* Particles movement. In a loose soil particles can move quite easily, whereas in a dense one finer particles cannot pass through the voids, which leads to clogging.

==See also==
*[[Void (composites)]]

==External links==
*[https://www.civilenggedu.online/2020/04/soil-mchanics-void-ratio-porosity.html Relation between void ratio and porosity ]

== References ==
((Reflist))

((Geotechnical engineering|state=collapsed))

[[Category:Materials science]]
[[Category:Soil mechanics]]
[[Category:Earth sciences]]
[[Category:Soil science]]
[[Category:Mining terminology]]
[[Category:Physical quantities]]

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