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((Short description|Dutch education program))
((More citations needed|date=September 2014))
'''''Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs''''' ('''VWO''', meaning "preparatory scientific education" in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]) is the highest variant in the secondary [[education in the Netherlands|educational system]] of the [[Netherlands]], attended by approximately a fifth of all Dutch high school students.<ref>((cite web|title=Steeds meer havo-leerlingen- en vwo-leerlingen|url=http://www.nu.nl/binnenland/2334337/steeds-meer-havo--en-vwo-leerlingen.html|website=www.nu.nl|access-date=10 March 2017|date=15 September 2010))</ref> After leaving primary or elementary school students are enrolled in different types of secondary schools, according to their academic ability. The course is a six-year course and successful completion allows the candidate admission to [[List of universities in the Netherlands|Dutch universities]]. The VWO is therefore a [[matriculation]] exam.

The VWO includes the so-called [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] variant, which differs from the regular VWO variant (also called [[Atheneum (school)|Atheneum]]) in that it has [[Latin]] and/or [[Ancient Greek|Classic Greek]] as an additional, compulsory part of the curriculum (some schools offer additional courses as well). A few schools offer only the Gymnasium variant, called 'Categoriaal Gymnasium'. Of all VWO students, around a quarter follow gymnasium, accounting for approximately 5-6% of all Dutch high school students.

== Specialization ==
Prior to 2001, students had to choose at least 7 out of roughly 14 (options varied by school) topics on which they would ultimately take the national examinations. [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and a modern foreign language—most often, but not necessarily, [[English language|English]]—were the two compulsory topics, with five topics open for choice, which students picked according to their ability and interest. Students in the Gymnasium substream had to take at least one classical language ([[Ancient Greek]], [[Latin]]). For others, the most commonly chosen topics included English, [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[physics]], [[biology]], [[mathematics]] (applied "A" and advanced "B"), [[chemistry]], [[history]] and [[economics]] (macro and micro). Less common topics were [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]], [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[philosophy]].

Since the 2001 'Phase II' reforms of Dutch secondary education, candidates have to specialize in one or more of four 'profiles' at the start of their fourth year of study in the VWO. They contain a fixed set of topics which form a less fragmented study course to offer students a better and more holistic preparation for their university studies.

An addition to the Phase II is the [[Technasium]] program, in both VWOs (Atheneums and Gymnasiums), acting as sort of a fifth profile. It was originally designed to give students a look into the world of technology oriented professions and is based around research and design, called O&O (Dutch: Onderzoek & Ontwerpen). Students work together in groups on assignments from actual companies and contests as diverse as designing a building, proposing a product involving solar energy or even developing a plan for the gentrification of an area. For the last two years, the school no longer acts as a contact person, and students must approach companies to find an assignment. The course is finished with a "meesterproef", literally a proof of mastery in which the students spend 160 hours a person on a project.

In Phase II, all students are required to participate in the following courses: Dutch, English, mathematics (there are four different courses in mathematics: A/B/C/D), Latin or Ancient Greek/an additional foreign language (Gymnasium students are not required to follow an additional foreign language other than English), PE (in Dutch: 'bewegingsonderwijs' or 'lichamelijk onderwijs'), ANW (General Nature Sciences, only in the fourth/fifth class, depending on the school), CKV (a general form of culture and art education in the Atheneum stream) or KCV (classical cultural education in the Gymnasium stream, similar to CKV, except from the fact that it focuses on the classical aspect) and "Maatschappijleer" (only in the fourth class, similar to social sciences). The content of some subjects has also changed: economics has become a total subject, instead of variations between economics 1 (macro) or 2 (micro), similar to the fact that students no longer have to choose between French 1 or 2 and German 1 or 2 but instead take French and German as whole subjects. On top of these subjects the students have to choose a study profile. The profiles are sets of classes that prepare for future studies. Each profile has a set of fixed and optional classes that can be chosen from.

The four profiles are:
* ''Cultuur en Maatschappij'' (C&M) (literally, "culture and society") emphasizes [[history]], arts, and foreign languages (French, German and less frequently Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Hebrew and Turkish). Students following the profile are required to choose an extra foreign language and have to choose between mathematics A and C. Mathematics C is a simplified version of mathematics A, focusing on [[stochastics]] and in a lesser extent on statistics. This profile prepares for artistic and cultural training at the university.
* ''Economie en Maatschappij'' (E&M) (literally, "economy and society") emphasizes history and economics. Students following the profile are required to choose between mathematics A and B, as mathematics C do not give access to economics classes. Mathematics B focuses on algebra and geometry, and sometimes mathematics A and B share content of the taught material, albeit mathematics A is a slightly simplified version of mathematics B in these cases. This profile prepares for economics training at university.
''Students following the first two profiles are required to follow history and in the second profile economics is also required. There are more optional additional courses in the first two profiles than in the last two profiles. The number of optional additional courses varies per school. Additional languages are considered to be part of the first profile, while geography and philosophy can be applied to both profiles.''
* ''Natuur en Gezondheid'' (N&G) (literally, "nature and health") emphasizes biology and natural sciences. This profile requires biology and chemistry classes. You can choose between mathematics A and B, but B is recommended, as Physics (optional) and Chemistry require knowledge of this. This profile is necessary to attend medical training at university. It should however be noted that to study medicine physics is a required course in the Netherlands, and a "natuur en gezondheid" profile with physics and mathematics B doubles as a "natuur en techniek" one.
* ''Natuur en Techniek'' (N&T) (literally, "nature and technology") emphasizes natural sciences. The mathematics B classes focus on algebra and geometry. This profile is necessary to attend technological and natural science training at university and to attend medical school.
The latter two profiles strongly overlap, so that it is possible to technically follow both profiles depending on the student's choice of optional topics. Students following Natuur en Gezondheid can do this by choosing mathematics B and adding physics to their curriculum; students following Natuur en Techniek can do this by adding biology. The main difference between the third and fourth profile is (depending on the school) the possibility to follow economy/geography/philosophy in combination with the N&G profile, or mathematics D/NLT (Nature, Life and Technology) with the N&T profile. It is possible to combine courses, which is quite common.<ref>((cite web|title=Profielen in het vo|url=https://www.onderwijsincijfers.nl/kengetallen/voortgezet-onderwijs/deelnemersvo/profielen-in-het-vo|website=onderwijsincijfers|publisher=Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap|access-date=22 August 2017))</ref>

Profiles can be combined as well, for instance ''Natuur en Techniek'' with additional biology doubles as ''Natuur en Gezondheid''. Therefore, the four profiles are often put into two groups, the M-line for the first two profiles listed and the N-line for the last two listed.

Students can also choose to do an extra additional course. For instance, a student following ''Natuur en Techniek'' can attend a third foreign language if the school has sufficient facilities to do so or studies it in his spare time and participate only in the mandatory examinations. A student can choose to discontinue that subject, at all times.

==See also==
* ((portal-inline|Netherlands))
* ((portal-inline|Schools))

==References==
((reflist))

[[Category:Education in the Netherlands]]

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