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((Short description|British journalist (1871–1956)))
((refimprove|date=May 2015))
((EngvarB|date=August 2014))
((Use dmy dates|date=August 2014))
((Infobox person
| name        = Henry Wickham Steed
| image= Henry Wickham Steed by Charles Haslewood Shannon.jpg
| imagesize   = 
| caption     = Wickham Steed in 1920
| birthname   = Henry Wickham Steed
| birth_date  = ((Birth date|df=yes|1871|10|10))
| birth_place = Long Melford, Suffolk, England
| death_date  = ((death date and age|df=yes|1956|1|13|1871|10|10))
| death_place = Wootton, England
| occupation  = Journalist, editor, and historian
| alias       = 
| title       = 
| family      = 
| spouse      = 
| children    = 
| relatives   = 
| credits     = 
))
'''Henry Wickham Steed''' (10 October 1871&nbsp;– 13 January 1956) was an English journalist and historian. He was editor of ''[[The Times]]'' from 1919 to 1922.

==Early life==
Born in [[Long Melford]], England, Steed was educated at [[Sudbury Grammar School]] and the universities of [[University of Jena|Jena]], [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Berlin]] and [[University of Paris|Paris]]. While in Europe, he demonstrated an early interest in [[social democracy]] and met with a range of left-wing figures, including [[Friedrich Engels]], [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]], [[August Bebel]], and [[Alexandre Millerand]]. His encounters formed the basis of his first book, ''The Socialist and Labour Movement in England, Germany & France'' (1894).((Citation needed|date=May 2015))

==Foreign correspondent==
Appointed by [[Joseph Pulitzer]] as Paris correspondent for the [[New York World|New York ''World'']], Steed joined ''[[The Times]]'' in 1896 as a [[foreign correspondent]], working briefly out of Berlin before transferring successively to Rome (1897–1902) and then [[Vienna]] (1902–1913). In 1914, he moved to London to take over as foreign editor of ''The Times''. During his time in Vienna he acquired a deep contempt for [[Austria-Hungary]].<ref name="MM114">Margaret Macmillan, ''Paris 1919'', p. 114f.</ref> An [[anti-Semite]] and a [[Anti-German sentiment|Germanophobe]], in an editorial published in ''[[The Times]]'' on 31 July 1914, Steed labelled efforts to stop the impending war as "a dirty German-Jewish international financial attempt to bully us into advocating neutrality".<ref>Niall Ferguson, ''The Pity of War'', p. 32, 195.</ref> From 22 July 1914, Steed, in close agreement with ''The Times''' proprietor, [[Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe|Lord Northcliffe]], took a very bellicose line, and in editorials written on 29 and 31 July, Steed urged that the [[British Empire]] should enter the coming war.<ref>Niall Ferguson, ''The Pity of War'', p. 217.</ref>

Seen as a leading expert on Eastern Europe, Steed's views had much influence with decision-makers such as high-level bureaucrats and Cabinet politicians in the [[First World War]] and its aftermath. During the war, Steed befriended anti-[[Habsburg]] émigrés such as [[Edvard Beneš]], [[Ante Trumbić]], [[Tomáš Masaryk]] and [[Roman Dmowski]] and advised the British government to seek the liquidation of [[Austria-Hungary]] as a war aim. In particular, Steed was a very strong advocate of uniting all of the South Slavic peoples, such as the [[Croats]], the [[Serbs]] and the [[Slovenes]], into a federation, to be called [[Yugoslavia]]. The [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Italy|British Ambassador to Italy]] claimed in a diplomatic dispatch that Steed's fondness for the Yugoslav concept derived from a relationship that he maintained for a number of years "filially I believe rather maritally" with a [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] woman from the [[Balkans]].<ref name="MM114"/> In October 1918, Steed met with Serbian Prime Minister [[Nikola Pašić]] to gain his support for the Yugoslav concept but was deeply angered when he learned that Pašić saw the new state as merely as extension of [[Greater Serbia]] and had no intention of sharing power with the Croats or the Slovenes.<ref name="MM114"/> Steed charged Pašić with being a new "sultan" and severed his friendship with him.<ref name="MM114"/>

==Editor of ''The Times''==
When the editor of ''The Times'', [[Geoffrey Dawson]], resigned from his post in February 1919, Steed was Northcliffe's first choice to succeed him. Steed had worked closely with Northcliffe during the war, becoming an adviser to him on foreign affairs. Steed was forced to contend with Northcliffe throughout most of his tenure as editor, as the press baron retained considerable control over the affairs of the newspaper.((Citation needed|date=May 2015))

After the war, Steed strongly disapproved of the [[Bolshevik]] regime in Russia. In an editorial written in another Northcliffe paper, the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' on 28 March 1919, Steed accused the British Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]], whom Steed detested, of betraying the [[White movement|White Russians]] because of a plot by "international Jewish financiers" and the Germans to help the Bolsheviks stay in power.<ref>Margaret Macmillan, ''Paris 1919'', p. 80.</ref>

In 1920, Steed endorsed as genuine a notorious anti-Semitic forgery, ''[[The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion]]'', writing in an editorial in ''The Times'' in which he blamed the Jews for [[World War I]] and the Bolshevik regime and called them the greatest threat to the British Empire. However, he retracted his view on the ''Protocols'' in 1921, when his paper's [[Constantinople]] correspondent proved them to be a forgery.<ref>Andre Liebich: "The Antisemitism of Henry Steed", ''Patterns of Prejudice'', Vol. 46, No. 2, 2002. [http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/international_history_politics/shared/faculty_publications/Liebich_Steed.pdf Retrieved 21 December 2016.]</ref>

Steed was Northcliffe's personal choice for the editorship, but by 1922, the press baron was increasingly frustrated by Steed's failure to return ''The Times'' to profitability. After Northcliffe's death in August 1922, the new owners, [[John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever|John Jacob Astor]] and [[John Walter (fourth)|John Walter]], dismissed Steed on 24 October and brought back Dawson as editor.((Citation needed|date=May 2015))

==Final years==
In 1923, Steed became editor of ''[[Review of Reviews]]'' (1923–30), the journal established by [[William Thomas Stead]] in 1890. In the early 1930s, he was one of the first English speakers to express alarm about the new German dictatorial chancellor, [[Adolf Hitler]]. In 1934, he caused sensation with an article claiming to have evidence of secret German experiments in airborne [[biological warfare]].<ref>H. Wickham Steed, "Aerial warfare: secret German plans", ''[[Nineteenth Century and After]]'' 116 (1934), 1–15.</ref> The British government was sufficiently alarmed to start stockpiling vaccines<ref>Brett Holman, [http://airminded.org/2007/02/17/the-wickham-steed-affair-in-popular-culture/ Airminded: The Wickham Steed affair in popular culture], 17 February 2007</ref> although a retrospective analysis by the epidemiologist Martin Hugh-Jones has suggested that Steed's evidence could not have amounted to much.<ref>Martin Hugh-Jones, 'Wickham Steed and German biological warfare research', ''Intelligence and National Security'' 7 (1992), 379–402.</ref> On the title page of his 1934 work, ''Hitler Whence and Whither?'', Steed is described as a lecturer in [[Central Europe]]an History at [[King's College London]].

He died in [[Wootton, West Oxfordshire]].

==In popular culture==
Steed, played by actor [[Andrew Keir]], appears in the 1974 miniseries ''[[Fall of Eagles]]'', bringing a rumour of the impending [[Bosnian crisis]] to the attention of [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII]], [[Georges Clemenceau]], and [[Alexander Izvolsky]].

==Works==
* ''The Habsburg Monarchy'' (1913)
* ''A Short History of Austria-Hungary and Poland'' (1914)
* ''Through Thirty Years, 1892-1922: A personal narrative'' (1924)
* ''Journalism'' (1928)
* ''The Real Stanley Baldwin'' (1930)
* ''The Antecedents of Post-war Europe'' (1932)
* ''A Way to Social Peace'' (1934)
* ''Hitler Whence and Whither?'' (1934)
* ''The Meaning of Hitlerism'' (1934)
* ''Vital Peace: A study of risks'' (1936)
* ''The Doom of the Habsburgs'' (1937)
* ''The Press'' (1938)
* ''Our War Aims'' (1939)

==See also==
* [[Robert William Seton-Watson]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
((reflist|30em))

'''Bibliography'''
*[[Niall Ferguson|Ferguson, Niall]] ''The Pity of War'', London: Basic Books, 1999.
*[[Margaret MacMillan (historian)|Macmillan, Margaret]] ''Paris 1919'' New York: Random House, 2002.

==External links==
* ((Internet Archive author |sname=Wickham Steed))
*[http://www.literature.at/elib/index.php5?title=Hapsburg_monarchy_-_Habsburg_-_Henry_W_Steed_-_1919 ''The Habsburg Monarchy'' (1913)]) eLibrary Austria Project (eLib Projekt) full text
* [http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=2&pre=1 ''A Short History of Austria-Hungary and Poland'' (1914)] Historical Text Archive full text
* [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36260?docPos=1 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]
*((wikisource author-inline))
* ((PM20|FID=pe/017017))

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((succession box | before=[[Geoffrey Dawson]] | title=Editor of ''[[The Times]]'' | years=1919–1922 | after=[[Geoffrey Dawson]] ))
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((The Times))

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((DEFAULTSORT:Steed, Wickham))
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:English male journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century English historians]]
[[Category:People educated at Sudbury Grammar School]]
[[Category:People from Long Melford]]
[[Category:The Times people]]

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