You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 34.227.0.0/16 has been blocked by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 11:46, 23 November 2025. Your current IP address is 34.227.114.28.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
This IP address range has been globally blocked.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis.
The IP address or range 34.227.0.0/16 has been globally blocked by ‪Jon Kolbert‬ for the following reason(s):

Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected

This block will expire on 05:38, 21 February 2029. Your current IP address is 34.227.114.28.

Even while globally blocked, you will usually still be able to edit pages on Meta-Wiki.

If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

Other useful links: Global blocks · Help:I have been blocked

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Romanization for Mandarin Chinese))
((More citations needed|date=March 2009))
((RCL))

The '''Yale romanization of Mandarin''' is a system for transcribing the sounds of [[Standard Chinese]], based on the [[Beijing dialect]] of [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]].<ref>((cite book
  | title = Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
  | publisher = War Department | year = 1945
  | series = War Department Technical Manual TM 30-933
  | url = https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/ASJ7483.0001.001/1
  | pages = 1, 8
)) (also ((HathiTrust|htid=miun.asj7483.0001.001|title=Dictionary of Spoken Chinese)))</ref>  It was devised in 1943 by the [[Yale University|Yale]] sinologist [[George A. Kennedy (sinologist)|George Kennedy]] for a course teaching Chinese to American soldiers, and was popularized by continued development of that course at Yale.<ref>((cite book
  | title = Speak Chinese
  | given = M. Gardner | surname = Tewksbury
  | location = New Haven, Connecticut | publisher = Yale University Press
  | year = 1948
  | page = vii
))</ref><ref>((cite book
  | title = Speak Mandarin
  | given1 = Henry C. | surname1 = Fenn
  | given2 = M. Gardner | surname2 = Tewksbury
  | location = New Haven, Connecticut | publisher = Yale University Press
  | year = 1967
  | isbn = 0-300-00453-2
  | page = xi
))</ref>
The system approximated Chinese sounds using English spelling conventions, in order to accelerate acquisition of correct pronunciation by English speakers.<ref name="Fenn and Tewksbury xii">Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xii.</ref>

The Yale romanization was widely used in Western textbooks until the late 1970s. In fact, during the height of the [[Cold War]], the use outside of China of [[pinyin]] rather than Yale romanization, was regarded as a political statement or identification with the communist Chinese regime.<ref>((cite conference
 | last = Wiedenhof | first = Jeroen ([[Leiden University]])
 | title = Purpose and effect in the transcription of Mandarin
 | book-title = Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Studies 2004 (((Lang|zh|漢學研究國際學術研討會論文集)))
 | pages = 387–402
 | publisher = [[National Yunlin University of Science and Technology]]
 | year = 2004
 | url = http://www.wiedenhof.nl/ul/tk/pbl/articles/purp&eff.pdf
 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6GHjcjxFr?url=http://www.wiedenhof.nl/ul/tk/pbl/articles/purp&eff.pdf
 | archive-date= 2013-05-01
 | isbn = 9860040117
 | access-date = 2009-07-18
 | quote = In the Cold War era, the use of this system outside China was typically regarded as a political statement, or a deliberate identification with the Chinese communist regime. (p390)
))</ref> The situation was reversed once relations between the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and the West had improved. Communist China (PRC) became a member of the [[United Nations]] in 1971 by replacing Nationalist China (ROC). By 1979, much of the world adopted pinyin as the standard romanization for Chinese geographical names. In 1982, pinyin became an [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] standard, and interest in Yale Mandarin declined rapidly thereafter.

==Initials and finals==
The tables below show the Yale Mandarin representation of each [[Standard Chinese phonology|Chinese sound]] (in bold type), together with the corresponding [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbol (in square brackets), and equivalent representations in [[bopomofo]] and pinyin.
 
===Initials===
In Mandarin, [[stop consonant|stop]] and [[affricate consonant]]s are all [[voiceless]], but show a contrast between an [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] and unaspirated series. A much-criticized feature of the [[Wade–Giles]] system was its use of an apostrophe to indicate aspiration, as in the syllable ''t'a'' contrasting with the unaspirated ''ta''.

The corresponding Yale spellings, ''ta'' and ''da'' respectively, suggest an approximation of the aspiration distinction to speakers of English, in which (unlike, say, [[Romance languages]]) voiceless consonants like ''t'' are pronounced with distinct aspiration when they occur at the start of a word, but voiced ones like ''d'' are pronounced unaspirated and with weakened voicing in that position.<ref>((cite book
  | given = Karen Steffen | surname = Chung
  | chapter = Wade-Giles romanization system | pages = 756–776
  | title = The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language
  | editor-surname = Chan | editor-given = Sin-wai
  | publisher = Routledge | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-0-415-53970-8
  )) pp. 768–769.</ref><ref name="Fenn and Tewksbury xii">Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xii.</ref>
Similar conventions were used in the earlier [[Gwoyeu Romatzyh]] system and the later pinyin system.
	 
The Yale system, like Wade–Giles and Gwoyeu Romatzyh, represents [[palatal consonants]] using letters for similar sounds with which they are in [[complementary distribution]].<ref name="Fenn and Tewksbury xiii"/> That is more intuitive for English speakers than the pinyin usage of the letters ''q'' and ''x'', which no longer carry their expected values. For example, ''q'' in pinyin is pronounced something like the ''ch'' in ''chicken'' and is written as ''ch'' in Yale Romanization. ''Xi'' in pinyin is pronounced something like English ''she''; in Yale it is written as ''syi''.

{|class=wikitable
! colspan="2" | !![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]!![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]!![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' [m]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄇ)) m|| [[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' [n]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄋ)) n|| || ||
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>b</big>''' [p]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄅ)) b
|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' [t]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄉ)) d|| ||
|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>g</big>''' [k]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄍ)) g
|- align="center"
!Aspirated
|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' [pʰ]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄆ)) p
|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' [tʰ]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄊ)) t|| ||
|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' [kʰ]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄎ)) k
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]!!Unaspirated
| || style="background:#CFF;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>dz</big>''' [ts]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄗ)) z
| style="background:#CFF;" |[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' [ʈʂ]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄓ)) zh
|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' [tɕ]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄐ)) j||
|- align="center"
!Aspirated
| || style="background:#CFF;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>ts</big>''' [tsʰ]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄘ)) c
|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ch</big>''' [ʈʂʰ]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄔ)) ch
| style="background:#CFF;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ch</big>''' [tɕʰ]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄑ)) q||
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>f</big>''' [f]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄈ)) f
|[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' [s]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄙ)) s
|[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>sh</big>''' [ʂ]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄕ)) sh
| style="background:#CFF;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>sy</big>''' [ɕ]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄒ)) x
|[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' [x]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄏ)) h
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
| || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' [l]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄌ)) l|| [[Voiced retroflex sibilant|'''<big>r</big>''' [ɻ~ʐ]]]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄖ)) r|| ||
|}

===Finals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-bgcolor=#efefef
!colspan=2|Nucleus
|colspan=5|a||colspan=6|ə||rowspan=2|∅
|-bgcolor=#efefef
!colspan=2|Coda
|∅||i||u||n||ŋ
|∅||i||u||n||ŋ||ɻ
|-
!rowspan=4|Medial
|bgcolor=#efefef|∅
|'''<big>a</big>''' [a]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄚ)) a||'''<big>ai</big>''' [ai]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄞ)) ai||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>au</big>''' [au]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄠ)) ao||'''<big>an</big>''' [an]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄢ)) an||'''<big>ang</big>''' [aŋ]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄤ)) ang
|'''<big>e</big>''' [ɤ]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄜ)) e||'''<big>ei</big>''' [ei]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄟ)) ei||'''<big>ou</big>''' [ou]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄡ)) ou||'''<big>en</big>''' [ən]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄣ)) en||'''<big>eng</big>''' [əŋ]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄥ)) eng||'''<big>er</big>''' [aɚ]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄦ)) er
|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>r/z</big>''' [ɨ]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄭ))[[File:MoeKai Bopomofo U+312D.svg|15px]] -i
|-
|bgcolor=#efefef|i
|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ya</big>''' [ja]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄚ)) ia|| ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yau</big>''' [jau]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄠ)) iao||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yan</big>''' [jɛn]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄢ)) ian||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yang</big>''' [jaŋ]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄤ)) iang
|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ye</big>''' [je]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄝ)) ie|| ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>you</big>''' [jou]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄡ)) iu||'''<big>in</big>''' [in]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄣ)) in||'''<big>ing</big>''' [iŋ]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄥ)) ing|| 
|'''<big>i</big>''' [i]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧ)) i
|-
|bgcolor=#efefef|u
|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wa</big>''' [wa]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄚ)) ua||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wai</big>''' [wai]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄞ)) uai|| ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wan</big>''' [wan]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄢ)) uan||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wang</big>''' [waŋ]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄤ)) uang
|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wo</big>''' [wo]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄛ)) uo||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wei</big>''' [wei]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄟ)) ui|| ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wun</big>''' [wən]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄣ)) un||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ung</big>''' [ʊŋ]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄥ)) ong|| 
|'''<big>u</big>''' [u]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨ)) u
|-
|bgcolor=#efefef|y
| || || ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ywan</big>''' [ɥɛn]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩㄢ)) üan|| 
|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ywe</big>''' [ɥe]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩㄝ)) üe|| || ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yun</big>''' [yn]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩㄣ)) ün||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yung</big>''' [jʊŋ]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩㄥ)) iong|| 
|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yu</big>''' [y]<br>((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩ)) ü
|}

Syllables with [[syllabic fricative]]s are spelled '''jr''' (((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄓ)) zhi), '''chr''' (((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄔ)) chi), '''shr''' (((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄕ)) shi), '''r''' (((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄖ)) ri), '''dz''' (((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄗ)) zi), '''tsz''' (((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄘ)) ci), '''sz''' (((Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄙ)) si), suggesting approximate pronunciations to English speakers.<ref name="Fenn and Tewksbury xiii">Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xiii.</ref>
In pinyin, these are all spelled ''-i''.
For example, "knowledge" (((Lang|zh|知識))) is spelled ''chih-shih'' in Wade–Giles and ''zhishi'' in pinyin, but in Yale romanization it is written ''jr-shr''—only the last will elicit a near-correct pronunciation from an unprepared English speaker.

==Tones==
[[Tone (linguistics)|Tone]] was marked using diacritics, the shape of which suggested the corresponding [[pitch contour]]: ((transl|zh|ā)) (high level), ((transl|zh|á)) (rising), ((transl|zh|ǎ)) (falling-rising) and ((transl|zh|à)) (falling).<ref>Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xiv.</ref> The same method was adopted by pinyin.

The dash (-) is used to separate syllables ending in -n or -g from syllables starting with a or e: ''Cháng-ān''.<ref>((cite book
  | author = Yale University Institute of Far Eastern Languages
  | title = Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
  | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 1966
  )) p. 952</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Yale romanization of Cantonese]]
* [[Yale romanization of Korean]]
* [[Comparison of Chinese transcription systems]]

== References ==
((reflist))

==External links==
* ((cite web | url = http://www.pinyin.info/romanization/yale/basic.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140716055747/http://pinyin.info/romanization/yale/basic.html | archive-date = July 16, 2014 | title = Comparison chart of Yale Romanization for Mandarin with Hanyu Pinyin and Zhuyin Fuhao ))

((Chinese language))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Romanization of Chinese]]
[[Category:Yale University]]
[[Category:Writing systems introduced in 1943]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Yale romanization of Mandarin (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Chinese language (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite conference (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:HathiTrust (edit)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ill (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Interlanguage link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:RCL (edit)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Transl (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Transliteration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Yale romanization of Mandarin.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin"