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((Short description|Christmas celebrations and traditions in Denmark))
((more citations needed|date=April 2011))
[[File:Juletræet.jpg|thumb|right|A Danish Christmas tree (''Juletræet'')]]
'''Jul''' (((IPA-da|ˈjuˀl|))), the Danish [[Jule]] and Christmas, is celebrated throughout December starting either at the beginning of [[Advent]] or on 1 December with a variety of traditions. Christmas Eve, ''Juleaften'', the main event of Jul, is celebrated on the evening of 24 December,<ref>[http://www.visitdenmark.com/en-gb/denmark/danish-christmas-traditions Danish Christmas traditions from VisitDenmark] ((Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130208231029/http://www.visitdenmark.com/en-gb/denmark/danish-christmas-traditions |date=2013-02-08 )). Retrieved 25 July 2009.</ref> the evening before the two Christmas holidays, 25 and 26 December. Celebrating on the eve before Christmas is also used for most other holidays in Denmark.

Jul is originally an ancient old Norse tradition related to the Germanic [[Yule]] celebration of Northern Europe, but was mixed with the overlapping Christian tradition of Christmas when [[History of Christianity in Denmark|Denmark was Christianized]] during the 11th century. The traditions related to ''Jul'' have evolved through the centuries, still with many pagan traditions carried on today. In the 19th century, the tradition of bringing a [[Christmas tree]] inside the home was introduced gradually, inspired by Germany.

==Christmas Eve==
In the evening, an elaborate dinner is eaten with the family. It usually consists of roast pork, roast duck, or (more rarely) roast goose, with potatoes, caramelized potatoes, red cabbage and plenty of [[Brown sauce (meat stock based)|brown gravy]]. For dessert, [[risalamande]], a cold rice pudding dish, is served with a hot cherry sauce, traditionally with a whole almond hidden inside. The lucky finder of this almond is entitled to a small gift, which is traditionally a marzipan pig. In some families, it's tradition that the rice pudding dessert is made with the remaining rice porridge from the previous evening, a meal served on the 23rd, ''Lillejuleaften'' (Little Yule Eve), with cinnamon, brown sugar, and butter. It is eaten warm with a fruit drink (usually red cordial) or sweet malt beer.

After the meal is complete, (some families dance before the meal) the family will dance around the ''[[Christmas tree|Juletræ]]'' and sing Christmas carols and hymns like "Nu er det jul igen" (Now it is Yule again) and "Et barn er født i [[Bethlehem]]" (A child has been born in Bethlehem).<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.dendanskesalmebogonline.dk/salme/104|title = Den Danske Salmebog Online – Salme 104))</ref> When the singing is complete, presents from under the tree are handed out by the children or in turn. After they have been opened, there are more snacks, candy, chips, and sometimes the traditional ''[[Gløgg]]''.

==Church visits==

In Denmark, there is a tradition to go to Church on the afternoon of Christmas Eve, on the 24th. The text is [[Luke 2]], but since the 24th is not an official Christmas holiday, there was no official ritual for that day until recently.

Most churches have Christmas services on both official Christmas holidays, 25 and 26 December, with well-defined rituals.

Going to church on Christmas Eve has become very popular. The services on 24 December are the most heavily frequented services of the year. In some areas with around a third of the population attending. There are no statistics of attendants at services in Denmark.

==Christmas lunches==
((See also|Danish cuisine#Christmas))
[[Image:Julemiddag.jpg|thumb|upright|Traditional Christmas dinner (''Julemiddag'')]]

Throughout the Yule period, a range of Yule dinners or lunches are arranged. Before 24 December most workplaces, unions, schools, football teams, or extended groups of friends arrange a ''Julefrokost'' (Yule Lunch), but sometimes they are delayed until January. This typically involves plenty of food and alcohol, and often takes place on a Friday or Saturday night.

After 24 December, usually on Christmas Day and the Second Day of Christmas which are public holidays, the extended families arrange a ''((lang|da|familiejulefrokost))'' (Family Yule Lunch). This usually involves more food, and takes place from noon until evening. An average [[Danes|Dane]] usually attends three to four ''((lang|da|julefrokoster))'' and one or two ''((lang|da|familiejulefrokoster))'' during ''Jul''.

A typical Yule Lunch involves much beer and [[Akvavit|schnaps]]. It begins with a variety of seafood dishes; open face sandwiches with pickled herring, shrimps and deep fried plaice filet with Danish [[remoulade]]. Sometimes [[gravlax]] or smoked salmon and smoked eel are offered as well. Pickled herring comes in many varieties, with white, red, curried and fried pickled herrings as the most common options, and it is served exclusively on [[rugbrød]], a special Danish rye bread, based on sourdough and whole grains. Next will be a variety of warm and cold meats, such as fried sausages, fried meatballs, boiled ham, liver pâté and fried pork, served with red or green braised cabbage dishes. Desserts are usually cheeses, fruit (mostly orange, [[clementine (fruit)|clementine]] and [[mandarin orange|mandarin]]) and [[risalamande]], a special rice dessert associated with Christmas.<ref>[http://www.dst.dk/da/Statistik/bagtal/2012/2012-11-30-juleartikel And vinder over flæskestegen på julebordet &#91;Duck wins over roast pork at the Christmas table&#93;] Danmarks Statistik ((in lang|da))</ref><ref>[http://altomkost.dk/tips-i-hverdagen/til-fest/saesonbestemte-fester-og-hoejtider/jul/tips-til-at-spise-frugt-i-julen/ Tips til at spise frugt i julen &#91;Tips for eating fruit during Christmas&#93;] The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration ((in lang|da))</ref> From time to time, someone calls out "Skål" to make a toast, and everyone stops eating to take a drink. Normally, everyone takes public transportation to the event, to avoid alcohol related traffic accidents on the way home from these parties.

==Christmas confectionery and sweet treats==
Throughout the Christmas month of December, various confectionery, fruits, cakes, beverages and sweet treats specifically associated with Christmas are widely available in the streets, in shops, cafés or in homes. This includes nuts (mostly hazelnut, walnut and almond), dried fruits (apricots, figs and raisins), oranges, clementines, mandarins, [[Pigeonnes Jerusalem|pigeon apple]]s, ''[[brændte mandler]]'' (sugarglazed almonds), glazed apples on a stick, pancakes, ''[[æbleskiver]]'', ''[[pebernødder]]'', ''[[klejne]]r'', ''[[brunkager]]'' and other types of ''småkager'' (Danish cookies), ''gløgg'' ([[mulled wine]]) of various recipes and a variety of [[marzipan]] treats, some of which includes chocolate and [[Danish nougat]].<ref>[http://www.arla.dk/opskrifter/temaer/julekonfekt/ Julekonfekt &#91;Christmas confectionery&#93;] Arla Foods ((in lang|da))</ref><ref>[http://www.julidannevang.dk/mad/konfekt/konfekt.shtml Julekonfekt og opskrifter &#91;Christmas confectionery and recipes&#93;] ''julidannevang.dk'' ((in lang|da))</ref>

==Christmas Calendars==
Denmark has adopted and expanded the German tradition of [[Advent calendar]]s. It is common to have Julekalender (Yule calendars) that mark all days from 1 to 24 December. They are often made of cardboard with pictures or treats such as chocolate. They come in various forms whether home-made or manufactured and can contain innocent stories of Yule, or might even be [[scratchcard]]s.

A popular version is the ''gavekalender'' (gift calendar). These can either function as a julekalender marking all 24 days up to Yule Eve with a gift for each day or they can function as Advent calendars marking the four Sundays of Advent instead with a gift for each Sunday.

A special Danish calendar tradition started by [[Danmarks Radio|DR]] in 1962 consists of broadcasting TV shows with exactly 24 episodes, one each day up to Yule Eve. The tradition has become very popular and every major network now has TV calendars during the Christmas period, whether original productions or TV shows. The tradition of TV calendars has also been adopted by the other [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian countries]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/historieformidling-til-boern-i-tv-julekalendere/?no_cache=1&cHash=69b1e27c6a59550cc065f48893835433|title=Historieformidling til børn i tv-julekalendere [History-mediation for children in TV-Christmas Calendars]|language=da|publisher=Aarhus University|website=danmarkshistorien.dk|access-date=22 December 2017))</ref>

==Christmas vacation==
Because of the high concentration of holidays at the end of December, it is possible to have a vacation between Christmas and New Year without missing many days at work. This holiday is usually named "Juleferie" or Yule Vacation, and is usually considered to be in the date range from 24 December until approximately 1 January.

==Other traditions==
[[Image:Julehjerter.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Julehjerter, or Yule hearts]]
In Denmark, [[Santa Claus]] is known as [[Julemanden]] (literally "the Yule Man") and is said to arrive on a sleigh drawn by reindeer, with presents for the children. He is assisted with his Yuletide chores by elves known as julenisser (or simply [[Tomte|nisser]]), who are traditionally believed to live in attics, barns or similar places. In some traditions, to maintain the favor and protection of these nisser, children leave out saucers of milk or rice pudding or other treats for them on the afternoon on the 24th, and are delighted to find the food gone on Yule morning.

Danish homes are decorated with ''kravlenisser'' (climbing nisse), which are cardboard cutouts of [[Tomte|nisser]] which can be attached to paintings and bookshelves. This is a unique Danish tradition started in the early 20th century.

[[Julehjerter]] or pleated Yule hearts are handmade decorations which are hung on the Yule tree. Children together with other members of the family create the hearts from glossy paper in various colours. Hearts and ''kræmmerhuse,'' decorated paper cones, are often filled with treats when hung on the tree. Another traditional decoration that is put on the tree are strings with small Danish flags attached to it.

[[St. Lucia Day]] is celebrated on 13 December.

==History==
[[Image:Amagertorv - juletræer.jpg|thumb|200px|Christmas trees on [[Amagertorv]] in Copenhagen in the winter of 1867–68, illustration from [[Illustreret Tidende]] ]] 
Until 1770, the Christmas holidays included 2nd day of Christmas and [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] on 6 January (celebrated on the eve of 5 January). Afterwards, only 1st and 2nd Christmas Day are holidays, and 6 January is now a celebration day.

The first Christmas tree in [[Copenhagen]] was lit in [[Ny Kongensgade]] in 1811. Christmas trees became popular among the middle class from about 1820 and hence spread to all levels of society.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.b.dk/kultur/foerst-skal-traeet-vises#|title=Først skal træet vises ...|date=23 December 2013|language=da|publisher=Berlingske|access-date=2013-12-26))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/juletraesjulen-historien-om-det-oplyste-grantrae-juletraditioner-1811-1919/?no_cache=1&cHash=d48032c3bd0445c01efe08691cbc8336|title=Juletræsjulen – historien om det oplyste grantræ. Juletraditioner 1811–1919 [The Christmas-tree Yule – the story of the lit firtree]|language=da|publisher=Aarhus University|website=danmarkshistorien.dk|access-date=22 December 2017))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Christmas worldwide]]
*[[Jól (Iceland)]]
*[[Jul (Norway)]]
*[[Julemanden]]
*[[tomte#The modern tomte|Julenisse]]
*[[Juhl]] (surname)
*[[Yule]]

== Sources ==
* danmarkshistorien.dk: [http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/jul-i-vikingetiden-og-den-tidlige-middelalder/ Jul i vikingetiden og den tidlige middelalder], Aarhus University ((in lang|da)). About Danish ''Jul'' in the Viking Age and early Middle Ages.
* danmarkshistorien.dk: [http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/julestuen-danske-juletraditioner-i-1600-og-1700-tallet/?no_cache=1&cHash=548ae8bdfa9d1fce82068b22f59755fa Julestuen – danske juletraditioner i 1600- og 1700-tallet], Aarhus University ((in lang|da)). About ''Julestuer'' and Danish Christmas traditions in the 1600 and 1700s.<ref>''Julestuer'' can be loosely translated as Yule-gatherings.</ref>

==References==
((Reflist|2))

==Bibliography==
* [[Henning Frederik Feilberg|Feilberg, Henning Frederik]]: ''Jul I-II'' (1903)

((Europe topic |Christmas in))

[[Category:Christmas in Denmark|Denmark]]
[[Category:December observances]]
[[Category:Yule]]

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