Unam legis e paginis de

Religione Islamica

disserentibus

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Fides

• Prophetae: Mahometus
• Praedestinatio
• Liber sacer
• Eschatologia

Mores

• Quinque Columnae Islamicae
• Sahada
• Hagga

Scripta

• Alcoranus
• Hadit
• Sharia

Vide etiam
Islamus et aliae religiones

Religio Islamica,^[1] vel Islamus^[2][3] aut in Arabico sermone al-Islām (litteris Arabicis الإسلام: IPA praecipue [ʔɪsˈlæːm] et [ʔiˈslaːm]^[4]), est religio monotheistica, abs Alcorano libro sacro articulata et a fidelibus verbum Dei (Arabice الله, Allāh^[5]) ad verbum habita, secundum doctrinas ordinariumque exemplum (Sunnah appellatum, ex hadit compositum) Mahometi, ultimi prophetae Dei. Adsectatores religionis Islamicae appellantur Musulmani.

Religio Islamica saeculo septimo ineunte in Arabia a Mahometo propheta condita est. Cum fere 1.8 milliardis fidelium^[6] post Christianam (cum fere 2.2 milliardis)^[7] hodie in orbe terrarum numero fidelium secunda est religio. Decem civitates, quibus est maxima omnium Musulmanorum pars, sunt Indonesia (12.9%), Pakistania (11.1%), India (10.3%), Bangladesha (9.3%), Aegyptus et Nigeria (utraque 5%), Irania et Turcia (utraque 4.7%), Algeria (2.2%) et Marocum (fere 2%). In his civitatibus plus quam duae partes omnium Musulmanorum vivunt.^[8]

Duo sunt fundamenta litteraria religionis Islamicae: primum Alcoranus, qui verbum Dei Mahometo revelatum habetur; secundum narrationes (Hadit) de vitae moribus (Sunnah) Mahometi, cuius in mores velut "legati Dei" ac exempli se Musulmani formare debent. Omnes ex his litteris sumptae regulae ius Islamicum (شريعة saria) efficiunt.

Musulmani credunt Deum esse unum et incomparabilem, et propositum vitae humanae esse hunc deitatem venerari.^[9] Verbum quidem Islam significat 'mentis et spiritús deditionem' ad hoc numen,^[10] vel 'submissio' (erga id). Ei etiam credunt Islamum esse absolutam et universam primordialis fidei patefactionem, quae multis temporibus locisque a nuntiis Dei revelata est, inter eos Abraham, Moyses, et Iesus, quos ei habent prophetas.^[11] Tradunt priores nuntios et patefactiones partim mutatas vel corruptas fuisse,^[12] sed Alcoranum enimvero esse integram et ultimam Dei patefactionem.^[13] Inter notiones moresque Musulmanorum religiosos sunt Quinque columnae Islamicae, quae pro fundamentalibus venerationis notionibus usibusque necessariis sunt, et lex Islamica (Saria), quae paene omnem vitae societatisque aspectum tangit, consilium in rebus multiplicibus suppeditans, ab aerario et salute, ad militiam et circumiectum.^[14][15]

Quinque religionis columnae

In religione Islamica quinque sunt elementa, quae columnae religionis vocantur:

• fidei professio, hisce verbis expressa: "Testor nullum esse deum nisi Deum Machometumque prophetam eius esse." (Arabice haec locutio Sahada appellatur).
• preces (‏صلاة‎ salāt): quinquiens quotidie: ante solis ortum, meridie, post meridiem, sole occidente, nocte incipiente. Praescriptum est, ut quemque precem vocatus a muazino de minareto clamatus et lavatio ritualis antecedat. Feria sexta preces meridianae in meschita adhibentur, quod viris debitum officium, feminis autem commendatio est.
• eleemosyna (‏زكاة‎ zakāt):^[16] Tributum, quod ab omni Musulmano sano, libero, adulto ac satis locupleti ad pauperes, servos, debitores et viatores adiuvandos nec non in gihad dandum est. Summa secundum condiciones variat.
• ieiunium mense Ramadan habitum.
• peregrinatio Meccam ultimo lunae mense.

Sectae

Dividuntur in nonnullas factiones Musulmani, inter quas Sunnitae Siitaeque. Siitae credunt auctoritatem, propheta defuncto, recte in Ali generum Machometi transmissam esse, absque illo in familiam eius; Sunnitae contra credunt illam auctoritatem per electionem transmissam esse, itaque Omari successoribusque eius. Invenies et Sunnitas et Siitas per mundum Islamicum dispositos; praeponderunt tamen Siitae in Irania, Mesopotamia Libanoque, Sunnitae alibi.

Est etiam tertia factio, Secta Charigitica appellata, quae olim magnam Africae Septentrionalis partem occupabat, hodie tantum in Omania (vide Ibaditae) et in tribus parvis Africae Septentrionalis regionibus fideles complures habet.

Loci sacri

Religio Islamica varios locos quasi sacros habet. Principalis est Mecca, ubi sanctuarium Caba ponitur et quo Musulmani peregrinationem (Haggam) faciunt; hi peregrinatores nomine hajji honorantur. Etiam Medina (urbs prophetae) et Hierosolyma sacrae vocantur.

Hegira (Arabice hijra) fuit fuga Mahometi discipulorumque suorum a Mecca ad Yathrebum, quod oppidum postea nominatur "Oppidum Prophetae" (Madinat an Nabi), vel breviter Medina.

Nexus interni

Notae

Bibliographia

Libri et diurni

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Encyclopaediae

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Opera addita

• Arberry, A. J. 1996. The Koran Interpreted: A Translation. Touchstone. ISBN 9780684825076. (Anglice)
• Craig, Edward, ed. 1998. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 9780415073103.
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• Glasse, Cyril. 2003. New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. ISSN 9780759101906.
• Khan, Muhammad Muhsin, Al-Hilali Khan, et Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din. 1999. Noble Quran. Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 9789960740799. (Anglice)
• Kettani, Houssain. World Muslim Population: 1950–2020.^{[nexus deficit]}
• Khanbaghi, A. 2006. The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran. IB Tauris. (Anglice)
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• Kuban, Dogan. 1974. Muslim Religious Architecture. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 9004038132. (Anglice)
• Lewis, Bernard. 1994. Islam and the West. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195090611. (Anglice)
• Lewis, Bernard. 1996. Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195102833. (Anglice)
• Mubarkpuri, Saifur-Rahman. 2002. The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet. Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 9781591440710. (Anglice)
• Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah. 2001. History of Islam. Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 9781591440345. (Anglice)
• Nigosian, S. A. 2004. Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253216274. (Anglice)
• Rahman, Fazlur. 1979. Islam. Ed. 2a. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226702812. (Anglice)
• Tausch, Arno. 2009. Muslim Calvinism. Amstelodami: Rozenberg Publishers. ISBN 9789051709957. (Anglice)
• Tausch, Arno. 2009. What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey." Novi Eboraci: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 9781606927311. (Anglice)
• Walker, Benjamin. 1998. Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith. Peter Owen Publishers. ISBN 9780720610383. (Anglice)