British and German wounded, Bernafay Wood, 19 July 1916. Photo by Ernest Brooks.

The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was about 40 million: estimates range from around 15 to 22 million deaths[1] and about 23 million wounded military personnel, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history.

The total number of deaths includes from 9 to 11 million military personnel. The civilian death toll was about 6 to 13 million.[1][2] The Triple Entente (also known as the Allies) lost about 6 million military personnel while the Central Powers lost about 4 million. At least 2 million died from diseases and 6 million went missing, presumed dead. This article lists the casualties of the belligerent powers based on official published sources.

About two-thirds of military deaths in World War I were in battle, unlike the conflicts that took place in the 19th century when the majority of deaths were due to disease. Nevertheless, disease, including the 1918 flu pandemic and deaths while held as prisoners of war, still caused about one third of total military deaths for all belligerents.

Classification of casualty statistics

Douaumont French Army cemetery seen from Douaumont ossuary, which contains remains of French and German soldiers who died during the Battle of Verdun in 1916

Casualty statistics for World War I vary to a great extent; estimates of total deaths range from 9 million to over 15 million.[3] Military casualties reported in official sources list deaths due to all causes, including an estimated 7 to 8 million combat related deaths (killed or died of wounds) and another two to three million military deaths caused by accidents, disease and deaths while prisoners of war. Official government reports listing casualty statistics were published by the United States and Great Britain.[4][5] These secondary sources published during the 1920s, are the source of the statistics in reference works listing casualties in World War I.[6][7][8][9][10] This article summarizes the casualty statistics published in the official government reports of the United States and Great Britain as well as France, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Austria and Russia. More recently the research of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) has revised the military casualty statistics of the UK and its allies; they include in their listing of military war dead personnel outside of combat theaters and civilians recruited from Africa, the Middle East and China who provided logistical and service support in combat theaters.[11][12][13][14][15] The casualties of these support personnel recruited outside of Europe were previously not included with British war dead, however the casualties of the Labour Corps recruited from the British Isles were included in the rolls of British war dead published in 1921.[16] The methodology used by each nation to record and classify casualties was not uniform, a general caveat regarding casualty figures is that they cannot be considered comparable in all cases.[17] First World War civilian deaths are "hazardous to estimate" according to Micheal Clodfelter who maintains that "the generally accepted figure of noncombatant deaths is 6.5 million."[18]

Casualties in the borders of 1914–1918[clarification needed]

(when the number of deaths in a country is disputed, a range of war losses is given)
(sources and details of figures are provided in the footnotes)
Nation Population (millions) Combat deaths and missing in action (included in total military deaths) Total military deaths (from all causes) Civilian deaths (military action and crimes against humanity) Increase in civilian deaths (malnutrition and disease excluding Influenza pandemic) Total deaths Deaths as % of population Military wounded
Allies and co-belligerents of World War I
 Australia b 5.0 61,527[19] 59,330[20]
to 62,149[11] 		59,330
to 62,149 		1.2%
to 1.2% 		152,171[21]
 Canada d 7.2 56,638[22] 56,639[21]
to 64,996[11]		 1,963[23][24] 58,639
to 66,996 		0.8%
to 0.9% 		149,732[21]
 India g 315.1 64,449[21] 64,449[21]
to 73,905[11] 		64,449
to 73,905 		0%
to 0% 		69,214[21]
 New Zealand l 1.1 18,166[25] 16,711[21]
to 18,060[11] 		16,711
to 18,060 		1.5%
to 1.6% 		41,317[21]
 Newfoundland m 0.2 1,204[21] 1,204[21]
to 1,570[26](included with UK) 		1,204
to 1,570 		0.6%
to 0.8% 		2,314[21]
 South Africa r 6.0 7,121[21] 7,121[21]
to 9,726[11] 		7,121
to 9,726 		0.1%
to 0.2% 		12,029[21]
 United Kingdom (and colonies) s 45.4 744,000s1 887,858[11] 16,829[21][27] 107,000[28] 867,829
to 1,011,687 		1.9%
to 2.2% 		1,675,000s1
  • Sub-total
  • British Empire
 		380.0 953,104 949,454
to 1,118,264 		18,829 107,000 1,077,283
to 1,244,093 		0.3%
to 0.3%

2,101,077

 Belgium c 7.4 38,170[20] 38,170[29]
to 58,637[30] 		23,700[31] 62,000[32] 123,870
to 144,337 		1.7%
to 2% 		44,686[33]
 France e 39.6 1,150,000[34][35] 1,357,000[20]
to 1,397,800[36] 		40,000[18][37][38] 300,000[32] 1,697,000
to 1,737,800 		4.3%
to 4.4% 		4,266,000[33]
 Greece f 4.8 5,000[20] 5,000[20]
to 26,000[39] 		150,000[40] 155,000
to 176,000 		3.2%
to 3.7% 		21,000[33]
 Italy h 35.6 460,000[29] 460,000[29]
to 709,000[41][42] 		3,400[43] 589,000[44] 1,052,400
to 1,301,400 		3%
to 3.7% 		947,000[33] to 1,050,000[42]
 Japan i 53.6 300[33] 300[33]
to 4,661[45] 		300
to 4,661 		0%
to 0% 		907[33]
 Montenegro k 0.5 3,000[33] 3,000[33]
to 13,325[45] 		3,000
to 13,325 		0.6%
to 2.7% 		10,000[33]
 Portugal n 6.0 7,222[29] 7,222[29] 13[46] 82,000[47] 89,235 1.5% 13,751[29]
 Romania o 7.5 335,706[20] 250,000[45]
to 335,706[20] 		130,000[48] 200,000[48] 580,000
to 665,706 		7.7%
to 8.9% 		120,000[33]
 Russia p 175.1 775,369 to 1,700,000[33][20] 1,700,000[33] to
2,254,369[49] 		410,000[50] 730,000[50] 2,840,000 to
3,394,369 		1.6% to 1.9% 3,749,000[49] to
4,950,000[33]
 Serbia q 4.5 127,500[20] 300,000[51]
to 450,000[52] 		450,000[51]
to 800,000[52] 		750,000
to 1,250,000 		16.7%
to 27.8% 		133,148[33]
 United States t 92.0 53,402[53] 116,708[54][55] 757[56] 117,466 0.1% 204,002[54]
  • Total
  • Allied Powers
 		806.6 4,833,404 5,186,854
to 6,433,692 		626,699 3,420,000
to 3,770,000 		9,235,553
to 10,080,391 		1.1%
to 1.2% 		11,611,271
to 12,812,271
Central Powers
 Austria-Hungary u 51.4 1,016,200[57][58] 1,200,000[33][59]
to 1,494,200[58] 		120,000[60] 467,000[61] 1,787,000
to 2,081,200 		3.5%
to 4% 		3,620,000[21]
 Bulgaria v 4.5 87,500[33] 87,500[33][20] 100,000[62] 187,500 3.4% 152,390[33][20]
 Germany w 64.9 1,800,000[33][63][64] 2,037,000[65][66] 720[67] 424,000[68] to 763,000[69][70] 2,198,420
to 2,800,720 		3.4% to
4.3% 		4,215,662[65]
 Ottoman Empire x 21.3 305,085[71] 325,000[33]
to 771,844[72] 		1,500,000[73] 1,000,000[74] 2,825,000
to 3,271,844 		13.3%
to 15.4% 		400,000[33]
to 763,753[72]
  • Total
  • Central Powers
 		142.1 3,208,785 3,386,200
to 4,390,544 		1,620,720 1,991,000
to 2,330,000 		6,997,920
to 8,341,264 		4.9%
to 5.9% 		8,388,052
to 8,751,805
Neutral nations
 Denmark y 2.8 See footnote re: Danes in German military 700[75] 700 0% —
 Luxembourg j 0.3 2,800 See footnote
 Norway z 2.4 1,180[45] 1,180 0.1% —
 Persia az 10.5[76] 2,000,000[77] 2,000,000 19% —
 Sweden bz 5.6 800[45] 800 0% —
 Albania cz 0.7 to 0.8[78] 70,000[79] 8.75% to 10% —
 Liechtensteindz 0.0087[80] 4[81] 4 0.05% —
Grand total 959.7 8,042,189 8,573,058
to 10,824,240 		2,250,099 5,411,000
to 8,100,000 		15,000,000 to 22,000,000[1] 1.7%
to 2.3% 		22,101,100
to 23,665,873

The source of population data is: Haythornthwaite, Philip J., The World War One Source Book pp. 382–383[82]

Casualties by post-war (1924) borders

Europe 1914 and 1924

The war involved multi-ethnic empires such as Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. Many ethnic groups in these territories were conscripted for military service. The casualties listed by modern borders are also included in the above table of figures for the countries that existed in 1914. The casualty figures by 1924 post war borders are rough estimates by Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, the sources of his figures were published in the Soviet era and in post-Soviet Russia.[83] According to the 1914–1918 Online Encyclopedia "In addition to losses suffered by African military personnel and the laborers supporting their operations, very large, but unknown numbers of African civilians perished during the war." They made an estimate of civilian losses in Africa of 750,000 based on the study by the Vadim Erlikman. They noted that Erlikman's figures are based on the work of the Russian demographer Boris Urlanis, they noted that these estimates were "imprecise" and "could be used to provide a frame of reference for further inquiry".[84] The Oxford History of World War One notes that "In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle."[85]

The following estimates of Austrian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 175,000: including military losses 120,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 30,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 25,000.[86]

The following estimates of Belarusian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 130,000: including military losses 70,000 with the Russian forces. Civilian dead were 60,000.[87]

The following estimates of Ukrainian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 590,000: including military losses 450,000,(Erlikman did not break out military losses between Austro-Hungarian and Russian armed forces). Civilian dead were 140,000.[88]

The Belgian Congo was part of the Kingdom of Belgium during the war. A Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia estimated a total of 155,000 deaths in the Belgian Congo during the war.[89]

Czechoslovakia was part of Austro-Hungary during the war. The estimates of Czechoslovak deaths within 1991 borders were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 185,000: including military losses 110,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 45,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 30,000.[90] The Czechoslovak Legions fought with the armies of the Allies during the war.

Austrian memorial commemorating soldiers from the village of Obermillstatt who died in World War I

Estonia was part of the Russian Empire during the war and about 100,000 Estonians served in the Russian Army. Of them about 10,000 were killed.[91]

From 1809 Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917. Finland's autonomous status meant that Finns were exempt from conscription into the Russian Army. Approximately 800 Finns voluntarily served during World War I.[92] According to data regarding Finnish war casualties, 317 Finns were killed between 1914 and 1917.[93]

The following estimates of deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.[94] These numbers only include military deaths, total civilian deaths in Africa could amount up to 750,000.[95]

 Algeria (1914 known as French Algeria): 26,000
 Vietnam (1914 known as French Indochina): 12,000
 Mali (1914 part of French West Africa): 10,000
 Morocco (1914 known as the French protectorate of Morocco): 8,000
 Senegal (1914 part of French West Africa): 6,000
 Guinea (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,500
 Madagascar: 2,500 military
 Benin (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,000
 Burkina Faso (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,000
 Republic of the Congo (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 2,000
 Ivory Coast (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,000
 Tunisia (1914 known as French Tunisia): 2,000
 Chad (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 1,500
 Central African Republic (1914 known as French Oubangui-Chari): 1,000
 Niger (1914 part of French West Africa): 1,000
 Gabon (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 500
 India (French Establishments in India): 195


Total: 82,000

The following estimates of Georgian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Georgia was part of the Russian Empire during the war and about 150,000 Georgians served in the Russian Army. Of them about 10,000 were killed.[87]

The following estimates of deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.[96] These numbers only include military deaths, total civilian deaths in Africa could amount up to 750,000.[95]

Dying Soldier in a Trench (1915) by Willy Jaeckel
 Tanzania (1914 part of German East Africa): 20,000
 Namibia (1914 known as German South-West Africa): 1,000
 Cameroon (1914 known as Kamerun): 5,000 military and 50,000 civilian
 Togo (1914 known as German Togoland): 2,000
 Rwanda (1914 part of German East Africa): 15,000


Total: 48,000

The following estimates of Hungarian deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 385,000: including military losses 270,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 70,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 45,000.[97]

Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom during World War I. Five-sixths of the island left to form the Irish Free State, now the Republic of Ireland, in 1922. A total of 206,000 Irishmen served in the British forces during the war.[98] The number of Irish deaths in the British Army recorded by the registrar general was 27,405.[99] A significant number of these casualties were from what, in 1920, became Northern Ireland. While 49,400 soldiers died serving in Irish divisions (the 10th, 16th and 36th), although not all of the men serving in these divisions were natives of Ireland and many Irish who died in non-Irish regiments are not listed.[100][101] For example, 29% of the casualties in the 16th Division were not natives of Ireland.[99] Neither does it include Irish emigrants in Britain who enlisted there and are not categorised as Irish. Australia lists 4,731 of its first World War soldiers as having been born in Ireland and more than 19,000 Irish-born soldiers served in the Canadian Corps. According to research done by John Horne of Trinity College Dublin, there are at least 30,986 soldiers who were born in Ireland that died; however, that's considered a "conservative" estimate and is very likely to raise.[102]

The losses of Portuguese Mozambique were estimated by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.[94] 52,000

Poland was territory of Germany, Austria-Hungary and partially annexed by Russia, from 1795 to 1918. By late 1915, Germany had complete control over modern-day Poland. A 2005 Polish study estimated 3,376,800 Poles were conscripted into the armed forces of these countries during World War I, an additional 300,000 were conscripted for forced labor by the Germans. The Russians and Austrians forcibly resettled 1.6 to 1.8 million persons from the war zone in Poland.[103] According to Micheal Clodfelter, Polish war dead were 1,080,000, whilst 200,000 Polish civilians were killed in the fighting on the Eastern Front; 870,000 men served in the German, Austrian and Russian armies.[18] Another estimate made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, put total Polish war dead at 640,000, including military losses of 270,000 Poles conscripted, civilian losses of 120,000 due to military operations and 250,000 caused by famine and disease.[104] The ethnic Polish Blue Army served with the French Army. The ethnic Polish Legions fought as part of the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Eastern Front.

The territory of Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary during World War I. The following estimates of Romanian deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead: 748,000, including military losses of 220,000 with the Romanian forces, 150,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 48,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease: 200,000, killed in military operations 120,000 and 10,000 dead in Austrian prisons. [48]

Britain recruited Indian, Chinese, native South African, Egyptian and other overseas labour to provide logistical support in the combat theatres.[105] Included with British casualties in East Africa are the deaths of 44,911 recruited labourers.[106] The CWGC reports that nearly 2,000 workers from the Chinese Labour Corps are buried with British war dead in France.[107]

The following estimates of British Empire colonial military deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.[108]

 Ghana (1914 known as the Gold Coast): 1,200
 Kenya (1914 known as British East Africa): 2,000
 Malawi (1914 known as Nyasaland): 3,000
 Nigeria (1914 part of British West Africa): 5,000
 Sierra Leone (1914 part of British West Africa): 1,000
 Uganda (1914 known as the Uganda Protectorate): 1,500
 Zambia (1914 known as Northern Rhodesia): 3,000
 Zimbabwe (1914 known as Southern Rhodesia): 5,716 persons of European origin served in the war, of whom about 700 were killed, or died of wounds or other causes. In explicitly Rhodesian units, 127 were killed, 24 died of wounds, 101 died of disease or other causes and 294 were wounded. Of the territory's black African servicemen, 31 were killed in action, 142 died of other causes and 116 were wounded.[109]


Total: 18,000

The following estimates are for Yugoslavia within the 1991 borders.

Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Vojvodina (Now part of Serbia) were part of Austria-Hungary during World War I. Serbia, which included Macedonia, and Montenegro was an independent nation. The Yugoslav historian Vladimir Dedijer put the total losses of the Yugoslav lands at 1.9 million, of which 43% were from Serbia.[110] The following estimates of Yugoslav deaths, within 1991 borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead: 996,000 including military losses, 260,000 with the Serbian forces, 80,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces, 13,000 with Montenegrin forces and POW deaths in captivity of 93,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease: 400,000, killed in military operations: 120,000 and 30,000 dead in Austrian prisons or executed.[111]

During World War I, the Nepalese army was expanded and six new regiments, totaling more than 20,000 troops—all volunteers—were sent to India, most of them to the North-West Frontier Province, to release British and Indian troops for service overseas. Simultaneously, the Nepalese government agreed to maintain recruitment at a level that would sustain the existing British Gurkha units and allow the establishment of additional ones. The battalions were increased to thirty-three with the addition of 55,000 new recruits and Gurkha units were placed at the disposal of the British high command for service on all fronts. Many volunteers were assigned to non-combat units, such as the Army Bearer Corps and the labour battalions but they also were in combat in France, Turkey, Palestine and Mesopotamia. The Rana prime ministers urged Nepalese males to fight in the war. Of the more than 200,000 Nepalese who served in the British army, there were some 20,000 Gurkha casualties included above with the British Indian Army.[112]

Footnotes

Deaths by alliance and military/civilian. Most of the civilian deaths were due to war-related famine.
Deaths of the Allied powers
Deaths of the Central powers

^a East and Central Africa

Fallen British and Australian soldiers in a mass grave, dug by German soldiers, 1916 or 1917

^b Australia

^c Belgium

^d Canada

^e France

^f Greece

^g India (British)

^h Italy

^i Japan

German trench destroyed by a mine explosion, 1917

^k Montenegro

^l New Zealand

^m Newfoundland

^n Portugal

Re-educating wounded. Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets, World War I.

^o Romania

^p Russian Empire

^q Serbia

^r South Africa

British pilot killed in action, 1917

^s United Kingdom

^t United States

Fallen German soldier in France, 1917

^u Austria-Hungary

^v Bulgaria

German dead scattered in the wreck of a machine gun post near Guillemont, 1916

^w German Empire

The remains of Armenians massacred at Erzinjan[160]

^x Ottoman Empire

^y Denmark

^j Luxembourg

^z Norway

^az Qajar Persia

^bz Sweden

^cz Albania

^dz Liechtenstein

Sources

Graves of French soldiers who died on the Ypres Salient, Ypres Necropole National, Ypres, Belgium
The India Gate in Delhi commemorates the Indian soldiers who died during World War I.

The source of population data is:

See also

References

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  2. ^ "War Losses | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". Encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  3. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  4. ^ Military Casualties – World War – Estimated. Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924
  5. ^ The War Office, Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920
  6. ^ "Military Casualties of World War One". Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  7. ^ "World War One Casualty and death tables". PBS. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  8. ^ a b The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia Spencer C. Tucker Garland Publishing, New York 1999 ISBN 978-0815333517
  9. ^ a b John Ellis, The World War I Databook, Aurum Press, 2001, ISBN 1-85410-766-6 pp. 269–70
  10. ^ a b World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) p. 219
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014–2015 p. 38". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 24 May 2016.Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials
  12. ^ "World Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery, Poperinge, Ypres Salient Battlefields, Belgium (The Chinese Labour Corps was used to clear battlefields, dig graves, trenches and carry out other such tasks which were often difficult and dangerous.)". Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  13. ^ a b "Mombasa African Memorial (The non-combatant porters, stevedores and followers of the Military Labour Corps 600,000. Almost 50,000 of these men were lost, killed in action died of sickness or wounds)". Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  14. ^ a b The Long, Long Trail is a personal website written by Chris Baker (26 April 2015). "The Labour Corps of 1917–1918". Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  15. ^ a b "The Chinese Labour Corps at the Western Front (In all, nearly 2,000 men from the Chinese Labour Corps died during the First World War, some as a direct result of enemy action, or of wounds received in the course of their duties but many more in the influenza epidemic that swept Europe in 1918–19" (PDF). Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  16. ^ "Soldiers died in the great war, 1914–1919, London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1920–1921, 80 pts. in 17 v (pt. 80. Labour corps, Royal army ordnance corps, veterinary corps and pay corps, Channel Isles militia, corps of army schoolmasters, military mounted police, military foot police)". FamilySearch. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
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  18. ^ a b c d Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed.. ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4. p. 479
  19. ^ a b "Deaths as a result of service with Australian units | Australian War Memorial". Awm.gov.au. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
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  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Great Britain. War Office (14 April 2018). "Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1920". London H.M. Stationery Off. Retrieved 14 April 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  22. ^ Canada, Statistics (31 March 2008). "Canada Year Book (CYB) Historical Collection". www65.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  23. ^ a b "Website Update – Nova Scotia Archives". novascotia.ca. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  24. ^ "Wartime Tragedies – The Halifax Explosion – Canada and the First World War". Canada and the First World War. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  25. ^ a b "Auckland War Memorial Museum". aucklandmuseum.com. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  26. ^ a b "Newfoundland and Labrador Studies". journals.hil.unb.ca. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  27. ^ a b Gilbert, Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-521077-4 (908 civilians killed in naval attacks)
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  31. ^ Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919. Bruxelles. 1922 p. 100
  32. ^ a b c Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 59–62
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  34. ^ Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris. p. 420. The figure includes killed, missing in action and died of wounds excluding died of disease
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Further reading

Other languages

  • Bujac, Jean (1930). Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique, 1918–1922 [The Campaigns of the Greek Army, from 1918 to 1922]. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. OCLC 10808602.
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik [The Loss of Population in the Twentieth Century: Handbook] (in Russian). Moscow: OLMA-Press. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.
  • Gawryszewski, Andrzej (2005). Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku [Polish Population in the Twentieth Century]. Monografie / Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN. Vol. V. Warsaw: Warszawa: Instytut Geografii. ISBN 83-87954-66-7.
  • Hersch, L. (1927). "La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale" [Mortality Caused by the World War]. The International Review of Statistics. VII. Metron. OCLC 744635608.
  • Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre [The Population of France During the War] (in French). Paris: Les Presses Universitaires de France. OCLC 64110984.
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei [Russia and the Soviet Union in the Wars of the Twentieth Century: The Loss of the Armed Forces: A Statistical Study] (in Russian). Moscow: OLMA-Press. ISBN 5-224-01515-4. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  • l'Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919 [Statistical Yearbook of Belgium and the Belgian Congo 1915–1919] (in French). Vol. XLVI. Bruxelles: A. Lesigne. 1922. OCLC 460112561.
  • Mortara, G. (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra [Public Health in Italy During and After the War] (in Italian). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. OCLC 2099099.
  • Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914–1918 (Heeres-Sanitätsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums) [Medical Report on the German Army (German Field and Garrison Army) in the World War 1914–1918 (Army Medical Inspectorate in the Reich Ministry of War) Section 1] (in German). Vol. III. Berlin: Mittler. 1934. OCLC 493867080.

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