Events in 1869 in animation .
November 26 : the Reverend Richard Pilkington received "Useful Registered Design Number 5074" for his Pedemascope .[ 1] This was a variation of the optical toy thaumatrope . It had a card with pictures "painted in two different positions on both sides". This card was placed in the two-part mahogany holder with a handle and a brass pin that would semi-rotate the card when it was twirled, using a bit of iron to prevent full rotation. Transparent or cut-out variations were suggested for use with the magic lantern .[ 2]
Specific date unknown :
An "Optical Instrument" was patented in the United States in 1869 by O.B. Brown, using a phenakistiscope -like disc with a technique very close to the later cinematograph ; with Maltese Cross motion; a star-wheel and pin being used for intermittent motion, and a two-sector shutter.[ 3]
Thomas Ross developed a small and transparent phenakistiscope system, called Wheel of life , which fitted inside a standard magic lantern slide. A first version, patented in 1869, had a glass disc with eight phases of a movement and a counter-rotating glass shutter disc with eight apertures. The discs depicted ice skaters , fishes , a giant 's ladder, a bottle imp , and other subjects. Ross introduced an improved version of his animation device in 1871.[ 4] [ 5]
In 1869, Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron suggested the use of colored line sheets for the photographic printing of color photographs . Over the following decades, several halftone printing and color photography processes inspired the use of line screens for autostereoscopic images. The developments led to the emergence of barrier-grid animation and stereography in the 1890s. [ 6]
In 1869, the civil engineer Charles Joseph Minard produced a flow map of Napoleon's March on Moscow . It was an early example of scientific visualization , [ 7] and prefigured modern scientific visualization techniques which use computer graphics .[ 8] [ 9] [ 10]
^ "Useful Registered Design Number: 5074. Proprietor: Richard Pilkington. Address: West... | The National Archives" .
^ "The Popular educator: A complete encyclopaedia of elementary, advanced and technical education" . 1888.
^ U.S. Patent No. 93,594 . 10 August 1869.
^ Herbert, Stephen. "Projection Phenakistoscope 1" . www.stephenherbert.co.uk . Retrieved 19 July 2016 .
^ "Ross 'Wheel of Life' magic lantern slide" . London: Science Museum Group. Retrieved 4 June 2017 .
^ Timby, Kim (2015-07-31). 3D and Animated Lenticular Photography . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783110448061 .
^ Michael Friendly (2008)."Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization" .
^ Thomas G.West (February 1999). "Images and reversals: James Clerk Maxwell, working in wet clay" . ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics . 33 (1): 15–17. doi :10.1145/563666.563671 . S2CID 13968486 .
^ Tufte, Edward (2006). Beautiful Evidence . Graphics Press. Bibcode :2006beev.book.....T .
^ Jacobs, Frank (23 July 2010). "The Minard Map - "The best statistical graphic ever drawn" " . Big Think . Retrieved 13 November 2020 .
^ McKernan, Luke. "Booth, W.R. (1869-1938)" . BFI Screenonlinee . Retrieved 2011-04-24 .
^ Gifford, Denis. "Walter Robert Booth" . Who's Who of Victorian Cinema . Retrieved 2011-04-24 .
^ Crafton, Donald (April 2015). Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898-1928 . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226231020 .
^ "familysearch.org - Hungary - Pest - Jewish birth registers - Siegmund Salzmann - 1869. Sep 6" . FamilySearch .
^ Grisar, PJ (2022-01-28). "Is 'Bambi' about Jewish persecution, Zionism or something else?" . The Forward . Retrieved 26 May 2024 .
^ Eddy, Beverley Driver (2010). Felix Salten: Man of Many Faces . Riverside (Ca.): Ariadne Press. pp. 111–114. ISBN 978-1-57241-169-2 .
^ Ferguson, Donna (25 December 2021). "Bambi: cute, lovable, vulnerable ... or a dark parable of antisemitic terror?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 December 2021 .
^ "U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals Twin Books v Disney" . FindLaw . 20 May 1996. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2009 .
^ Barrier, J. Michael (2003). "Disney, 1938–1941". Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford University Press . pp. 236, 244–245. ISBN 0-19-516729-5 .
^ Kaufman, J.B.; Gerstein, David (2018). Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse: The Ultimate History . Cologne: Taschen. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-8365-5284-4 .
^ "Ub Iwerks - The Forgotten Man of Disney" . DocumentaryTube . 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2021-06-01 .
^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons . Checkmark Books. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7 . Retrieved 6 June 2020 .
^ "The Uncle Walt Podcast" . The Uncle Walt Podcast . Retrieved 2021-06-01 .
^ The New York Times , August 1, 1948.
^ Anderson, John; Anderson, Barbara (1993). "The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited". Journal of Film and Video . 45 (1): 2–12.
^ Dwyer, Tessa; Perkins, Claire; Redmond, Sean; Sita, Jodi (25 January 2018). Seeing into Screens: Eye Tracking and the Moving Image . Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781501328992 .
^ "Bridgewater treatises on the power, wisdom, and goodness of God, as manifested in the creation" . 1834.