Despite official concerns "that there might be unpleasant differences, at least, between the blue and gray"[6] (as after England's War of the Roses and the French Revolution),[7] the peaceful reunion was repeatedly marked by events of Union–Confederate camaraderie.[8] President Woodrow Wilson's July 4 reunion address summarized the spirit: "We have found one another again as brothers and comrades in arms, enemies no longer, generous friends rather, our battles long past, the quarrel forgotten—except that we shall not forget the splendid valor."[9]
Planning
After numerous smaller Gettysburg reunions, including the 1906 Philadelphia Brigade/Pickett's Division reunion, during which Brig. Gen. Lewis Armistead's captured sword was returned to the South,[10] in April 1908 General Henry S. Huidekoper of Philadelphia suggested a 1913 50th anniversary reunion to Pennsylvania Governor Edwin Sydney Stuart.[1]: 178 On September 8,[11]: '13 the Gettysburg National Park Commission met with Gettysburg borough officials about the event, Stuart conducted a sub-committee meeting on October 25, and Stuart addressed the General Assembly on the matter in January 1909.[1]: 178
On May 13, 1909, the Pennsylvania Assembly created the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg Commission,[12] and the commission's "first tentative programme" of October 13, 1910[11]: '13 included a "Peace Jubilee", with noon July 3 placement of the cornerstone for a "Great Peace Memorial".[1]: 173 The August 26, 1912, US Congress bill appropriated $150,000 and directed the War Department to establish the camp.[1]: 181 Because the memorial funding was not approved, the "Peace Jubilee" plans were removed from the schedule.
The site for the camp and the 8 acres (3.2 ha) for the Great Tent west of the Codori House were selected in 1912 and mapped by the Gettysburg National Park Commission.[11]: '14 The Park Commission also completed painting of avenue fencing, gun carriages, iron tablets, pyramids, and shells from 1912 through June 30, 1913.[11]: '14 On April 13, 1913, the Pennsylvania commission completed the Pennsylvania State Memorial[13] and also mailed 40,000 veteran's invitations.[1]: 22 On June 28, President Woodrow Wilson notified the Pennsylvania commission he would attend the reunion for a "very limited period".[1]: 173 The 33 contributing states provided a total of $1,033,000 for the reunion ($450,000 from Pennsylvania).[1]: 228
The Pennsylvania commission headquarters at Gettysburg was at 231 Baltimore Street,[1]: 22 with the Harrisburg office of the Secretary (later nicknamed the "Duke of Gettysburg")[14] in Pennsylvania State Capitol Room 509. Various commemorative tokens and programs were developed for attendees, including three types of Pennsylvania badges ("PRESS", "GUEST", "SCOUT"), a commemorative medal,[15]: 8 and a souvenir program of poems by the attending "Veteran Scout", Jack Crawford.[16] The Pennsylvania Railroad Company added "a telephone line between Gettysburg and Hanover along the Western Maryland Railway, over which the Pennsy [would] operate a large number of trains during the battle anniversary".[17]: 1 On the Chambersburg-Gettysburg turnpike and the Gettysburg-Petersburg turnpike, tolls ended in time for the reunion. On June 27, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court upheld the 1911 Sproul Roads Act, by which the Commonwealth acquired private toll roads and made them free for the public.[14]: 1 [relevant?]
By February 1, 1913, water wells were being drilled for the July encampment,[15]: 7 and by June 26 hotels in Hanover, Chambersburg, Hagerstown, and "the Blue Ridge section [were] filling rapidly".[18] For entertainment, a Gettysburg facility was started in 1912 to display the Boston version of the Gettysburg Cyclorama and the Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, and the now-lostThe Battle of Gettysburg film was first run at Walter's Theatre on June 26.[18] Local planning for the reunion included expanding the Gettysburg hackman's tax to apply to automobiles[19] (upheld by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in 1914), a 50-cent maximum for taxi fares in the borough,[20] and an obscure request from a few Missouri veterans regarding the availability near Gettysburg of "a few good widows or old maids … good housekeepers and not too young" to go west after the reunion. (The "kind-hearted mayor", J. A. Holtzworth, agreed to forward photos to the veterans in the "Cupid … operations".)[21]
The War Department's Great Camp (Gettysburg Encampment, Anniversary Camp, Veterans Camp)[1]: 40, 71, 87, 91 provided tents and support facilities for the Civil War veterans and extended from both sides of Long Lane on the north [1] to within 500 yd (460 m) of the Bliss House.[22] The Great Camp included the Great Tent (Big Tent, measuring 200 ft × 450 ft [61 m × 137 m])[11]: '14 "with its thirteen thousand chairs"; the veterans' tents; quarters for 1,466 War Department soldiers (including camp commander Gen. Liggitt) & 2,179 mess personnel; 385 camp Boy Scouts from Washington; and other camp personnel for a total of 57,198 "persons quartered and subsisted in the Great Camp".[1]: 40 The camp had a temporary U. S. Post Office;[1]: 84b 90 Pennsylvania Health Department latrines throughout the camp with a seating capacity of 3,476;[23]: 58 and near the Great Tent, an Emergency Station and 2 Comfort Houses of the health dept, which also supplied the Great Tent water fountains.[24]: 75 The Pennsylvania commission also set up a temporary morgue in the camp.[23]: 56 A special platform on the Round Top Branch was built for veterans to disembark from steam trains directly into the camp[17] (in February, trolleys of the Gettysburg Electric Railway had been prohibited from using the branch).[15]
After the state health department's Chief Engineer had estimated Gettysburg (pop. 4,500) would be inundated with 100,000 people, the borough agreed to the Commissioner of Health's request for his department to take over medical and sanitation efforts in the area from June 25–July 25.[24]: 75 The department set up a field hospital at the Kurtz property facing Brickyard Lane on the north foot of East Cemetery Hill, as well as 6 Comfort Stations in the borough (1 at each railroad station), with a total of ~100 hoppers.[clarification needed][24]: 82 The department also tested borough wells and mitigated contamination sources upstream of the Water Works supply on Marsh Creek. The American Red Cross Society, along with 72 additional Boy Scouts, operated fourteen 7 ft × 7 ft (2.1 m × 2.1 m) Relief Stations for first aid and rest on the battlefield park roads.[23]: 55 The Tuberculosis Dispensary in Gettysburg was also used as a Relief Station.[24]: 86
Attached to the Great Camp were a battery of the Third United States Field Artillery and several companies of Regular Infantry.[11]: '14 Companies A-D (14 officers & 285 men)[11] of the Fifteenth United States Cavalry arrived on June 26 to guard the battlefield[11]: '13 and camped west of Seminary Ridge on the Hagerstown Rd.[17] A "model Camp" for a Pennsylvania cavalry squadron was on the "College Athletic Field" adjoining the commission's Headquarters.[1]: 52 A total of 527 people were quartered at both the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg and the Pennsylvania College (renamed as "Gettysburg College" in 1921), including the Pennsylvania Gettysburg Commission, 4 troops of Pennsylvania State Police, and in tents, Governor Tener's staff.[1]: 49 Additional nearby encampments included the leased Newspaper Row ("Meadeboro") for 155 journalists, north of the Gettysburg National Cemetery,[1]: 40 an encampment of 30 Boy Scouts near Cashtown west of Gettysburg for traveler services on the Chambersburg-Gettysburg Pike,[25]: 5 and Philadelphia and Baltimore Salvation Army members encamped in Stonesifer's Grove at Biglerville, Pennsylvania.[26]
Secretary of War Lindley M. Garrison addresses the audience in Great TentFor the Webb/Pickett flag ceremony, two 1863 units advanced about 50 ft (15 m)—Union from the North, Confederate from the South—to flags at The Angle stone wall where they "clasped hands and buried their faces on each other's shoulders".[1]: 167–168, 171s President Wilson with veteransPresident Wilson speaking to veterans in Great Tent
Events
The Commission planned a four-day series of events, with each day dedicated to a different group:
Anticipating that some veterans might arrive early, especially those traveling distances, the Great Camp was opened for supper on June 29. Pennsylvania veterans who had attended the state reunion, which had adjourned on June 28, made up most of the more than 21,000 arrivals that day.[17] Other veterans arriving early included two Confederate vets of Culp's Hill, who had arrived on June 26.[18] Capt. McCaskey of the Quartermasters Corps had estimated 6,000 men might arrive on June 29, and for a time struggled with severe shortages of food and supplies.[1]: 52 [17] Some veterans left without staying another night.
In more pre-Camp activities, on June 30 the 1912 base of the Virginia Monument was dedicated; the remainder of the monument was completed later.[8]
July 1
Veterans' Day, included a speech by John Wanamaker of Philadelphia, the major department store developer and philanthropist.[27]
July 2
Military Day, included an address by a military officer recommending a stronger military in this period of increasing tensions in Europe, where the Great War broke out in July 1914; a reading of the Gettysburg Address; and a review of the Virginia division at Seminary Ridge by their governor.[28] At night, an impromptu Union raid on the Confederate side of the Great Camp resulted in joint parades and camp fires following the "charge".[28]
July 3
Civic/Governors' Day had 65 unit reunions,[1]: 133 the dedication of the General William Wells statue;[11]: '14 and a Webb/Pickett flag ceremony at the Bloody Angle on the hour of Pickett's Charge.[1] Vice President Thomas R. Marshall and his wife, Speaker of the House Champ Clark, eight Senators, and 21 Congressmen were among officials who arrived that day for events.[29] In the Great Tent from 4:30–6 p.m. was the New York Veterans' Celebration, which included a speech by Colonel Andrew Cowan, in which he again proposed a Gettysburg peace memorial.[1]: 153–165 The fireworks by the Pain Fireworks Display Company [30] at 9 p.m. included "gigantic set pieces covering the entire face and crest of Little Round Top".[1]: 171
July 4
National Day, the Pennsylvania State Memorial was dedicated; eight statues had been installed in April as part of it. PresidentWoodrow Wilson arrived at 11 a.m. in a special train car, traveled through the borough, and entered the Great Tent through two rows of Boy Scouts. Wilson addressed the audience in the Big Tent about national unity, and departed the camp after the National Anthem was played. (Attendees similarly returned to their quarters).
At noon, a five-minute tribute was held in silence for "Our Heroic Dead": people throughout the area stood at 'Attention',e.g., at the "College Hotel" and "Seminary Hotel". The Tribute began with a bugle salute blown over the camp while the Gettysburg bells in the distance tolled noon. The remaining minutes of silence were punctuated by periodic artillery firing from the distance. From 5 a.m. to 11 p.m., 7,147 automobiles used the national park roads as visitors departed.[11]
Some 12,000 veterans had already left on July 2 and about the same number on July 3.[28] An unusual event took place on the evening of July 2 at the Hotel Gettysburg. W. B. Henry, a Southerner living in Philadelphia, erupted in violence after saying a "vile epithet" for President Lincoln and causing an argument at his table. A Union man threw his drink at Henry, who stabbed and slashed men at the table and on his way out to the street before being apprehended.[31] The Virginia governor spoke to officials on behalf of Henry. His father, who had been a major in the C.S.A., posted bail for his son.[31] The victims, all but one of whom was taken to a hospital, were all expected to recover, and most were released from the hospital the next day.[31]
Dismantling of the Great Camp began immediately after the July 4 Tribute. The hospital closed on July 5, and the last veteran left on July 8. The annual military instructional camp (250 college students)[32] used a few tents of the veterans camp[11]: '14 while encamped at the "Meadeboro" camp (Newspaper Row) from July 7–August 15.[33] The Quartermaster headquarters on Baltimore St closed on August 13, and by August 15 the entire Grand Camp had been removed except "four great water storage reservoirs". A movie, United at Gettysburg, called a "romance", documented the reunion and was shown in some local theaters.[34] Lt. Col. Lewis E. Beitler, Secretary of the Commission, completed the compilation of the organizations' reports on the December 31, 1913.[1]: 178
To commemorate the 1913 Gettysburg reunion, a colonial portico was opened in May 1914 at the Seminary's Old Dorm.[35] (Only the concrete base remains.)[36] In 1938 the Eternal Light Peace Memorial was erected on Oak Ridge, north of Gettysburg.
The Congressional committee used the name Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg, but other organizations and officials used numerous other names:
· Celebration of the Semi-Centenary of the Civil War
· Gettysburg Celebration · Reunion Celebration at Gettysburg
· Gettysburg Reunion · Gettysburg Peace Reunion
· Great Peace Reunion · Great Peace Jubilee · Golden Jubilee
· Great Reunion · Grand Reunion · Blue and Gray Reunion
and in a souvenir program of poems: Grand Reunion of the Blue and the Gray on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg[16]
^Davis, William C. (1995) [1983]. Gettysburg: The Story Behind the Scenery (Fifth Printing ed.). KC Publications. p. 28. ISBN0-916122-89-1. LCCN83080606. Pennsylvanians made up the bulk of them: 22,103 to be exact, 303 of whom were Confederate veterans. Yet men came from all but 2 of the 48 states.
^"The Gettysburg Reunion"(Google Books). Report of the Pennsylvania Commission. March 29, 1913. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
^ ab"Pathetic Night Scene in Veterans' Great Reunion"(Google News Archive). The Pittsburgh Press. July 1, 1913. Retrieved February 28, 2011. Yesterday afternoon … the dedication of the Lee uncompleted [Virginia] monument took place.
^ abcdefghijkGettysburg National Military Park Commission. "An Introduction to the Annual Reports of the Gettysburg National Military Park Commission to the Secretary of War". The Gettysburg Commission Reports. Gettysburg, PA: War Department. "The United States land on the battlefield is used by the Quartermaster's Department for camp site No. 1. Part of the farm (formerly Codori) of William F. Redding, lessee, approximately 28 acres, also tract (formerly Barrett heirs) and part of the farm (formerly McMillan), both properties rented to the Quartermaster Corps, U.S.A., by O. D. McMillan, 56 acres; a total of 84 acres." (1913 report) "The Pennsylvania Commission, a congressional committee, and State representatives, composing a joint commission. They have had various meetings as the work developed. The first meeting was held in Gettysburg at the courthouse October 13, 1910, noted in the annual report for 1911. There were other meetings held elsewhere. A meeting was held at Gettysburg December 13, 1912, at Hotel Gettysburg. The next meeting was held at the Union League, Philadelphia, January 23, 24, and 25, 1913. ... This great project, which was inaugurated September 8, 1908, by the chairman of the Gettysburg National Park Commission" (after the April 1908 idea of General Henry S. Huidekoper)
^"Chance for Local Husband Hunters"(Google News Archives). Gettysburg Times. Times and News Publishing Company. June 2, 1913. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
^ abcBradley, A. E. (Lieut. Colonel) (October 24, 1913). Office of Chief Surgeon Report(Google Books). Report of the Pennsylvania Commission (Report). Medical Corps, U. S. Army. Retrieved February 6, 2011. The youngest veteran known to have been at the camp was 61 years of age. The oldest alleged that he was 112 years. (p. 60)
^ abcdDixon, Samuel G (December 15, 1913). Commissioner's Report(Google Books). Report of the Pennsylvania Commission (Report). Pennsylvania Department of Health. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
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