Chemical reaction which adds an acyl group (R–C=O) to a compound
In chemistry , acylation is a broad class of chemical reactions in which an acyl group (R−C=O ) is added to a substrate. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent . The substrate to be acylated and the product include the following:
A particularly common type of acylation is acetylation , the addition of the acetyl group. Closely related to acylation is formylation , which employ sources of "HCO+ in place of "RCO+ ".
Examples
Because they form a strong electrophile when treated with Lewis acids , acyl halides are commonly used as acylating agents. For example, Friedel–Crafts acylation uses acetyl chloride (CH3 COCl ) as the agent and aluminum chloride (AlCl3 ) as a catalyst to add an acetyl group to benzene :[1]
Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene by ethanoyl chloride This reaction is an example of electrophilic aromatic substitution .
Acyl halides and acid anhydrides of carboxylic acids are also common acylating agents. In some cases, active esters exhibit comparable reactivity. All react with amines to form amides and with alcohols to form esters by nucleophilic acyl substitution .
Acylation can be used to prevent rearrangement reactions that would normally occur in alkylation . To do this an acylation reaction is performed, then the carbonyl is removed by Clemmensen reduction or a similar process.[2]
Acylation in biology
Protein acylation is the post-translational modification of proteins via the attachment of functional groups through acyl linkages. Protein acylation has been observed as a mechanism controlling biological signaling.[3] fatty acids to particular amino acids (e.g. myristoylation , palmitoylation or palmitoleoylation ).[4] [5] monounsaturated fatty acid palmitoleic acid is covalently attached to serine or threonine residues of proteins .[6] [7] Wnt proteins .[8] [9]
