The University of Oxford in Oxford, England, the oldest university in the English-speaking world
The University of Oxford in Oxford, England, the oldest university in the English-speaking world

The ancient universities are British and Irish medieval universities and early modern universities founded before the year 1600.[1] Four of these are located in Scotland, two in England, and one in Ireland. The ancient universities in Britain and Ireland are amongst the oldest extant universities in the world.

Foundation

Map of Great Britain and Ireland with the locations of the ancient universities highlighted
Oxford
Cambridge
St Andrews
Glasgow
Aberdeen
Edinburgh
Dublin
Northampton
Stamford
Durham
Fraserburgh
Locations of the ancient universities or colleges (red: extant; blue: defunct)

The surviving ancient universities in England, Scotland, and Ireland are, in order of formation:

Year Name Nation of Founding Location Notes
1096 University of Oxford Kingdom of England Oxford, England "There is no clear date of foundation, but teaching existed at Oxford in some form in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167, when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris."[2] Teaching suspended in 1209 (due to town execution of two scholars) and 1355 (due to the St Scholastica riot).
1209 University of Cambridge Kingdom of England Cambridge, England Founded by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute caused by the execution of two scholars in 1209.
1413 University of St Andrews Kingdom of Scotland St Andrews, Scotland Founded by a papal bull building on earlier bodies established between 1410 and 1413
1451 University of Glasgow Kingdom of Scotland Glasgow, Scotland Founded by a papal bull
1495 University of Aberdeen Kingdom of Scotland Aberdeen, Scotland King's College was founded in 1495 by papal bull and Marischal College in 1593; they merged in 1860
1582 University of Edinburgh Kingdom of Scotland Edinburgh, Scotland Established by the town council under the authority of a royal charter granted by James VI
1592 University of Dublin Kingdom of Ireland Dublin, Ireland Founded by charter of Queen Elizabeth I; Trinity College[1][3][4] is the only constituent college of the university

Governance

The University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England
The University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England
The University of St Andrews in St Andrews, Scotland
The University of St Andrews in St Andrews, Scotland
The University of Glasgow in Glasgow, Scotland
The University of Glasgow in Glasgow, Scotland
The University of Aberdeen in Aberdeen, Scotland
The University of Aberdeen in Aberdeen, Scotland
The University of Edinburgh in Edinburgh, Scotland
The University of Edinburgh in Edinburgh, Scotland
The University of Dublin in Dublin, Ireland
The University of Dublin in Dublin, Ireland

These universities are often governed in a quite different fashion to more recent foundations. The ancient universities of Scotland also share several distinctive features and are governed by arrangements laid down by the Universities (Scotland) Acts. In addition to these universities, some now-defunct institutions were founded during this period, including the University of Northampton (1261–1265),[5] the university or college at Stamford, Lincolnshire (1331?–1335),[6] the university or college at Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire (1592–1605),[7] and the college in Durham (1657–1660) founded under Oliver Cromwell, for which a charter as a university was drawn up under Richard Cromwell but never sealed.[8] There was also the medieval University of Dublin which was an early but largely unsuccessful attempt to establish a university in Dublin, the capital city of the Lordship of Ireland. Founded in 1320, it maintained an intermittent existence for the next two centuries, but it never flourished, and disappeared for good at the Reformation in Ireland (1534–41). It was located in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. It had no connection with the present University of Dublin, better known as Trinity College Dublin, which was founded in 1592.

Undergraduate Master of Arts degree

Main articles: Master of Arts (Scotland) and Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)

The ancient universities are distinctive in awarding the Magister Artium/Master of Arts (MA) as an undergraduate academic degree. This is commonly known as the Oxbridge MA, Trinity MA (Dublin), or the Scottish MA.

The ancient universities in Scotland confer the MA degree at graduation with honours and a final mark; in contrast, the ancient universities in England and Ireland award the MA purely after a period of good standing following graduation as Bachelor of Arts, usually around three years.

Because they award the MA as an undergraduate Arts degree, the ancient universities award differing titles for their postgraduate master's degrees in the Arts and Humanities, such as the taught Master of Letters ("MLitt (T)"). Some confusion can arise as to whether such degrees are taught degrees or the most established (and advanced) two-year research degrees, although this is often specified.

Acts of Parliament related to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge

While both universities received grants of liberties and privileges by royal charter, the charters granted to Cambridge in 1231 and to Oxford in 1248 being the earliest recorded on the Privy Councils list of chartered bodies,[9] neither university was created or incorporated by royal charter. After existing for the first few centuries of their existence as common law corporations, they were formally incorporated by the Oxford and Cambridge Act 1571, under Elizabeth I. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act 1859 repealed the parts of the 1571 act that required the mayor, aldermen, citizens or municipal officer of the City of Oxford to take any oath for the conservation of the liberties and privileges of the University of Oxford.

In the 19th century a series of acts and commissions reduced the powers of the universities to make their own statutes. A Royal Commission in 1850 looked into both universities and proposed major reforms to their constitutions. These were enacted by the Oxford University Act 1854 and the Cambridge University Act 1856. The Universities Tests Act 1871 removed almost all religious tests from both universities (and from Durham University). The Oxford and Cambridge Universities Act 1877 set up commissioners to look into further reform of the statutes of both universities and of their constituent colleges. Further Royal Commissions into both universities were established in 1919, resulting in the Oxford and Cambridge Universities Act 1923, setting up a commission to again make statutes and regulations for the universities and their colleges. This has resulted in there being two kind of statutes at these universities – those made by the universities themselves, which may be changed by them, and the "Queen-in-Council" statutes made under the 1923 act or the Education Reform Act 1988 that can only be changed with permission from the Privy Council.[10][11]

Universities (Scotland) Acts

Main article: Ancient university governance in Scotland

The Universities (Scotland) Acts created a distinctive system of governance for the ancient universities in Scotland, the process beginning with the 1858 Act and ending with the 1966 Act. Despite not being founded until after the first in these series of Acts, the University of Dundee shares all the features contained therein.

As a result of these Acts, each of these universities is governed by a tripartite system of General Council, University Court, and Academic Senate.

The chief executive and chief academic is the University Principal who also holds the title of Vice-Chancellor as an honorific. The Chancellor is a titular non-resident head to each university and is elected for life by the respective General Council, although in actuality a good number of Chancellors resign before the end of their 'term of office'.

Each also has a students' representative council as required by statute, although at the University of Aberdeen this has recently been renamed the Students' Association Council.[12]

Later universities

Main article: List of UK universities by date of foundation

Following the creation of the ancient universities, no more universities were created in Britain and Ireland until the 19th century, when a number of universities and colleges were established. Which of these 19th-century institutions should be considered the earliest post-ancient university is a matter of debate. The main university-level foundations up to the mid 19th century were:

Only Durham, London and the Queen's University of Ireland were recognised as universities at the time of their foundation, granting their first degrees in 1837, 1839 and 1851 respectively. Durham was a collegiate university, London was an examining board, and the Queen's University was a federal university. The other institutions, while teaching at university level, were colleges, some becoming universities later. In addition, many other universities trace their roots to institutions founded in this period, including the University of Strathclyde to the Andersonian Institute (1796), Heriot-Watt University to the School of Arts of Edinburgh (1821), Birkbeck, University of London to the London Mechanics' Institute (1823), the University of Manchester (via UMIST) to the Manchester Mechanics' Institute (1824) and (via Owen's College) to the Manchester Royal School of Medicine (also 1824), the University of Chester to Chester Diocesan Training College (1839), Plymouth Marjon University to St John's College (Battersea) (1840) and St Mark's College (Chelsea) (1841), the University of Winchester to Winchester Diocesan Training School (1840), the University of Roehampton to Whitelands College (1841), York St John University to York Diocesan College (1841) and the York Diocesan Institution for Female Teachers (1846), and St Mary's University, Twickenham to St Mary's College (1850). Many medical schools also date from the 18th century or earlier, including St Thomas's Hospital Medical School (now part of King's College London) between 1693 and 1709,[13] St George's, University of London in 1733, Middlesex Hospital Medical School (now part of University College London) in 1746, London Hospital Medical College (now part of Queen Mary, University of London) in 1786.

The redbrick universities were established as university colleges in the latter half of the 19th century and mostly became universities in the early 20th century. The Royal University of Ireland (1881, as the successor of the Queen's University of Ireland), the Victoria University (1881), and the University of Wales (1893) were the only other universities established in the 1800s, all as federal or examining universities. The first unitary university in the British Isles outside of Scotland was the University of Birmingham (1900).[14]

References

  1. ^ a b "Radcliffe dean to lead historic university in Scotland". Ukinusa.fco.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
  2. ^ A brief history of the University of Oxford Archived 2008-04-11 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford University
  3. ^ http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/5699/1/jssisiVolXVII594_610.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  4. ^ "Rise & Progress of Universities – Chapter 17". Newman Reader. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
  5. ^ Laurence Cawley (11 September 2016). "Northampton: The ancient English university killed by a king". BBC News.
  6. ^ William Page (1906). Stamford University. The Victoria History of the County of Lincoln. pp. 468–474.
  7. ^ R. P. Wells (23 September 2004). "Fraser, Sir Alexander, of Philorth". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10099. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  8. ^ "Plans for a College in Durham". Durham World Heritage Site. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  9. ^ "List of chartered bodies". Privy Council. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  10. ^ "Preface: Constitution and Statute-making Powers of the University". Statutes. University of Oxford. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  11. ^ "Royal Commission of 1850". 125 Years of Engineering Excellence. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  12. ^ "University of Aberdeen Students' Association Constitution". Archived from the original on 8 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
  13. ^ "ST THOMAS'S HOSPITAL: Medical school records". King's College London College Archives.
  14. ^ William Whyte (16 January 2015). Redbrick: A Social and Architectural History of Britain's Civic Universities. Oxford University Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780191025228.
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