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((short description|British art historian and Soviet spy (1907–1983)))
((Use British English|date=May 2023))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2019))
((Infobox spy
| name = Anthony Blunt
| image =Anthony Blunt.jpg
| allegiance = ((flag|Soviet Union))
| service =
| serviceyears =
| rank =
| operation =
| awards = [[Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]], revoked in 1979 on the grounds of treason
| codename2_label = Codenames
| codename2 = ((ubl|Tony<ref name="Carter 2001, p. 180">Carter 2001, p. 180.</ref>|Johnson<ref>Carter 2001, p. 302.</ref>|Yan<ref>Carter 2001, p. 319.</ref>))
| birth_name = Anthony Frederick Blunt
| birth_date = ((Birth date|df=y|1907|09|26))
| birth_place = [[Bournemouth]], Hampshire<!--Bournemouth was in Hampshire until 1974-->, England
| death_date = ((Death date and age|df=y|1983|03|26|1907|09|26))
| death_place = [[Westminster]], [[London]], England
| buried = [[Putney Vale Cemetery and Crematorium]], London, England
| occupation = [[Art historian]], professor, writer, spy
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] 
))

'''Anthony Frederick Blunt''' (26 September 1907 – 26 March 1983),<ref>GRO Register of Deaths: Mar 1983 15 2186 Westminster – Anthony Frederick Blunt, DoB = 26 September 1907; Varriano 1996.</ref> styled '''Sir Anthony Blunt''' ((Postnominals|list=[[Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]])) from 1956 to November 1979, was a leading British [[Art history|art historian]] and [[Soviet spy]].

Blunt was a professor of [[History of Art|art history]] at the [[University of London]], the director of the [[Courtauld Institute of Art]] and [[Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures]]. His 1967 [[monograph]] on the [[French Baroque]] painter [[Nicolas Poussin]] is still widely regarded as a watershed book in art history.<ref name="Shone 2013">Shone, Richard and Stonard, John-Paul, eds. ''The Books that Shaped Art History'', Introduction. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013.</ref> His teaching text and reference work ''Art and Architecture in France 1500–1700'', first published in 1953, reached its fifth edition (in a version slightly revised  by Richard Beresford) in 1999, at which time it was still considered the best account of the subject.<ref>Hopkins, Andrew (2000). "Review of ''Art and Architecture in France 1500–1700'' by Anthony Blunt, Richard Beresford", ''The Sixteenth Century Journal'', vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 633–635. ((JSTOR|2671729)).</ref>

In 1964, after being offered immunity from prosecution, Blunt confessed to having been a spy for the [[Soviet Union]]. He was considered to be the "fourth man" of the [[Cambridge Five]], a group of Cambridge-educated spies who worked for the Soviet Union from some time in the 1930s to at least the early 1950s.<ref name=":1">((Cite web|title=Blunt, Prof. Anthony (Frederick), (26 Sept. 1907 – 26 March 1983), Professor of the History of Art, University of London, and Director of the Courtauld Institute of Art, 1947–September 1974; Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, 1952–72 (of the Pictures of King George VI, 1945–52); Adviser for the Queen's Pictures and Drawings, 1972–78|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-162133|access-date=2021-02-12|website=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO|year=2007|language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u162133|isbn=978-0-19-954089-1))</ref> He was the fourth member of the group to be discovered; the fifth, [[John Cairncross]], was yet to be revealed. The height of Blunt's espionage activity was during [[World War II]], when he passed to the Soviets intelligence about [[Wehrmacht]] plans that the British government had decided to withhold from [[Allies of World War II|its ally]]. His confession—a closely guarded secret for years—was revealed publicly by Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] in November 1979. He was stripped of his [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|knighthood]] immediately thereafter. Blunt had already been exposed in print by historian [[Andrew Boyle]] earlier that year.

==Early life==
Blunt was born in [[Bournemouth]], in [[Hampshire]] at that time but now in [[Dorset]]<!--Bournemouth was in Hampshire until 1974-->, the third and youngest son of a vicar, the Revd (Arthur) Stanley Vaughan Blunt (1870–1929), and his wife, Hilda Violet (1880–1969), daughter of Henry Master of the [[Madras]] civil service.<ref name=":1" /> One of his grandfathers was [[Richard Blunt (bishop)|Bishop Frederick Blunt]].<ref name="Guardian">((cite news
| title = First chapters: Books: Anthony Blunt: His Lives by Miranda Carter
| newspaper = The Guardian
| language = English
| date = 15 Nov 2001
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/nov/15/firstchapters.whitbreadbookawards2002
| access-date = 22 Jun 2022))</ref>

His siblings included the writer [[Wilfrid Jasper Walter Blunt]] and [[numismatist]] [[Christopher Evelyn Blunt]].

Blunt's father was assigned to Paris with the British embassy chapel, and moved his family to the French capital for several years during Anthony's childhood. The young Anthony became fluent in French and experienced intensely the artistic culture available to him there, stimulating an interest which lasted a lifetime and formed the basis for his later career.<ref name="MCarter">((cite book |first=Miranda |last=Carter |author-link=Miranda Carter |title=Anthony Blunt: His Lives |year=2001 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780330367660))</ref>

He was educated at [[Marlborough College]], a boys' [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] in [[Marlborough, Wiltshire]]. At Marlborough, Blunt joined the college's secret "Society of Amici",<ref>((cite book |title=Paths of Progress: A History of Marlborough College |first=Thomas |last=Hinde |author-link=Thomas Hinde (novelist) |location=London |publisher=James & James |year=1992 |isbn=9780907383338))</ref> in which he was a contemporary of [[Louis MacNeice]] (whose unfinished autobiography ''The Strings Are False'' contains numerous references to Blunt), [[John Betjeman]] and [[Graham Shepard]]. He was remembered by historian [[John Edward Bowle]], a year ahead of Blunt at Marlborough, as "an intellectual prig, too preoccupied with the realm of ideas". Bowle thought Blunt had "too much ink in his veins and belonged to a world of rather prissy, cold-blooded, academic puritanism".<ref name="MCarter"/>

In 1928 Blunt founded a political magazine, ''Venture'', whose contributors were left-wing writers.<ref>((cite book|editor1=Richard C. S. Trahair|editor2=Robert L. Miller|title=Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations|date=2012|publisher=Enigma Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-929631-75-9|page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNSMrps8mpcC))</ref>

==Cambridge University==
Blunt won a scholarship in mathematics to [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. At that time, scholars at Cambridge University were allowed to skip Part I of the [[Tripos]] examinations and complete Part II in two years. However, they could not earn a degree in less than three years,<ref name="Spycatcher">((cite book |title=Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer |first=Peter |last=Wright |author-link=Peter Wright (MI5 officer) |year=1987 |location=[[Toronto]] |publisher=Stoddart Publishers |isbn=978-0773721685))</ref> hence Blunt spent four years at Trinity and switched to Modern Languages, eventually graduating in 1930 with a [[first class degree]]. He taught French at Cambridge and became a Fellow of Trinity College in 1932. His graduate research was in French art history and he travelled frequently to continental Europe in connection with his studies.<ref name="MCarter"/>

Like [[Guy Burgess]], Blunt was known to be homosexual,<ref name="daily_telegraph_blunt_memoirs"/> the practice of which was a criminal offence at the time in Britain. Both were members of the [[Cambridge Apostles]] (also known as the Conversazione Society), a clandestine Cambridge discussion group of 12 undergraduates, mostly from Trinity and King's Colleges who considered themselves to be the brightest minds. Through the Apostles, he met the future poet [[Julian Bell]] (son of [[Vanessa Bell]]) and took him as a lover.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.charleston.org.uk/object/julian-bell-vanessa-bell/|title=Julian Bell by Vanessa Bell|work=Charleston: The Bloomsbury Home of Art and Ideas|access-date=10 April 2020|quote=Julian felt no qualms in telling his mother of his first sexual experience in a letter of 1929, ‘My great news is about Ant[h]ony. I feel certain you won’t be upset or shaked at my telling you that we sleep together.|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410184249/https://www.charleston.org.uk/object/julian-bell-vanessa-bell/|url-status=dead))</ref> Many others were homosexual and also [[Marxism|Marxist]] at that time. Amongst other members were [[Victor Rothschild]] and the American [[Michael Whitney Straight]], the latter also later suspected of being part of the Cambridge spy ring.<ref>Cambridge Forecast Group, 22 September 2010; Carter 2001, pp. 457, 486.</ref> Rothschild later worked for [[MI5]]<ref>Carter 2001, p. 253.</ref> and also gave Blunt £100 to purchase the painting ''Eliezar and Rebecca'' by [[Nicolas Poussin]].<ref>Rose (2003), pp. 47–48.</ref> The painting was sold by Blunt's executors in 1985 for £100,000 (totalling £192,500 with tax remission<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.artfund.org/artwork/2250/eliezer-and-rebecca |title=Eliezer and Rebecca by Nicolas Poussin |work=Art Fund |access-date=30 July 2015))</ref>) and is now in [[Cambridge University]]'s [[Fitzwilliam Museum]].<ref>[http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/opac/search/cataloguedetail.html?&priref=2874&_function_=xslt&_limit_=10 Fitzwilliam Museum – OPAC Record<!-- Bot generated title -->] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210720/http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/opac/search/cataloguedetail.html?&priref=2874&_function_=xslt&_limit_=10 |date=3 March 2016 ))</ref>

==Recruitment to Soviet espionage==

There are numerous theories of how Blunt was recruited to the [[NKVD]]. As a Cambridge [[University don|don]], Blunt visited the Soviet Union in 1933, and was possibly recruited in 1934. In a press conference, Blunt claimed that Guy Burgess recruited him as a spy.<ref>((cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQX4LQM6thQ |title=Press Conference of Anthony Blunt |via=YouTube |access-date=30 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518202300/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQX4LQM6thQ |archive-date=18 May 2015 ))</ref> The historian Geoff Andrews writes that he was "recruited between 1935 and 1936",<ref>Andrews 2015, p. 112.</ref> while his biographer [[Miranda Carter]] says that it was in January 1937 that Burgess introduced Blunt to his Soviet recruiter, [[Arnold Deutsch]].<ref>Carter 2001, p. 179.</ref> Shortly after meeting Deutsch, writes Carter, Blunt became a Soviet "talent spotter" and was given the NKVD code name "Tony".<ref name="Carter 2001, p. 180">Carter 2001, p. 180.</ref> Blunt may have identified Burgess, [[Kim Philby]], [[Donald Maclean (spy)|Donald Maclean]], [[John Cairncross]] and Michael Straight – all undergraduates at Trinity College (except Maclean at the neighbouring Trinity Hall), a few years younger than he – as potential spies for the Soviets.<ref>Carter 2001, pp. 106–107.</ref>

Blunt said in his public confession that it was Burgess who converted him to the Soviet cause, after both had left Cambridge.<ref>BBC Television, 16 November 1979</ref> Both were members of the Cambridge Apostles, and Burgess could have recruited Blunt or vice versa either at Cambridge University or later when both worked for British intelligence.

==Joining MI5==

With the [[invasion of Poland]] by German and Soviet forces, Blunt joined the [[British Army]] in 1939. During the [[Phoney War]] he served in France in the [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]]. When the [[Wehrmacht]] drove British forces back to [[Dunkirk]] in May 1940, he was part of the [[Dunkirk evacuation]]. During that same year he was recruited to MI5, the Security Service.<ref name="MCarter"/> Before the war, MI5 employed mostly former members of the [[Indian Imperial Police]].<ref>((cite book |first=Peter |last=Hennessy |author-link=Peter Hennessy |title=The Secret State: Whitehall and the Cold War |year=2002 |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=0-7139-9626-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/secretstatewhite00henn ))</ref>

In MI5, Blunt began passing the results of [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]] intelligence (from decrypted [[Enigma (machine)|Enigma]] intercepts of Wehrmacht radio traffic on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]) to the Soviets, as well as details of German spy rings operating in the Soviet Union. Ultra was primarily working on the [[Kriegsmarine]] naval codes, which eventually helped win the [[Battle of the Atlantic]], but as the war progressed Wehrmacht army codes were also broken. Sensitive receivers could pick up transmissions, relating to German war plans, from Berlin. There was great risk that, if the Germans discovered their codes had been compromised, they would change the settings of the Enigma wheels, blinding the codebreakers.

Full details of the entire Operation Ultra were fully known by only four people, only one of whom routinely worked at [[Bletchley Park]]. Dissemination of Ultra information did not follow usual intelligence protocol but maintained its own communications channels. Military intelligence officers gave intercepts to Ultra liaisons, who in turn forwarded the intercepts to Bletchley Park. Information from decoded messages was then passed back to military leaders through the same channels. Thus, each link in the communications chain knew only one particular job and not the overall Ultra details. Nobody outside Bletchley Park knew the source.<ref>((cite book |editor1-last=Hinsley |editor1-first=F. H. |editor2-first=Alan |editor2-last=Stripp |title=Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park |year=2001 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192801326))</ref>

John Cairncross, another of the Cambridge Five, was posted from MI6 to work at Bletchley Park. Blunt admitted to recruiting Cairncross and may well have been the [[cut-out (espionage)|cut-out]] between Cairncross and the Soviet contacts. For although the Soviet Union was now an ally, Russians were not trusted. Some information concerned German preparations and detailed plans for the [[Battle of Kursk]], the last major German offensive on the Eastern Front. [[Malcolm Muggeridge]], himself a wartime British agent, recalls meeting Kim Philby and Victor Rothschild, a friend of Blunt since Trinity College, Cambridge. He reported that at the Paris meeting in late 1955 Rothschild argued that much more Ultra material should have been given to [[Stalin]]. For once, Philby reportedly dropped his reserve, and agreed.<ref>((cite book |title=The Climate of Treason |first=Anthony |last=Boyle |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1982 |location=London |isbn=9780091430603))</ref>

During the war, Blunt attained the rank of major.<ref name="MCarter"/> After WWII, Blunt's espionage activity diminished, but he retained contact with Soviet agents and continued to pass them gossip from his former MI5 colleagues and documents from Burgess. This continued until the defection of Burgess and Maclean in 1951.<ref>Kitson.</ref>

==Trips on behalf of the royal family==
In April 1945, Blunt, who had worked part-time at the [[Royal Library, Windsor|Royal Library]], was offered and accepted the job of [[Surveyor of the King's Pictures]]. His predecessor, [[Kenneth Clark]], had resigned earlier that year. The [[Royal Librarian]], [[Owen Morshead]], who had become friends with Blunt during the two years he worked in the Royal Collection, recommended him for the job. Morshead had been impressed with Blunt's "diligence, his habitual reticence, and his perfect manners."<ref>Carter 2001, p. 304 (American edition).</ref> Blunt often visited Morshead's home in [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Carter 2001, p. 305 (American edition).</ref> Blunt's student [[Oliver Millar]], who would become his successor as Surveyor, said, "I think Anthony was happier there than many other places".<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Miranda Carter, Blunt's biographer, writes: "The royal family liked him: he was polite, effective and, above all, discreet."<ref>Carter 2001, p. 308 (American edition).</ref>

In the final days of World War II in Europe, [[King George VI]] asked Blunt to accompany Morshead on a trip in August 1945 to [[Friedrichshof Castle]] near Frankfurt, Germany, to retrieve letters (almost 4,000 of them) written by [[Queen Victoria]] to her daughter, [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Empress Victoria]], the mother of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm]]. The account of the trip in the [[Royal Archives]] states that the letters, as well as other documents, "were exposed to risks owing to unsettled conditions after the war."<ref name=Carter2001p311>Carter 2001, p. 311 (American edition).</ref> According to Morshead, he needed Blunt, because Blunt knew German and would make it easier to identify the desired material. There was a signed agreement made at the time, since the royal family did not own the documents.<ref name=Carter2001p311/> The letters rescued by Morshead and Blunt were deposited in the Royal Archives<ref>Bradford, p. 426</ref> and were returned in 1951.<ref name=Carter2001p311/>

Miranda Carter mentions that other versions of the story, which claim that the trip was to retrieve letters from the [[Edward VIII|Duke of Windsor]] to [[Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse]], the owner of Friedrichshof, in which the Duke knowingly revealed Allied secrets to Hitler, have some credibility, given the Duke's known Nazi sympathies.<ref>Carter 2001, p. 312 (American edition).</ref> Variants of this version have been published by several authors.<ref name="Spycatcher"/><ref>((cite book |first=Charles |last=Higham |author-link=Charles Higham (biographer) |title=The Duchess of Windsor: The Secret Life |year=1988 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Publishers |isbn=9780070288010 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/duchessofwind00high/page/388 388–389] |url=https://archive.org/details/duchessofwind00high/page/388 ))</ref><ref>Martin Allen, ''Hidden Agenda: How the Duke of Windsor Betrayed the Allies'' (London: Macmillan, 2000). ((ISBN|9780871319937)).</ref> Carter allows that, while George VI may have also asked Blunt and Morshead to be on the alert for any documents relating to the Duke of Windsor, "it seems unlikely that they found any."<ref name=Carter2001p313>Carter 2001, p. 313 (American edition).</ref> Much later Queen Victoria's letters were edited and published in five volumes by [[Roger Fulford]], and it was revealed they contained numerous "embarrassing and 'improper' comments about the awfulness of German politics and culture."<ref name=Carter2001p313/> [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]] remembered discussing the trip with Blunt at MI5 in the autumn of 1945 and recalled (in Carter's retelling): "Blunt's task had been to secure the Vicky correspondence before the Americans found it and published it."<ref>Carter 2001, pp. 313–314 (American edition).</ref>

Blunt made three more trips to other locations over the following eighteen months, mainly "to recover royal treasures to which the Crown did not have an automatic right."<ref>Carter 2001, p. 315 (American edition).</ref> On one trip he returned with a twelfth-century [[illuminated manuscript]] and the diamond crown of [[Queen Charlotte]].<ref>Carter 2001, pp. 315–316 (American edition).</ref> The King had good reason to worry about the safety of the objects he had sent Blunt to retrieve. The senior U.S. officers at Friedrichshof Castle, Kathleen Nash and Jack Durant, were later arrested for looting and put on trial.<ref>Carter 2001, p. 314 (American edition).</ref>

==Suspicion and secret confession==
Some people knew of Blunt's role as a Soviet spy long before his public exposure. According to MI5 papers released in 2002, [[Moura Budberg]] reported in 1950 that Blunt was a member of the [[Communist Party of Great Britain|Communist Party]], but this was ignored. According to Blunt himself, he never joined because Burgess persuaded him that he would be more valuable to the anti-fascist crusade by working with Burgess. He was certainly on friendly terms with Sir [[Dick White]], the head of MI5 and later [[MI6]], in the 1960s, and they used to spend Christmas together with Victor Rothschild in Rothschild's Cambridge house.<ref name="Observer">[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/nov/11/biography.highereducation "Scholar, gentleman, prig, spy"], ''[[The Observer]]'', London, 11 November 2001</ref>

His KGB handlers had also become suspicious at the sheer amount of material he was passing over and suspected him of being a [[triple agent]]. Later, he was described by a KGB officer as an "ideological shit".<ref name="Observer"/>

With the defection of Burgess and Maclean to Moscow in May 1951, Blunt came under suspicion. He and Burgess had been friends since Cambridge. Maclean was in imminent danger due to the decryption of [[Venona project|Venona]] messages. Burgess returned on the ((RMS|Queen Mary||2)) to [[Southampton]] after being suspended from the British Embassy in Washington for his conduct. He was to warn Maclean, who now worked in the Foreign Office but was under surveillance and isolated from secret material. Blunt collected Burgess at Southampton Docks and took him to stay at his flat in London, although he later denied that he had warned the defecting pair. Blunt was interrogated by MI5 in 1952, but gave away little, if anything.<ref name="MCarter"/> Arthur Martin and [[Jim Skardon]] had interviewed Blunt eleven times since 1951, but Blunt had admitted nothing.

Blunt was greatly distressed by Burgess's flight and, on 28 May 1951, confided in his friend [[Goronwy Rees]], a fellow of [[All Souls College, Oxford]], who had briefly supplied the NKVD with political information in 1938–39. Rees suggested that Burgess had gone to the Soviet Union because of his virulent [[anti-Americanism]] and belief that America would involve Britain in a [[Third World War]], and that he was a Soviet agent. Blunt suggested that this was not sufficient reason to denounce Burgess to MI5. He pointed out that "Burgess was one of our oldest friends and to denounce him would not be the act of a friend." Blunt quoted [[E. M. Forster]]'s belief that country was less important than friendship. He argued that "Burgess had told me he was a spy in 1936 and I had not told anyone."<ref>((cite book |first=Goronwy |last=Rees |author-link=Goronwy Rees |title=A Chapter of Accidents |url=https://archive.org/details/chapterofacciden0000rees |url-access=registration |year=1972 |location=London |publisher=Chatto & Windus|isbn=9780701115982 ))</ref>

In 1963, MI5 learned of Blunt's espionage from Michael Straight, whom he had recruited. Blunt confessed to MI5 on 23 April 1964, and Queen [[Elizabeth II]] was informed shortly thereafter.<ref name="Spycatcher"/> He also named [[Jenifer Hart]], [[Phoebe Pool]], John Cairncross, Peter Ashby, [[Brian Simon]] and Leonard Henry (Leo) Long as spies. Long had also been a member of the Communist Party and an undergraduate at Trinity College, Cambridge. During the war he served in [[MI14]] military intelligence in the War Office, with responsibility for assessing German offensive plans. He passed analyses but not original material relating to the Eastern Front to Blunt.<ref>((cite Hansard |house=House of Commons |title=Mr. Leo Long (Written Answers) |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1981-11-09/debates/77ff1a3b-11cc-4a87-829e-c4f17dd7ba39/MrLeoLong |date=9 November 1981 |column_start=40W |column_end=42W |speaker=Mrs Margaret Thatcher |position=The Prime Minister))</ref>

According to his obituary in ''The New York Times''<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/27/obituaries/anthony-blunt-fourth-man-in-british-spying-scandal-is-dead-at-75.html |title=Anthony Blunt, fourth man in British spying scandal, is dead at 75 |date=27 March 1983 |work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=1 January 2021 |quote=))</ref><blockquote>Blunt acknowledged that he had recruited spies for the Soviet Union from among young radical students at Cambridge, passed information to the Russians while he served as a high-ranking British intelligence officer during World War II, and had helped two of his former Cambridge students who had become Soviet ''moles'' inside the British Foreign Service, Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean, escape to the Soviet Union in 1951 just as their activities were about to be exposed.</blockquote>

He was convinced that the confession would be kept secret. "I believed, naively, that the security service would see it, partly in its own interest, that the story would never become public," he wrote.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/23/blunt-soviet-spy-memoir |title=Anthony Blunt memoir reveals spy's regret at 'the biggest mistake of my life' |date=23 July 2009 |work=The Guardian |access-date=30 December 2020 |quote=))</ref> Indeed, in return for a full confession, the British government agreed to keep his spying career an [[official secret]], though only for fifteen years, and granted him full immunity from prosecution.<ref name="burns">Burns, John F. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/world/europe/24blunt.html Memoirs of British Spy Offer No Apology]" ''The New York Times'', 23 July 2009.</ref>  Blunt was not stripped of his knighthood until the Prime Minister officially announced his treachery in 1979.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/27/obituaries/anthony-blunt-fourth-man-in-british-spying-scandal-is-dead-at-75.html |title=ANTHONY BLUNT, FOURTH MAN IN BRITISH SPYING SCANDAL, IS DEAD AT 75  |date=27 March 1983 |work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=1 January 2021 |quote=))</ref>

According to the memoir of MI5 officer [[Peter Wright (MI5 officer)|Peter Wright]], Wright had regular interviews with Blunt from 1964 onwards for six years. Prior to that, he had a briefing with [[Michael Adeane, Baron Adeane|Michael Adeane]], the Queen's private secretary, who told Wright: "From time to time you may find Blunt referring to an assignment he undertook on behalf of the Palace – a visit to Germany at the end of the war. Please do not pursue this matter. Strictly speaking, it is not relevant to considerations of national security."<ref>Wright (1987), p. 223.</ref>

For unknown reasons, Prime Minister [[Alec Douglas-Home]] was not advised of Blunt's spying, although the Queen and Home Secretary [[Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor|Henry Brooke]] had been fully informed. In November 1979, then Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] formally advised Parliament of Blunt's treachery and the immunity deal that had been arranged.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jul/24/pm-was-not-told-anthony-blunt-was-soviet-spy-archives-reveal |title=PM was not told Anthony Blunt was Soviet spy, archives reveal |date=24 July 2019 |work=The Guardian |access-date=30 December 2020 |quote=Alec Douglas-Home was kept in the dark about one of the biggest spy scandals of the cold war))</ref>

Blunt's life was little affected by the knowledge of his treachery. In 1966, two years after his secret confession, [[Noel Annan]], [[Provost (education)|provost]] of King's College, Cambridge, held a dinner party for Labour Home Secretary [[Roy Jenkins]], Ann Fleming, widow of [[James Bond]] author [[Ian Fleming]], and Victor Rothschild and his wife Tess. The Rothschilds brought their friend and lodger – Blunt. All had had wartime connections with British Intelligence; Jenkins at Bletchley Park.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/historian-who-brought-anthony-blunt-to-book-0vc0zz5lh|title=Historian who brought Anthony Blunt to book |date=4 July 2020 |work=The Times |access-date=31 December 2020 |quote=))</ref>

==Public exposure==
In 1979, Blunt's role was represented in [[Andrew Boyle]]'s book ''Climate of Treason'', in which Blunt was given the pseudonym "Maurice", after the homosexual protagonist of E.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Forster's [[Maurice (novel)|novel of that name]]. In September 1979, Blunt had tried to obtain a typescript before the publication of Boyle's book. "Technically there was no defamation, and Boyle's editor, Harold Harris, refused to cooperate."<ref>Carter 2001, p. 470.</ref> Blunt's request was reported in the magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'' and drew attention to him.<ref>[[The Daily Telegraph]], London, 22 July 2009; Carter 2001, p. 470.</ref> In early November excerpts were published in ''[[The Observer]]'', and on 8 November ''Private Eye'' revealed that "Maurice" was Blunt. In interviews to publicise his book, Boyle refused to confirm that Blunt was "Maurice" and asserted that was the government's responsibility.<ref>Carter 2001, pp. 470–472.</ref><ref name=":0">((Cite ODNB|title=Blunt, Anthony Frederick (1907–1983), art historian and spy|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-30829|access-date=2021-02-11|year = 2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/30829))</ref>

Based on an interview with Blunt's solicitor, [[Michael Rubinstein]] (who had met with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's [[Cabinet Secretary (United Kingdom)|Cabinet Secretary]], [[Robert Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Ilminster|Sir Robert Armstrong]]), Blunt's biographer Miranda Carter states that Thatcher, "personally affronted by Blunt's immunity, took the bait. ...she found the whole episode thoroughly reprehensible, and reeking of Establishment collusion."<ref>Carter 2001, p. 472.</ref>

On Thursday 15 November 1979, Thatcher revealed Blunt's wartime role in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] in reply to [[Prime Minister's Questions|questions]] put to her by [[Ted Leadbitter]], [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for [[Hartlepool (UK Parliament constituency)|Hartlepool]], and [[Dennis Skinner]], MP for  [[Bolsover (UK Parliament constituency)|Bolsover]]:<ref name="Security Written Answers">((cite Hansard |house=House of Commons |title=Security (Written Answers) | url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1979-11-15/debates/a1aa89ea-6e01-4c09-8906-ea90e6045111/Security |date=15 November 1979 |column_start=679W |column_end=681W |speaker=Mrs Margaret Thatcher |position=The Prime Minister ))</ref>
<blockquote>Mr. Leadbitter and Mr. Skinner: Asked the Prime Minister if she will make a statement on recent evidence concerning the actions of an individual, whose name has been supplied to her, in relation to the security of the United Kingdom.<ref name="Security Written Answers"/></blockquote>
<blockquote>The Prime Minister: "The name which the hon. Member for Hartlepool (Mr. Leadbitter) has given me is that of Sir Anthony Blunt."<ref name="Security Written Answers"/></blockquote>

In a statement to the news media on 20 November, Blunt claimed the decision to grant him immunity from prosecution was taken by the then prime minister, Sir Alec Douglas-Home.<ref name=bbcotd/> Speaking in the House of Commons on 21 November, Thatcher disclosed more details of the affair.<ref>((cite Hansard |house=House of Commons |title=Mr. Anthony Blunt | url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1979-11-21/debates/fa61fd7e-d09a-49a5-925a-b242ac576238/MrAnthonyBlunt |date=21 November 1979 |column_start=402 |column_end=520 |speaker=Mrs Margaret Thatcher |position=The Prime Minister ))</ref>

For weeks after Thatcher's announcement, Blunt was hunted by the press. Once found, he was besieged by photographers. Blunt had recently given a lecture at the invitation of [[Francis Haskell]], Oxford University's professor of art history. Haskell had a Russian mother and wife and had graduated from [[King's College, Cambridge]]. To the press this made him an obvious suspect. They repeatedly telephoned Haskell's home in the early hours of the morning, using the names of his friends and claiming to have an urgent message for "Anthony".<ref>((cite journal |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n23/nicholas-penny/joining-the-gang |title=Joining the Gang |first=Nicholas |last=Penny |author-link=Nicholas Penny |journal=[[The London Review of Books]] |date=29 November 2001 |volume=23 |pages=23–29 |access-date=30 July 2015))</ref>

Although Blunt was outwardly calm, the sudden exposure shocked him. His former pupil, art critic [[Brian Sewell]], said at the time, "He was so businesslike about it; he considered the implications for his knighthood and academic honours and what should be resigned and what retained. What he didn't want was a great debate at his clubs, the [[Athenaeum Club, London|Athenaeum]] and the [[Travellers Club|Travellers]]. He was incredibly calm about it all."<ref name="Observer"/> Sewell was involved in protecting Blunt from the extensive media attention after his exposure, and his friend was spirited away to a flat within a house in [[Chiswick]].<ref>((cite news |url= https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/brian-sewell-soviet-double-agent-anthony-blunt-did-no-harm-to-britain-8220525.html |title=Brian Sewell: Soviet double agent Anthony Blunt did no harm to Britain |first=Ross |last=Lydall |newspaper=[[London Evening Standard]] |date=22 October 2012 |access-date=30 July 2015))</ref>

In 1979, Blunt said that the reason for his betrayal of Britain could be explained by the E. M. Forster adage "if asked to choose between betraying his friend and betraying his country, he hoped he would have the guts to betray his country". In 2002 the novelist [[Julian Barnes]] asserted that "Blunt exploited, deceived, and lied to far more friends than he was loyal to ... if you betray your country, you by definition betray all your friends in that country..."<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/01/14/enigma-6/amp |title=Enigma Anthony Blunt devoted his life to art—and espionage |date=6 January 2002 |publisher=New Yorker |access-date=31 December 2020 ))</ref>

Queen Elizabeth II stripped Blunt of his knighthood,<ref name=bbcotd/> and in short order he was removed as an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/schools-colleges/national-curriculum/espionage/the-cambridge-four.aspx|title=The Cambridge Four|publisher=nationalcoldwarexhibition.org, (RAF Museum)|access-date=17 November 2017))</ref> Blunt resigned as a Fellow of the [[British Academy]] after a failed effort to expel him; three fellows resigned in protest against the failure to remove him.<ref>((Cite book|title='Only Connect': Learned Societies in Nineteenth-century Britain|last=Lubenow|first=William C.|publisher=The Boydell Press|year=2015|location=Woodbridge|pages=265))</ref> He broke down in tears in his [[BBC Television]] confession at the age of 72.<ref name=bbcotd>((cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/16/newsid_3907000/3907233.stm |title=1979: Blunt revealed as 'fourth man' |publisher=BBC |access-date=30 July 2015|date=16 November 1979 ))</ref>

Blunt died of a heart attack at his London home, 9 [[The Grove, Highgate]], in 1983, aged 75. Jon Nordheimer, the author of Blunt's obituary in ''[[The New York Times]]'', wrote: "Details of the nature of the espionage carried out by Mr. Blunt for the Russians have never been revealed, although it is believed that they did not directly cause loss of life or compromise military operations."<ref>((cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/27/obituaries/anthony-blunt-fourth-man-in-british-spying-scandal-is-dead-at-75.html?searchResultPosition=1 |title=Anthony Blunt, Fourth Man in British Spying Scandal, Is Dead at 75 |first=Jon |last=Nordheimer |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 March 1983 |access-date=14 December 2019))</ref>

==Memoirs==
Blunt withdrew from society after he was officially exposed and seldom went out, but continued his work on art history. His friend [[Tess Rothschild]] suggested that he occupy his time writing his memoirs. Brian Sewell, his former pupil, said they remained unfinished because he had to consult the Newspaper Library in [[Colindale]], North London, to check facts but was unhappy at being recognised.

"I do know he was really worried about upsetting his family," said Sewell. "I think he was being absolutely straight with me when he said that if he could not verify the facts there was no point in going on." Blunt stopped writing in 1983, leaving his memoirs to his partner, John Gaskin, who kept them for a year and then gave them to Blunt's executor, John Golding, a fellow art historian. Golding passed them on to the [[British Library]], insisting that they not be released for 25 years. They were finally made available to readers on 23 July 2009 and can be accessed through the British Library catalogue.<ref>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS032-002353973 Anthony Blunt: Memoir], archives and manuscripts catalogue, the British Library. Retrieved 2 June 2020</ref>

In the typed manuscript, Blunt conceded that spying for the Soviet Union was the biggest mistake of his life.<ref name=bbc_blunt_memoirs>((cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8164251.stm |title=Blunt's Soviet spying 'a mistake' |work=BBC News |access-date=30 July 2015|date=23 July 2009 ))</ref>
<blockquote>What I did not realise is that I was so naïve politically that I was not justified in committing myself to any political action of this kind. The atmosphere in Cambridge was so intense, the enthusiasm for any anti-fascist activity was so great, that I made the biggest mistake of my life.<ref name=daily_telegraph_blunt_memoirs>((cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5889879/Anthony-Blunt-confessions-of-spy-who-passed-secrets-to-Russia-during-the-war.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5889879/Anthony-Blunt-confessions-of-spy-who-passed-secrets-to-Russia-during-the-war.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Anthony Blunt: confessions of spy who passed secrets to Russia during the war  |first1=Andrew |last1=Pierce |first2=Stephen |last2=Adams |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=22 July 2009 |location=London |issn=0307-1235 |oclc=49632006 |access-date=30 July 2015))((cbignore))</ref></blockquote>

The memoir revealed little that was not already known about Blunt. When asked whether there would be any new or unexpected names, John Golding replied: "I'm not sure. It's 25 years since I read it, and my memory is not that good."
Although ordered by the KGB to defect with Maclean and Burgess to protect Philby, in 1951 Blunt realised "quite clearly that I would take any risk in [Britain], rather than go to Russia."<ref name=bbc_blunt_memoirs /> After he was publicly exposed, he claims to have considered suicide but instead turned to "whisky and concentrated work".<ref name=bbc_blunt_memoirs />

The regret in the manuscript seemed to be because of the way that spying had affected his life and there was no apology. The historian [[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]] felt that the regret was shallow, and that he found an "unwillingness to acknowledge the evil he had served in spying for Stalin".<ref>((cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/world/europe/24blunt.html#:~:text=CAMBRIDGE%2C%20England%20%E2%80%94%20After%20keeping%20it,1930s%2C%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20biggest%20mistake |title=Memoirs of British Spy Offer No Apology|date=23 July 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=1 January 2021 |quote=))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/23/blunt-soviet-spy-memoir |title=Anthony Blunt memoir reveals spy's regret at 'the biggest mistake of my life' |date=24 July 2009 |work=The Guardian |access-date=1 January 2021 |quote=))</ref>

==Career as an art historian==

=== Royal Collections ===
Throughout the time of his activities in espionage, Blunt's public career was as an [[art historian]], a field in which he gained eminence. In 1940, most of his fellowship dissertation was published under the title of ''Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1600'', which remains in print. In 1945, he was given the distinguished position of Surveyor of the King's Pictures, and later the Queen's Pictures (after the death of King George VI in 1952), in charge of the [[Royal Collection]], one of the largest and richest collections of art in the world. He held the position for 27 years, was [[knight]]ed as a [[Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]] in 1956 for his work in the role, and his contribution was vital in the expansion of the Queen's Gallery at Buckingham Palace, which opened in 1962, and organizing the cataloguing of the collection.

=== University of London and Courtauld Institute ===
In 1947, Blunt became both Professor of the History of Art at the [[University of London]], and the director of the [[Courtauld Institute of Art]], University of London, where he had been lecturing since the spring of 1933,<ref>((cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Barbara |first2=Virginia |last2=Morck |title=The Courtauld Institute of Art 1932–45 |url=http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/newsletter/autumn_2007/p05thompson.shtml |newspaper=The Courtald Institute of Art Newsletter |date=Autumn 2004 ))</ref> and where his tenure in office as director lasted until 1974. This position included the use of a live-in apartment on the premises, then at [[Home House]] in [[Portman Square]].<ref>((cite book |first1=Barrie |last1=Penrose |first2=Simon |last2=Freeman |title=Conspiracy of Silence: The Secret Life of Anthony Blunt |year=1986 |location=London |publisher=Grafton |isbn=9780246122001))</ref> During his 27 years at the Courtauld Institute, Blunt was respected as a dedicated teacher, a kind superior to his staff. His legacy at the Courtauld was to have left it with a larger staff, increased funding, and more space, and his role was central in the acquisition of outstanding collections for the Courtauld's Galleries. He is often credited for making the Courtauld what it is today, as well as for pioneering art history in Britain, and for training the next generation of British art historians.<ref name=":0" /> While at the Courtauld, Blunt contributed photographs to the Conway Library of art and architecture, which are currently((when|date=July 2023)) being digitised.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Bilson|first=Tom|date=2020|title=The Courtauld's Witt and Conway Photographic Libraries: Two approaches to digitisation|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/art-libraries-journal/article/abs/courtaulds-witt-and-conway-photographic-libraries-two-approaches-to-digitisation/3C71D74E1A97CE309A86E34192A519FF|journal=Art Libraries Journal|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=35–42|doi=10.1017/alj.2019.38|s2cid=213834389|issn=0307-4722))</ref><ref>((Cite web|date=2020-06-30|title=Who made the Conway Library?|url=http://blog.courtauld.ac.uk/digitalmedia/2020/06/30/who-made-the-conway-library/|access-date=2020-12-04|website=Digital Media|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703211341/http://blog.courtauld.ac.uk/digitalmedia/2020/06/30/who-made-the-conway-library/|url-status=dead))</ref>

=== Research and publications ===
In 1953, Blunt published his book ''Art and Architecture in France, 1500–1700'' in the [[Pelican History of Art]] (later taken over by Yale University Press), and he was in particular an expert on the works of [[Nicolas Poussin]], writing numerous books and articles about the painter, and serving as curator for a landmark exhibition of Poussin at the [[Louvre]] in 1960, which was an enormous success.<ref name="MCarter"/> He also wrote on topics as diverse as [[William Blake]], [[Pablo Picasso]], the Galleries of England, Scotland, and Wales. He also catalogued the French drawings (1945), G. B. Castiglione and Stefano della Bella drawings (1954) Roman drawings (with H. L. Cooke, 1960) and Venetian (with [[Edward Croft-Murray]], 1957) drawings in the Royal Collection, as well as a supplement of Addenda and Corrigenda to the Italian catalogues (in E. Schilling's German Drawings).<ref name=":0" />

Blunt attended a summer school in [[Sicily]] in 1965, leading to a deep interest in [[Sicilian Baroque architecture]], and in 1968 he wrote the only authoritative and in-depth book on ''[[Sicilian Baroque]]''. From 1962 he was engaged in a dispute with Sir [[Denis Mahon]] regarding the authenticity of a Poussin work which rumbled on for several years. Mahon was shown to be correct. Blunt was also unaware that a painting in his own possession was also by Poussin.<ref name="MCarter"/>

After Margaret Thatcher had exposed Blunt's espionage, he continued his art history work by writing and publishing a ''Guide to Baroque Rome'' (1982). He intended to write a monograph about the architecture of [[Pietro da Cortona]] but he died before realising the project. His manuscripts were sent to the intended co-author of this work, German art historian Jörg Martin Merz by the executors of his will. Merz published a book, ''Pietro da Cortona and Roman Baroque Architecture'' in 2008 incorporating a draft by the late Anthony Blunt.<ref name=":0" />

Many of his publications are still seen today by scholars as integral to the study of art history. His writing is lucid, and places art and architecture in their context in history. In ''Art and Architecture in France'', for example, he begins each section with a brief depiction of the social, political and/or religious contexts in which works of art and art movements are emerging. In Blunt's ''Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1600'', he explains the motivational circumstances involved in the transitions between the High [[Renaissance]] and [[Mannerism]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Notable students ===
Notable students who have been influenced by Blunt include [[Aaron Scharf]], photography historian and author of ''Art and Photography'' (whom Blunt assisted, along with Scharf's wife, in escaping [[McCarthyism|McCarthy]] condemnation for their support of communism), Brian Sewell (an art critic for the ''[[Evening Standard]]''),<ref>((cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2005/nov/13/art |title=We pee on things and call it art |first=Rachel |last=Cooke |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 November 2005 |access-date=30 July 2015))</ref> [[Ron Bloore]], Sir Oliver Millar (his successor at the Royal Collection and an expert on [[Van Dyck]]), [[Nicholas Serota]], [[Neil Macgregor]], the former editor of the Burlington magazine, former director of the National Gallery and former director of the [[British Museum]] who paid tribute to Blunt as "a great and generous teacher",<ref>Erlanger, Steven (16 October 2015), "British Museum's Director Follows A Fascination To Germany", ''The New York Times''</ref> [[John White (art historian)|John White]] (art historian), Sir [[Alan Bowness]] (who ran the [[Tate Gallery]]), John Golding (who wrote the first major book on [[Cubism]]), [[Reyner Banham]] (an influential architectural historian), [[John Shearman]] (the "world expert" on Mannerism and the former Chair of the Art History Department at [[Harvard University]]), [[Melvin Day]] (former Director of [[National Art Gallery of New Zealand]] and Government Art Historian for New Zealand ), Christopher Newall (an expert on the [[Pre-Raphaelites]]), [[Michael Jaffé]] (an expert on [[Rubens]]), Michael Mahoney (former Curator of European Paintings at the [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C., and former Chair of the Art History Department at Trinity College, Hartford), [[Lee Johnson (art historian)|Lee Johnson]] (an expert on [[Eugène Delacroix]]), Phoebe Pool (art historian) and [[Anita Brookner]] (an art historian and novelist).

=== Honorary positions ===
Among his many accomplishments, Blunt also received a series of honorary fellowships, became the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]'s picture adviser, curated exhibitions at the [[Royal Academy]], edited and wrote numerous books and articles, and sat on many influential committees in the arts.

==Works==
A ((lang|de|[[festschrift]])), ''Studies in Renaissance and Baroque Art presented to Anthony Blunt on his 60th Birthday'', Phaidon 1967 (introduction by Ellis Waterhouse), contains a full list of his writings up to 1966.

Major works include:
*Blunt, ''Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1600'', 1940 and many later editions
*Anthony Blunt, ''François Mansart and the Origins of French Classical Architecture'', 1941.
*Blunt, ''Art and Architecture in France, 1500–1700'', 1953 and many subsequent editions.
*Blunt, ''Philibert de l'Orme'', A. Zwemmer, 1958.
*Blunt, ''Nicolas Poussin. A Critical Catalogue'', Phaidon 1966
*Blunt, ''Nicolas Poussin'', Phaidon 1967 (new edition Pallas Athene publishing, London, 1995).
*Blunt, ''Sicilian Baroque'', 1968 (ed. it. Milano 1968; Milano 1986).
*Blunt, ''Picasso's Guernica'', Oxford University Press, 1969.
*Blunt, ''Neapolitan Baroque and Rococo Architecture'', London 1975 (ed. it. Milano 2006).
*Blunt, ''Baroque and Rococo Architecture and Decoration'', 1978.
*Blunt, ''Borromini'', 1979 (ed. it. Roma-Bari 1983).
*Blunt, ''L'occhio e la storia. Scritti di critica d'arte (1936–38)'', a cura di Antonello Negri, Udine 1999.

Important articles after 1966:
*Anthony Blunt, "French Painting, Sculpture and Architecture since 1500", in ''France: A Companion to French Studies'', ed. D. G. Charlton (New York, Toronto and London: Pitman, 1972), 439–492.
*Anthony Blunt, "Rubens and architecture", ''Burlington Magazine'', 1977, 894, pp.&nbsp;609–621.
*Anthony Blunt, "Roman Baroque Architecture: the Other Side of the Medal", ''Art history'', no. 1, 1980, pp.&nbsp;61–80 (includes bibliographical references).

==Depictions in popular culture==
((more citations needed|section|date=March 2019))
''[[A Question of Attribution]]'' is a play written by [[Alan Bennett]] about Blunt, covering the weeks before his public exposure as a spy, and his relationship with Queen Elizabeth II. After a successful run in London's West End, it was made into a television play directed by [[John Schlesinger]] and starring [[James Fox]], [[Prunella Scales]] and [[Geoffrey Palmer (actor)|Geoffrey Palmer]]. It was aired on the [[BBC]] in 1991. This play was seen as a companion to Bennett's 1983 television play about Guy Burgess, ''[[An Englishman Abroad]]''.

''Blunt: The Fourth Man'' is a 1985 television film starring [[Ian Richardson]], [[Anthony Hopkins]], [[Michael Williams (actor)|Michael Williams]], and Rosie Kerslake, covering the events of 1951 when Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean went missing.<ref>''Blunt: the fourth man'', DVD video listing at [[WorldCat]]. ((OCLC|915981108)).</ref>

''[[The Untouchable (novel)|The Untouchable]]'', a 1997 novel by [[John Banville]], is a ((lang|fr|[[roman à clef]])) based largely on the life and character of Anthony Blunt; the novel's protagonist, Victor Maskell, is a loosely disguised Blunt.<ref>((cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/feb/11/johnbanville |title=Artifice and intelligence |first=John |last=Mullan |work=The Guardian |date=11 February 2006 |access-date=30 July 2015))</ref>

"I. M. Anthony Blunt" is a poem by Gavin Ewart, cleverly attempting a humane corrective to the hysteria over Blunt's fall from grace. Published in ''Gavin Ewart, Selected Poems 1933–1993'', Hutchenson, 1996 (reprinted Faber and Faber, 2011).

''A Friendship of Convenience: Being a Discourse on Poussin's "Landscape With a Man Killed by a Snake"'', is a 1997 novel by Rufus Gunn set in 1956 in which Blunt, then Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, encounters [[Joseph Losey]], the film director fleeing [[McCarthyism]].<ref>((cite book |first=Rufus |last=Gunn |title=A Friendship of Convenience |year=1997 |location=Swaffham, Norfolk |publisher=Gay Men's Press |isbn=9780854492442 |url=https://archive.org/details/friendshipofconv00rufu ))</ref>

Blunt was portrayed by [[Samuel West]] in ''[[Cambridge Spies]]'', a 2003 four-part BBC television drama concerning the lives of the Cambridge Four from 1934 to the defection of Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean to the Soviet Union. West reprised the role in ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'' (2019), in "Olding", the first episode of the [[The Crown (season 3)|third season]].<ref>((cite magazine |last=Miller |first=Julie |date=17 November 2019 |title=The Crown: Queen Elizabeth's Real-Life Betrayal Inside Buckingham Palace |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/11/the-crown-season-3-true-story |magazine=Vanity Fair |location=web |access-date=17 November 2019))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/the-true-story-behind-the-spy-that-stole-the-scene-in-the-crowns-premiere-1709373|title=Anthony Blunt, the Royal Art Curator Who Was Actually a Soviet Spy, Has a Surprising Star Turn in Netflix's 'The Crown'|date=2019-11-20|website=artnet News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-26))</ref><ref>((Cite web | url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/11/the-crown-season-3-true-story |title = The Crown: Queen Elizabeth's Real-Life Betrayal Inside Buckingham Palace|website = [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date = 17 November 2019))</ref> At the end of the episode, a series of on-screen titles simply say, "Anthony Blunt was offered complete immunity from prosecution. He continued as Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures until his retirement in 1972. The Queen never spoke of him again." No mention is made of the Queen stripping him of his knighthood or his removal as an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College.

''Liberation Square'', Gareth Rubin's alternative history of the UK, published in 2019, makes Blunt First Party Secretary of a 1950s Britain divided by US and Russian forces.<ref>Gareth Rubin, ''Liberation Square''.((ISBN|9780718187095)).</ref><ref>((cite web |url= https://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/whats-on/entertainment/liberation-square-by-gareth-rubin-book-review-meticulous-research-a-rich-layer-of-authentic-detail-and-an-intelligent-imagining-of-a-dark-dangerous-and-disturbing-social-and-political-landscape-1-9727824 |title=Liberation Square by Gareth Rubin - book review: Meticulous research, a rich layer of authentic detail and an intelligent imagining of a dark, dangerous and disturbing social and political landscape |first=Pam |last=Norfolk |work=[[The Blackpool Gazette]] |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=15 December 2019))</ref>

Blunt is portrayed by [[Nicholas Rowe (actor)|Nicholas Rowe]] in the 2022 [[ITVX]] miniseries ''[[A Spy Among Friends]]''; an espionage drama based on [[Ben Macintyre]]'s book of the same name.<ref>((cite web |last1=Clinton |first1=Jane |title=Is A Spy Among Friends a true story? How the KGB double agent Kim Philby inspired the new ITVX drama series |url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/television/a-spy-among-friends-true-story-kim-philby-kgb-double-agent-new-itvx-drama-series-2017879 |website=iNews.com |publisher=Associated Newspapers |access-date=25 December 2022 |date=14 December 2022))</ref>

==References==
((reflist))

==Bibliography==
((refbegin|40em))
* Andrews, Geoff (2015). ''The Shadow Man: At the Heart of the Cambridge Spy Circle''. London: I.B. Tauris. ((ISBN|9781784531669)).
* [[Banville, John]] (1997). ''[[The Untouchable (novel)|The Untouchable]]'' (novel). London: Picador. ((ISBN|9780330339315)).
* [[Bennett, Alan]] (1988). ''A Question of Attribution'', first theatre performance as the second part of a double-bill, with ''An Englishman Abroad'' about [[Guy Burgess]] as the first part, London, 1988; broadcast as television play, 1991; both plays published in one volume as ''Single Spies'', London, Faber, 1989, ((ISBN|0-571-14105-6)).
* Bounds, Philip (2018). "A Spy in the House of Art: The Marxist Criticism of Anthony Blunt", ''[[Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory]]'', vol. 46 no. 2, pp.&nbsp;343–362. 
* [[Boyle, Andrew]] (1979). ''The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia''. London: Hutchinson. ((ISBN|9780091393403)).
* ''Burlington'' (1974). [https://burlington.org.uk/archive/back-issues/197409 "Editorial: Anthony Blunt and the Courtauld Institute"]. ''[[The Burlington Magazine]]'', vol. 116, no. 858 (September 1974), p.&nbsp;501.
* [[Carter, Miranda]] (2001). ''Anthony Blunt: His Lives'', London: Pan (609 pages). ((ISBN|0-330-36766-8)). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (590 pages). ((ISBN|0-374-10531-6)).
* Chastel, André (1983). "Anthony Blunt, art historian (1907–1983)", ''The Burlington Magazine'', vol 125, no. 966 (September 1983), ((pp.|546|547)).
* [[Costello, John (historian)|Costello, John]] (1988). ''Mask Of Treachery'', London, Collins. ((ISBN|0-688-04483-2)).
* De Seta, Cesare (1991). "Anthony Blunt", in ''Viale Belle Arti. Maestri e amici'', Milano, pp.&nbsp;111–138.
* Foster, Henrietta (2008). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/7205603.stm "Unearthing an interview with a spy"]. ''[[Newsnight]]''. (23 January 2008). BBC. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
* Gatti, Andrea (2002). "La critica della ragione. sulla teoria dell'arte di Anthony Blunt", ''Miscellanea Marciana'', vol. 17, pp.&nbsp;193–205. ((ISSN|0394-7866)).
*[[Kitson, Michael]], rev. ((ODNBweb|id=30829|title=Blunt, Anthony Frederick |first=Miranda |last=Carter))
* Lenzo, Fulvio (2006). ''Napoli e l'architettura italiana ed europea negli studi di Anthony Blunt'', in Anthony Blunt, ''Architettura barocca e rococò a Napoli'', ed. it. a cura di Fulvio Lenzo, Milano, pp.&nbsp;7–15.
* [[MacNeice, Louis]] (1965). ''The Strings are False'', London, Faber. ((ISBN|0-571-11832-1)).
* [[Penrose, Barrie]] and Simon Freeman (1987). ''Conspiracy of Silence: The Secret Life of Anthony Blunt''. New York. ((ISBN|9780679720447)).
* [[Petropoulos, Jonathan]] (2006). ''The Royals and the Reich''. Oxford University Press. ((ISBN|0195161335)).
* Sorenson, Lee. [http://arthistorians.info/blunta "Blunt, Anthony"]. ''Dictionary of Art Historians.''
* [[Straight, Michael]] (1983). ''After Long Silence: the Man Who Exposed Anthony Blunt Tells for the First Time the Story of the Cambridge Spy Network from the Inside'', London, Collins. ((ISBN|0-00-217001-9)).
* Varriano, John (1996). "Blunt, Anthony", vol. 4, p.&nbsp;182, in ''[[The Dictionary of Art]]'' (34 volumes), edited by [[Jane Turner]]. New York: Grove. ((ISBN|9781884446009)). Also available at [http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T009392 Oxford Art Online] (subscription required).
* [[West, Nigel]] (1999). ''The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets Exposed by the KGB Archives'', London. ((ISBN|9780300078060)).
* [[Wright, Peter (MI5 officer)|Wright, Peter]] (1987). ''Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer''. Toronto: Stoddart Publishers. ((ISBN|9780773721685)).
((refend))

==External links==
*((Cite web |url=http://vault.fbi.gov/Anthony%20Blunt%20 |title=FBI file on Anthony Blunt |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150207192027/http://vault.fbi.gov/Anthony%20Blunt%20 |archive-date=7 February 2015 |url-status=bot: unknown ))
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7200000/newsid_7206000/7206086.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&ms3=6&ms_javascript=true&bbcws=2 BBC Newsnight: Blunt's art tapes revealed/Courtauld Institute]
*((usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100313130951/http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/blunt-instrument/ 'Blunt Instrument', review of Blunt's memoir])) in the ''[[Oxonian Review of Books]]''
* [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''The Reunion'': Five past pupils of London's [[Courtauld Institute of Art]] [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0134z00/ remember Anthony Blunt]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y72xjISmCX4 Interview with biographer Miranda Carter on "Anthony Blunt: His Lives"]

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((Succession box|title=[[Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures]]|before=[[Kenneth Clark]]|after=[[Oliver Millar (art historian)|Oliver Millar]]|years=1945 to 1973))
((s-aca))
((Succession box
 | title  = Director of the [[Courtauld Institute of Art]]
 | years  = 1947 to 1974
 | before = [[T. S. R. Boase]]
 | after  = [[Peter Lasko]]
))
((Succession box
 | title  = [[Slade Professor of Fine Art]],<br> Oxford University
 | years  = 1962
 | before = [[Kenneth Clark]]
 | after  = [[T. S. R. Boase]]
))
((Succession box
 | title  = [[Slade Professor of Fine Art]],<br> Cambridge University
 | years  = 1965
 | before = [[John Pope-Hennessy]]
 | after  = [[John Summerson]]
))
((S-end))

((Soviet Spies))

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[[Category:1907 births]]
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[[Category:20th-century English historians]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British Army General List officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British spies for the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Burials at Putney Vale Cemetery]]
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[[Category:Directors of the Courtauld Institute of Art]]
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[[Category:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
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[[Category:People educated at Marlborough College]]
[[Category:Writers from Bournemouth]]
[[Category:People stripped of a British Commonwealth honour]]
[[Category:Slade Professors of Fine Art (University of Oxford)]]
[[Category:Soviet spies]]
[[Category:Surveyors of the King's Pictures]]
[[Category:20th-century English LGBT people]]
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