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((Short description|Musical))
((about|the 1990 musical|other uses|Assassin (disambiguation)))
((more citations needed|date = July 2020))
((Use mdy dates|date=July 2020))
((Infobox musical
| name        = Assassins
|image        = Original_Assassins_poster_art.jpg
|caption      = Off-Broadway Promotional Poster
| music       = [[Stephen Sondheim]]
| lyrics      = Stephen Sondheim
| book        = [[John Weidman]]
| basis       = Original concept <br /> by [[Charles Gilbert Jr.]]
| productions = 1990 [[Off-Broadway]]<br />1992 London<br />2004 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]<br />2014 Off-West End<br />2021 Off-Broadway revival
| awards      = [[Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical]]<br />[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical]]
| premiere_date = ((start date|1990|12|18))
| premiere_location = [[Playwrights Horizons]]
))

'''''Assassins''''' is a [[Musical theater|musical]] with music and lyrics by [[Stephen Sondheim]] and a [[Libretto|book]] by [[John Weidman]], based on an original concept by [[Charles Gilbert Jr.]]

Using the framing device of an all-American, yet sinister, carnival game, the semi-revue portrays a group of [[List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots|historical figures who attempted (successfully or not) to assassinate Presidents of the United States]], and explores what their presence in American history says about the ideals of their country. The score is written to reflect both popular music of the various depicted eras and a broader tradition of "patriotic" American music.

The musical opened [[Off-Broadway]] in 1990 to many mixed and negative reviews, and ran for 73 performances; in 2004, the show was produced on Broadway to highly favorable notices and won five [[Tony Award]]s, including Best Revival of a Musical.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://playbill.com/article/just-the-facts-a-list-of-the-2004-tony-award-winners-com-120176|title=Just the Facts: A List of the 2004 Tony Award Winners &#124; Playbill|accessdate=August 29, 2023))</ref>

==Background and productions==
===Background===
In 1979, as a panelist at producer [[Stuart Ostrow]]'s Musical Theater Lab, Sondheim read a script by playwright [[Charles Gilbert, Jr.]] entitled ''Assassins'' about a Vietnam veteran who becomes a Presidential assassin. The play eventually had little in common with Sondheim's musical, but Sondheim was inspired by its title, its use of quotes from various historical figures who had attempted to assassinate American Presidents, and its opening scene of a shooting gallery with the lighted sign "SHOOT THE PREZ AND WIN A PRIZE" (which was eventually incorporated into the musical).

Sondheim asked Gilbert for permission to use his idea. Gilbert consented and offered to write the book, but Sondheim declined, having already had collaborator John Weidman in mind. Weidman had written the book for ''[[Pacific Overtures]]'' and would work with Sondheim again on ''[[Road Show (musical)|Road Show]]''.<ref>((cite web|author=Michael Cerveris|title=Story of Assassins|url=http://www.amazing-journey.com/assassins_story.htm|work=Amazing Journey|year=2008|access-date=August 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802041854/http://www.amazing-journey.com/assassins_story.htm|archive-date=August 2, 2008|url-status=dead))</ref>

===Productions===

''Assassins'' opened [[Off-Broadway]] at [[Playwrights Horizons]] on December 18, 1990, and closed on February 16, 1991, after 73 performances. Directed by [[Jerry Zaks]] the cast included [[Victor Garber]], [[Terrence Mann]], [[Patrick Cassidy (actor)|Patrick Cassidy]], [[Debra Monk]], [[Greg Germann]], and [[Annie Golden]]. According to the ''Los Angeles Times'', "The show has been sold out since previews began, reflecting the strong appeal of Sondheim's work among the theater crowd."<ref>Fox, David.[http://articles.latimes.com/1991-01-29/entertainment/ca-251_1_stephen-sondheim "Critics Say 'Assassins' Will Have to Bite the Bullet : Stage: Some reviewers find Stephen Sondheim's Off Broadway musical fails to hit the target."] ''Los Angeles Times'', January 29, 1991</ref> [[Frank Rich]] in his review for ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that "''Assassins'' will have to fire with sharper aim and fewer blanks if it is to shoot to kill."<ref>Evans, Greg. "Crix Hang 'Assassins;' B'way Out of Range?" Variety (Feb 4, 1991): 95. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 147. Detroit: Gale Group, 2002</ref><ref>Rich, Frank.[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/28/theater/review-theater-sondheim-and-those-who-would-kill.html?scp=1&sq=&pagewanted=1 "Review/Theater; Sondheim and Those Who Would Kill"], nytimes.com, January 28, 1991.</ref>

On October 29, 1992, ''Assassins'' opened in London at the [[Donmar Warehouse]] with direction by [[Sam Mendes]] and a cast that included [[Henry Goodman]] as [[Charles J. Guiteau|Charles Guiteau]] and [[Louise Gold]] as [[Sara Jane Moore]]. The show ran for 76 performances, closing on January 9, 1993.<ref>((cite web|author=Michael H. Hutchins|title=Assassins|url=http://www.sondheimguide.com/assassins.html#London|work=The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide|year=2008|access-date=August 9, 2008))</ref>

The first US regional production was mounted at Theatre Three in Dallas, July 15, 1992.  The second was mounted by [[Signature Theatre (Arlington, Virginia)|Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virginia]] in August 1992. The San Jose Civic Light Opera in [[San Jose, California]], presented a production in 1993, which featured the world premiere of the 13-piece orchestration by [[Michael Starobin]].<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.ovrtur.com/production/2900054|title = Assassins (San Jose Civic Light Opera Production, 1993)))</ref>

The first Australian production opened in February 1995, presented by the [[Melbourne Theatre Company]] at the [[Fairfax Studio]]. Directed by [[Roger Hodgman]], the cast featured [[John O'May]], [[John McTernan (actor)|John McTernan]] and [[Bruce Myles]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/25006|title=AusStage - Assassins|website=ausstage.edu.au|access-date=September 21, 2017|archive-date=September 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921095304/https://ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/25006|url-status=dead))</ref>

[[Roundabout Theater Company]]'s [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] production was originally scheduled for 2001 but was postponed to April 22, 2004, because the content was sensitive in light of the events of the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>((cite news|author=Ernio Hernandez|title=The Shots Heard Round the World: Musical ''Assassins'' Opens on Broadway, April 22|url=https://www.playbill.com/article/the-shots-heard-round-the-world-musical-assassins-opens-on-broadway-april-22-com-119234|work=Playbill|access-date=August 14, 2022|date=April 22, 2004))</ref><ref>((cite web|author=Sarah Beaumont|title=Something Just Broke|url=http://www.sondheim.com/news/something_just_broke.html|work=Sondheim.com|date=December 14, 2003|access-date=August 9, 2008))</ref> After 101 performances at [[Studio 54]], ''Assassins'' closed on July 18, 2004. Directed by [[Joe Mantello]], with musical staging by [[Jonathan Butterell]], [[Neil Patrick Harris]] starred in the roles of The Balladeer and [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], with [[Marc Kudisch]] in an extended role as The Proprietor. [[Michael Cerveris]] played [[John Wilkes Booth]], for which he received a [[Tony Award]]. The 2004 production was noted for a ''[[wikt:coup de théâtre|coup de théâtre]]'': the [[Zapruder film]] of the assassination of [[John F. Kennedy]] projected onto [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]'s T-shirt by projection designer [[Elaine J. McCarthy]].<ref>((cite news|author=Christopher Rawson |date=May 23, 2004 |title=Stage Reviews: Four Broadway plays suggest the range of art and commercialism |page=G-3 |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/frontpage/2004/05/23/Stage-Reviews-Four-Broadway-plays-suggest-the-range-of-art-and-commercialism/stories/200405230162 |url-status=dead |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |location=Pittsburgh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422132051/http://www.post-gazette.com/frontpage/2004/05/23/Stage-Reviews-Four-Broadway-plays-suggest-the-range-of-art-and-commercialism/stories/200405230162 |archive-date=April 22, 2017 ))</ref> On December 3, 2012, the Broadway cast reunited for a special benefit. [[Annaleigh Ashford]] stood in for [[Mary Catherine Garrison]].<ref>((cite magazine|last=Hertzfeld|first=Laura|title=Neil Patrick Harris returns to 'Assassins'|url=https://ew.com/article/2012/12/03/neil-patrick-harris-assassins/|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=August 14, 2022|date=December 3, 2012))</ref>

Other professional productions have included a 2006 production at [[Crucible Theatre]], [[Sheffield]], a 2008 production which ran from January 23 to February 2, 2008, at the [[Landor Theatre]], London,<ref>Giorgetti, Sandra.[http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/assassinslandor-rev.htm "Assassins"],''The British Theatre Guide'', review, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.indielondon.co.uk/Theatre-Review/assassins-landor-theatre "Assassins&nbsp;– Landor Theatre"],''Indie London'' listing, date unk</ref><ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8831272546208/Union+Ticks+Leanne+Jones,+Sondheim+Assassins.html |title=Union Ticks Leanne Jones, Sondheim Assassins |access-date=July 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502233654/http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8831272546208/Union+Ticks+Leanne+Jones,+Sondheim+Assassins.html |archive-date=May 2, 2010 |url-status=dead ))</ref> The South African premiere opened in December 2008 as the inaugural production of the NewSpace Theatre in [[Cape Town]]. This production was directed by Fred Abrahamse with a South African cast including Marcel Meyer as [[John Wilkes Booth]], Riaan Norval as [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], David Dennis as [[Charles J. Guiteau]] and Anthea Thompson as [[Sara Jane Moore]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.theguide.co.za/theatre_detail.php?theatried=3779 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20111006080539/http://www.theguide.co.za/theatre_detail.php?theatried=3779 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |title=Meersman, Brent |publisher=Theguide.co.za |access-date=July 8, 2010 ))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://www.fdcawards.co.za/base.php?top_id+1&side_id=10&editorial_id=681&category_id=5&page=10 |title=Henry, Zane |publisher=Fdcawards.co.za |access-date=July 8, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006080540/http://www.fdcawards.co.za/base.php?top_id+1&side_id=10&editorial_id=681&category_id=5&page=10 |archive-date=October 6, 2011 ))</ref> The Los Angeles premiere opened in 1994 at the Los Angeles Theatre Center and included [[Patrick Cassidy (actor)|Patrick Cassidy]] (the original Balladeer) playing Booth, and Alan Safier as Guiteau.<ref>((cite web|author=Daily Bruin |url=http://beta.dailybruin.com/articles/1995/4/5/kill-a-prez |title=The Daily Bruin &#124; Kill a prez |publisher=Beta.dailybruin.com |date=April 5, 1995 |access-date=July 8, 2010 )) ((dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref> A 2010 production in Toronto by [[BirdLand Theatre]] and Talk is Free Theatre won the [[Dora Mavor Moore Award]] for Outstanding Production in the Musical Theatre Division.<ref>((cite web|title=31st Annual Dora Mavor Moore Awards|publisher=www.tapa.ca|date=June 28, 2010|url=http://tapa.ca/files|access-date=January 18, 2011)) ((dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref>

The [[Union Theatre, London]] produced ''Assassins'' in July 2010, which went on the win Best (overall) Production at The Off West End Awards. It was staged and directed by Michael Strassen. It attained Show of the Week and Critics choice in Time Out.<ref>
[http://blogs.thestage.co.uk/shenton/2010/07/attention-finally-must-be-paid/ Attention Finally Must Be Paid] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128132345/http://blogs.thestage.co.uk/shenton/2010/07/attention-finally-must-be-paid/ |date=January 28, 2013 )) blogs.thestage.co.uk</ref><ref>[http://assassinslondon.co.uk/reviews.html Reviews] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308203657/http://www.assassinslondon.co.uk/reviews.html |date=March 8, 2012 )) assassinslondon.co.uk</ref><ref>[http://www.michaelstrassen.com Official Site, Strassen] michaelstrassen.com</ref>

A new production of ''Assassins'' starring [[Catherine Tate]] as Sarah Jane Moore, [[Aaron Tveit]] as John Wilkes Booth, [[Mike McShane]] as Samuel Byck, [[Andy Nyman]] as Charles Guiteau, and [[Jamie Parker]] as the Balladeer opened on November 21, 2014, at the [[Menier Chocolate Factory]] in London and ran until March 7, 2015.<ref>
[https://www.londonboxoffice.co.uk/assassins-tickets ''Assassins''] londonboxoffice.co.uk</ref>

''Assassins'' was produced in the 2017 season of ''[[Encores!]] Off Center'' at the [[New York City Center]] from July 12–15 of that year, with a cast including [[Steven Pasquale]] as John Wilkes Booth, [[Victoria Clark]] as Sara Jane Moore, and [[Shuler Hensley]] as Leon Czolgosz.<ref>((cite web |last=McPhee |first=Ryan |title=''Assassins'', Starring Steven Pasquale, Victoria Clark, and More, Begins at City Center |url=https://www.playbill.com/article/assassins-starring-steven-pasquale-victoria-clark-and-more-begins-at-city-center |website=Playbill |date=July 12, 2017))</ref>

In October/November 2019 The [[Watermill Theatre]] Newbury and [[Nottingham Playhouse]] co-produced a new version in the UK, using a full cast of actor/musicians for the first time. The role of the Balladeer was switched to a female part for this production. A poignant moment was added at the end of the final scene, where a young child walks onto the stage from the audience, retrieves a gun from the vending machine (from which the main characters received their weapons at the start of the show) and fires the final gunshot out into the crowd.

[[John Doyle (director)|John Doyle]] was to direct an Off-Broadway production at [[Classic Stage Company]] scheduled for 2020.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/20/theater/john-doyle-assassins.html|title = John Doyle to Direct 'Assassins' at Classic Stage Company|newspaper = The New York Times|date = March 20, 2019|last1 = Cohn|first1 = Gabe))</ref> On September 24, 2019, it was announced that the cast would include [[Judy Kuhn]] as Sara Jane Moore, [[Will Swenson (actor)|Will Swenson]] as Charles Guiteau, [[Brandon Uranowitz]] as Leon Czolgosz, [[Wesley Taylor]] as Giuseppe Zangara, and Pasquale reprising his role as John Wilkes Booth.<ref>((cite web |last=McPhee |first=Ryan |title=Tony Nominees Will Swenson, Judy Kuhn, and Brandon Uranowitz, More Set for Off-Broadway Revival of ''Assassins'' |url=https://www.playbill.com/article/tony-nominees-will-swenson-judy-kuhn-and-brandon-uranowitz-more-set-for-off-broadway-revival-of-assassins |website=Playbill |date=September 24, 2019))</ref> Other additions to the cast include [[Ethan Slater]] as Lee Harvey Oswald/The Balladeer and [[Tavi Gevinson]] as Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme.<ref>Editorial Staff. [https://www.theatermania.com/off-broadway/news/ethan-slater-assassins-csc_90420.html "Ethan Slater Joins Assassins Off-Broadway"] TheaterMania, January 13, 2020</ref> The show was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. On September 9, 2021<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Classic-Stage-Companys-ASSASSINS-to-Begin-Performances-in-November-20210909|title = Classic Stage Company's ASSASSINS to Begin Performances in November))</ref> it was announced that the production would begin performances on November 2, 2021 - January 8, 2022 with an official opening on November 14, 2021. And on November 9, 2021,<ref>((Cite web|last=Harms|first=Talaura|url=https://www.playbill.com/article/classic-stage-companys-off-broadway-revival-of-assassins-extends|title=Classic Stage Company's Off-Broadway Revival of ''Assassins'' Extends|website=Playbill|date=November 9, 2021))</ref> it was announced that the production would extend through to January 29, 2022. The production ended up officially closing January 24, 2022 due to positive COVID-19 cases in the company. On March 18, 2022, a cast recording album of this production received a wide digital release, which featured all songs as well as an abridged version of the climactic scene between Booth and Oswald.

== Characters ==
'''Fictional''':

*'''The Balladeer''': ([[Tenor]], C<sub>3</sub>–G<sub>4</sub>); narrator who provides the stories of the assassins
*'''The Proprietor''': ([[Bass-baritone|Bass-Baritone]], F<sub>2</sub>–E<sub>4</sub>); gun salesman who provides the characters with their weapons at the beginning of the show.
*'''Billy''': Sara Jane Moore's son.  Moore has a son, but his name is Frederic. 
*'''Ensemble''': crowd members, chorus, etc.

'''Historical''':
*'''[[John Wilkes Booth]]''': ([[Baritone]], F((sharp))<sub>2</sub>–G<sub>4</sub>); assassin of President [[Abraham Lincoln]]
*'''[[Charles Guiteau]]''': ([[Baritenor]], A<sub>2</sub>–A((flat))<sub>4</sub>); assassin of President [[James A. Garfield]]
*'''[[Leon Czolgosz]]''': ([[bass (voice)|Bass]], G<sub>2</sub>–D((flat))<sub>4</sub>); assassin of President [[William McKinley]]
*'''[[Giuseppe Zangara]]''': ([[Tenor]], B<sub>2</sub>–B<sub>4</sub>); attempted assassin of President-elect [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]<ref>Zangara did kill Chicago mayor [[Anton Cermak]] who was with President-elect Roosevelt at the time of the shooting.</ref>
*'''[[Lee Harvey Oswald]]''': assassin of President [[John F. Kennedy]]
*'''[[Samuel Byck]]''': ([[Baritone]], B<sub>2</sub>–E<sub>4</sub>); attempted assassin of President [[Richard Nixon]]
*'''[[Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme]]''': ([[Mezzo-Soprano]], A<sub>3</sub>–D<sub>5</sub>); attempted assassin of President [[Gerald Ford]]
*'''[[Sara Jane Moore]]''': ([[Mezzo-Soprano]], A<sub>3</sub>–F<sub>5</sub>); attempted assassin of President Gerald Ford
*'''[[John Hinckley, Jr.]]''': ([[Baritone]], B((flat))<sub>2</sub>–F((sharp))<sub>4</sub>); attempted assassin of President [[Ronald Reagan]]
*'''[[President of the United States|President]] [[James A. Garfield]]''': twentieth President of the United States
*'''[[James Blaine]]''': Secretary of State who received a deluge of letters from [[Charles Guiteau]]
*'''[[Emma Goldman]]''': anarchist known for her political activism who also interacted several times with Leon Czolgosz
*'''[[David Herold]]''': accomplice of John Wilkes Booth in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln
*'''[[President of the United States|President]] [[Gerald Ford]]''': thirty-eighth President of the United States

== Notable cast and characters ==
Casts of Original Broadway, off-Broadway, and London productions

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2|Role
! Workshop reading
! Original Off-Broadway
! London premiere<br>[[Donmar Warehouse]]
! Original Broadway
! [[Sheffield Crucible]]
! Broadway reunion concert
! Off-West End
! [[New York City Center|NYCC]] [[Encores!]]
! Off-Broadway revival
|-
! colspan="2"| <small>1989</small>
! <small>1992</small>
! <small>2004</small>
! <small>2006</small>
! <small>2012</small>
! <small>2014</small>
! <small>2017</small>
! <small>2021</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[John Wilkes Booth]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" |[[Victor Garber]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[David Firth (actor)|David Firth]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Michael Cerveris]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Hadley Fraser]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Michael Cerveris]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Aaron Tveit]]
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |[[Steven Pasquale]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Charles Guiteau]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" |[[Jonathan Hadary]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Henry Goodman]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Denis O'Hare]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Ian Bartholomew]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Denis O'Hare]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Andy Nyman]]
| style="text-align:center;" |John Ellison Conlee
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Will Swenson (actor)|Will Swenson]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Leon Czolgosz]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Anthony Heald]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Terrence Mann]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Jack Ellis (actor)|Jack Ellis]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[James Barbour (singer)|James Barbour]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Billy Carter
| style="text-align:center;" |[[James Barbour (singer)|James Barbour]]
| style="text-align:center;" |David Roberts
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Shuler Hensley]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Brandon Uranowitz]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Giuseppe Zangara]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Michael Jeter]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Eddie Korbich]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Paul Harrhy
| style="text-align:center;" |Jeffrey Kuhn
| style="text-align:center;" |Richard Colvin
| style="text-align:center;" |Jeffrey Kuhn
| style="text-align:center;" |Stewart Clarke
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Alex Brightman]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Wesley Taylor]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Samuel Byck]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Nathan Lane]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Lee Wilkof]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Ciarán Hinds]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mario Cantone]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Gerard Murphy (actor)|Gerard Murphy]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mario Cantone]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mike McShane]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Danny Wolohan
| style="text-align:center;" |Andy Grotelueschen
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Sara Jane Moore]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Christine Baranski]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Debra Monk]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Louise Gold]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Becky Ann Baker]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Josie Walker]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Becky Ann Baker]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Catherine Tate]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Victoria Clark]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Judy Kuhn]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Lynette Fromme]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Swoosie Kurtz]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Annie Golden]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Catheryn Bradshaw
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mary Catherine Garrison]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Penny Layden]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Annaleigh Ashford]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Carly Bawden
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Erin Markey]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Tavi Gevinson]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[John Hinckley, Jr.]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Paul McCrane]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Greg Germann]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Michael Cantwell
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Alexander Gemignani]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[James Gillan (actor)|James Gillan]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Alexander Gemignani]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Harry Morrison
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Steven Boyer]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Adam Chanler-Berat]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''The Balladeer'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Kevin Anderson (actor)|Kevin Anderson]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Patrick Cassidy (actor)|Patrick Cassidy]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Anthony Barclay]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Neil Patrick Harris]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Matt Rawle]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Neil Patrick Harris]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Jamie Parker]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Clifton Duncan
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Ethan Slater]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Lee Harvey Oswald]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Jace Alexander]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Gareth Snook
| style="text-align:center;" |Matt Cross
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Cory Michael Smith]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''The Proprietor'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Tim Jerome]]
| style="text-align:center;" |William Parry
| style="text-align:center;" |Paul Bentley
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Marc Kudisch]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Dave Burrows
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Marc Kudisch]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Simon Lipkin]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Ethan Lipton
| style="text-align:center;" |Eddie Cooper
|}

=== Notable Replacements ===
'''Off-Broadway: (1990-91)'''
*'''Charles Guiteau:''' [[Davis Gaines]] (u/s)
*'''Sara Jane Moore:''' [[Joy Franz]] (u/s)
*'''The Balladeer:''' [[Davis Gaines]] (u/s)

'''Off-West End: (2014–15)'''
*'''John Wilkes Booth:''' [[Michael Xavier]]
*'''Sara Jane Moore:''' [[Anna Francolini]]

== Synopsis ==
This synopsis reflects the current licensed version of the show. The published script of the 1992 Off-Broadway production is slightly different.

The show opens in a fairground shooting gallery where, amid flashing lights, human figures trundle past on a conveyor belt. One by one, a collection of misfits enters the stage, where the Proprietor of the game entices them to play, promising that their problems will be solved by killing a President ("Everybody’s Got the Right"). [[Leon Czolgosz]], [[John Hinckley, Jr.|John Hinckley]], [[Charles J. Guiteau|Charles Guiteau]], [[Giuseppe Zangara]], [[Samuel Byck]], [[Lynette Fromme|Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme]], and [[Sara Jane Moore]] are given their guns one by one. [[John Wilkes Booth]] enters last and the Proprietor introduces him to the others as their pioneer before he begins distributing ammunition. The assassins take aim as "[[Hail to the Chief]]" heralds [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s offstage arrival. Booth excuses himself, a shot rings out and Booth shouts, "''[[Sic semper tyrannis]]!''"

The Balladeer, a personification of the American Dream, appears and begins to tell John Wilkes Booth's story ("The Ballad of Booth"). The scene changes to Richard H. Garrett's barn in 1865. Booth, mudstained and with a broken leg, is attempting to write his reasons for killing Lincoln in his diary but cannot hold the pen. He forces his associate [[David Herold]] to write for him at gunpoint. As Booth dictates, blaming Lincoln for the [[United States Civil War|Civil War]] and for destroying the South, the Balladeer interjects that Booth's motives really had more to do with his personal problems. When a Union soldier calls for Booth's surrender, Herold abandons him and surrenders. In desperation, Booth throws the Balladeer his diary so that he can tell his story to the world. The Balladeer reads out Booth's justifications, and Booth laments that the act for which he has given up his life will not be enough to heal the country. As the Union soldiers set fire to the barn, Booth commits suicide, and the Balladeer concludes that Booth was a madman whose treacherous legacy only served as inspiration for other madmen like him to damage the country. The Balladeer rips Booth's rationale from his diary and burns the pages.

The Assassins gather in a bar. Guiteau toasts to the Presidency of the United States, speaking of his ambition to become [[United States Ambassador to France|Ambassador to France]]. Hinckley accidentally breaks a bottle, and Czolgosz flies into a rage, describing the horrors he sees in the bottle factory he works in and how many men die or are injured just to make a bottle like the one Hinckley has just broken. Guiteau jokingly tells Czolgosz to find another job, and the two begin to argue about the American Dream, with Guiteau defending America and Czolgosz dismissing the "land of opportunity" as a lie. Czolgosz becomes enraged and grabs a bottle, barely stopping himself from throwing it across the room. Booth urges Czolgosz to take control of his fate by breaking a bottle himself, but Czolgosz cannot. Zangara complains about his stomach pains, and Booth suggests fixing them by shooting [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].

A radio broadcast, narrated by the Proprietor, describes Zangara's failed attempt to assassinate Roosevelt. He misses Roosevelt and accidentally kills Chicago Mayor [[Anton Cermak]] instead. Five Bystanders are interviewed in turn, telling the audience their personal versions of the event; each is convinced that he or she personally saved the President ("How I Saved Roosevelt"). From an electric chair, Zangara sings his refusal to be afraid and that he hadn't cared whom he killed as long as it was one of the men who control the money. Peeved that as an "American Nothing" he has no photographers at his execution, Zangara is electrocuted as the Bystanders preen for the cameras.

American [[anarchist]] leader [[Emma Goldman]] gives a lecture from offstage as Leon Czolgosz listens, enraptured. He introduces himself to her and declares his love, but she tells him to redirect his passion to the fight for social justice. She gives him a leaflet that she tells him contains an idea that is "not mine alone, but mine". As she prepares to leave, Czolgosz offers to carry her bag, to which Goldman protests by saying, "They make us servants, Leon. We do not make servants of each other." Czolgosz, in his first display of assertiveness, still insists.

Fromme and Moore meet on a park bench and share a joint. Fromme speaks of the apocalyptic preachings of [[mass murderer]] [[Charles Manson]], remembering how they met and declaring herself his lover and slave. Juggling her purse, a can of [[Tab (soft drink)|Tab]] and a bucket of [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], Moore claims she is an informant for the [[FBI]] (or used to be), has been a [[Certified Public Accountant|CPA]] and had five husbands and three children. They connect over their shared hatred of their fathers, and using [[Colonel Sanders]] as a [[Idolatry|graven image]], they give the bucket of chicken the evil eye and then shoot it to pieces while laughing hysterically. Moore realizes that she had known Manson in high school, and the scene ends as the women scream in delight over their memories of the charismatic killer.

Czolgosz reflects on how many men die in the mines, the steel mills and the factories just to make a gun. Booth, Guiteau and Moore enter one by one and join him in a [[barbershop quartet]] in which they honor a single gun's power to change the world ("The Gun Song"). Czolgosz decides his gun will claim one more victim: the President.

Czolgosz arrives at the 1901 [[Pan-American Exposition]] and sees that [[William McKinley]] is shaking visitors' hands in the Temple of Music Pavilion. The Balladeer sings "The Ballad of Czolgosz" as Czolgosz joins the receiving line, and upon reaching McKinley, he shoots him.

Samuel Byck sits on a park bench in a dirty Santa suit with a picket sign and a shopping bag. He talks into a tape recorder, preparing a message to [[Leonard Bernstein]] telling Bernstein he can save the world by writing more love songs, and explaining that he is going to change things by crashing a 747 into the White House and killing [[Richard Nixon]]. Then he accuses Bernstein of ignoring him, just like the other celebrities he has recorded tapes for, such as [[Hank Aaron]] and [[Jonas Salk]]. After flying into an expletive-laden rage, Byck stands up on the bench and angrily sings the chorus to ''[[West Side Story]]''(('))s song "[[America (West Side Story song)|America]]" before storming offstage.

John Hinckley sits in his [[Recreation room|rumpus room]], aimlessly playing a guitar. Lynette Fromme enters and tries to convince him to play her a song (asking for "[[Helter Skelter (song)|Helter Skelter]]"), but he refuses. Fromme notices a picture of [[Jodie Foster]], who Hinckley claims is his girlfriend. When Fromme realizes the picture is a publicity photo from a film, she pulls out a picture of Charles Manson and mocks Hinckley for being in love with a woman he's never met, which makes him throw her out in a fit of rage. Alone, he swears that he will win Foster's love "with one brave, historic act" and sings a love song to her while Fromme individually does the same to Manson ("Unworthy of Your Love"). An image of [[Ronald Reagan]] appears on a wall in the back of the stage, and an enraged Hinckley shoots it over and over again, but the picture keeps reappearing. The Proprietor mocks Hinckley by quoting Reagan's famous quips about the assassination as Hinckley fires and fires, missing each time.

Back at the Proprietor's shooting range, Charles Guiteau flirts with Sara Jane Moore while giving her marksmanship tips before trying to kiss her. When she rebuffs him, he becomes suddenly enraged and attempts to attack her. Her gun goes off in his ear, and he backs off, angrily proclaiming that he is extraordinary and will be the next Ambassador to France. The scene changes to a train station, where Guiteau goes to meet [[James Garfield]]. He asks to be made Ambassador to France, but Garfield mockingly refuses, prompting Guiteau to shoot him.

Guiteau is arrested and sent to the gallows, where he recites a poem he wrote that morning titled "[[I am Going to the Lordy]]". When Guiteau finishes, the Balladeer enters and sings about Guiteau's trial and sentencing while Guiteau merrily [[cakewalks]] up to the noose, getting more and more desperately optimistic with each verse. Guiteau sings along with the Balladeer about Guiteau's optimism before he is finally hanged ("The Ballad of Guiteau").

Squeaky Fromme and Sara Jane Moore prepare to assassinate [[Gerald Ford]]. Moore has brought along her nine-year-old son and her dog (which she accidentally shoots), which causes an argument between the two women, who briefly turn on each other. Moore accidentally spills her gun's bullets just as President Ford enters the stage. Not recognizing him at first, the two women allow him to help them, but upon discovering who he is, Fromme tries to shoot him, but her gun jams. Having no other resource left, Moore tries to throw her bullets at Ford, shouting "bang" as she does so.

Samuel Byck is driving to the airport to hijack a plane, which he plans to crash into the [[White House]]. Growing completely unhinged, he records a message addressed to [[Richard Nixon]], complaining about contemporary American life, how the American public is constantly lied to, and announces that killing him is the only solution.

The assassins congregate in the Proprietor's shooting range once again and enumerate their reasons for taking action. Led by Byck, they lament that they haven't gotten the rewards they were "promised". The Balladeer tells them that their actions didn't solve their problems or the country's and that if they want their prizes they must follow the American Dream. The assassins realize that they will never get their prizes, that no one will ever care if they live or die, and briefly sink into absolute desperation until Byck and the Proprietor lead them in "Another National Anthem," a song for all Americans dispossessed by the dream. The Balladeer attempts to convince them to be optimistic and seek other ways to be happy, but the Anthem grows louder and louder until the assassins force the Balladeer offstage (in the 2004 revival and many productions that followed, the Assassins all surround the Balladeer, transforming him into Lee Harvey Oswald).

The scene changes to the sixth floor of the [[Texas School Book Depository]]. The ghosts of [[John Wilkes Booth]], [[Leon Czolgosz]], [[Charles J. Guiteau|Charles Guiteau]], and the other "would be" assassins including [[John Hinckley, Jr.|John Hinckley]], [[Giuseppe Zangara]], [[Samuel Byck]], [[Lynette Fromme|Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme]], and [[Sara Jane Moore]], appear before a suicidally depressed [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], and convince him that the only way for him to truly connect with his country is to share his pain and disillusionment with it.<ref>((cite news|last=Rothstein |first=Mervyn |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/07/19/specials/sondheim-assassins.html |title=Theater: Sondheim's 'Assassins': Insane Realities of History |work=The New York Times |date=January 27, 1991))</ref> They slowly and carefully attempt to convince him not to become his own victim and to instead assassinate [[John F. Kennedy]]. Booth tells Oswald that by joining them he will finally make a difference, but Oswald refuses. Booth tells him that in the future, when Hinckley's room is searched, Oswald's biographies will be found. Booth tells Oswald that the key to the future is in his hands. Oswald tries to leave, but Zangara addresses him passionately in Italian, his words translated by the other assassins, imploring him to act so their own acts can come alive again. They tell him that he has the power to cause worldwide grief and inspire global passion about himself, a man the world has never cared or heard about. Calling themselves his family, the assassins sing, imploring Oswald to act. He crouches at the window and shoots ("November 22, 1963").

After the assassinations, a group of citizens from different time periods recount what they were doing when they heard that the President had been killed and lament that even though only a single man died, the nation has changed forever ("Something Just Broke").

The assassins regroup once more at the shooting range, now with Oswald among their ranks, and they proudly restate their motto, "Everybody's got the right to be happy," before loading their guns and opening fire on the audience ("Everybody's Got the Right (Reprise)").

== Themes ==

=== Sacrificing for the greater good / fighting against political injustice ===
According to Valerie Lynn Schrader, out of the nine assassins in the musical, six of them ([[John Wilkes Booth]], [[Giuseppe Zangara]], [[Leon Czolgosz]], [[Charles J. Guiteau|Charles Guiteau]], [[Squeaky Fromme|Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme]], and [[Samuel Byck]]) are motivated to assassinate their targets due to "political injustice and sacrifice for the greater good," and among the six assassins, Booth and Czolgosz have been portrayed to have such motives as their primary reason for their assassination.<ref name=":03">((Cite journal|last=Schrader|first=Valerie Lynn|date=2017-10-11|title='Another National Anthem': Public Memory, Burkean Identification, and the Musical Assassins|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/new-theatre-quarterly/article/abs/another-national-anthem-public-memory-burkean-identification-and-the-musical-assassins/1F3BC3BCA79F04D65ECFD0D67DF4F35D|journal=New Theatre Quarterly|language=en|volume=33|issue=4|pages=320–332|doi=10.1017/S0266464X1700046X|s2cid=194606035|issn=0266-464X))</ref>

In the musical, John Wilkes Booth believes that his assassination on President [[Abraham Lincoln]] is for the greater good (and is an act of patriotism), which is "supported historically: the Ford’s Theatre Museum notes that Booth was part of a conspiracy to assassinate President Lincoln, Vice President [[Andrew Johnson]], and Secretary of State [[William Seward]] in order to put the Union in a state of disarray and anarchy."<ref name=":03" /> Raymond Knapp states that Booth's motivation is "conveyed musically, self-servingly by his own singing in a quasi-hymnic, sometimes inspirational style," based on the 1991 original Off-Broadway Version.<ref name=":12">((Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Raymond|date=2004|title="Assassins, Oklahoma!" and the 'Shifting Fringe of Dark around the Camp-Fire'|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3878305|journal=Cambridge Opera Journal|volume=16|issue=1|pages=77–101|doi=10.1017/S0954586704001788|jstor=3878305|s2cid=190718811|issn=0954-5867))</ref>

In the scene before "The Gun Song", the anarchist [[Emma Goldman]] inspires Leon Czolgosz to take action in light of his anarchist beliefs and the "societal injustice" that he has noticed.<ref name=":52">((Cite web|last=Fulton|first=Ben|date=March 5, 2013|title=Dark Horse rides the fine lines of Sondheim's 'Assassins'|url=https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=55931453&itype=CMSID|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-30|website=The Salt Lake Tribune|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930060734/https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=55931453&itype=CMSID |archive-date=September 30, 2021 ))</ref> In "The Gun Song", Czolgosz has a "moody contemplation of how one gun connects backward to the many lifes it consumes in its manufacture," and later he claims that "[a] gun claims many men before it's done. Just one more," referring to his assassination target, President [[William McKinley]].<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":62">((Cite web|title=Stephen Sondheim – The Gun Song|url=https://genius.com/Stephen-sondheim-the-gun-song-lyrics|website=Genius.com|access-date=2021-09-30))</ref> The political injustice in Czolgosz's timeline would be the "class inequalities in America."<ref name=":42">((Cite web|last=Wang|first=Deena|date=September 6, 2011|title=THEATER REVIEW How was the show, Mrs. Lincoln?|url=https://thetech.com/2011/09/06/assassins-v131-n34|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-30|website=The Tech|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918031537/https://thetech.com/2011/09/06/assassins-v131-n34 |archive-date=September 18, 2019 ))</ref>

=== Desiring attention ===
Many assassins in the musical have lines reflecting their need for attention, and according to Wang, "what unites each of the assassins is the desire for attention."<ref name=":42" /> In "How I Saved Roosevelt," Giuseppe Zangara is extremely angry about not having a photographer even at his execution: "and why there no photographers? For Zangara no photographers! Only capitalists get photographers!"<ref>((Cite web|title=Stephen Sondheim – How I Saved Roosevelt|url=https://genius.com/Stephen-sondheim-how-i-saved-roosevelt-lyrics|website=Genius.com|access-date=2021-09-30))</ref> Another assassin, [[Sara Jane Moore]], "proclaims that one of her motives was 'so that her friends would know where [she] was coming from.'"<ref name=":03" />

Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme and [[John Hinckley Jr.]] are described as a "loving couple" in the musical, but the love that they show is in order to try to draw attention from two different persons.<ref name=":12" /> Unlike some assassins such as Zangara whose goals might reflect many of the themes of the musical, these two assassins have only one motive - to get attention from the person they love (for Fromme, it is [[Charles Manson]]; for Hinckley, it is [[Jodie Foster]]).<ref name=":03" /> In the short monologue before the song "Unworthy of Your Love", Hinckley states that "[he] will win [Foster's] love, now and for all eternity."<ref name=":2">((Cite web|title=Stephen Sondheim – Unworthy of Your Love|url=https://genius.com/Stephen-sondheim-unworthy-of-your-love-lyrics|website=Genius.com|access-date=2021-09-27))</ref>

=== Idealism and optimism ===
This theme is mainly represented by Charles Guiteau. His idealism and optimism might make audience members "feel more sympathy for Guiteau than for some of the other assassins."<ref name=":03" /> Throughout the musical, Guiteau has lines and lyrics which show his idealism and optimism towards his life and the world. The quartet "The Gun Song", which Guiteau participates in, and the song "The Ballad of Guiteau" both portray him as an optimist while others are depicted as dark and not so optimistic. For example, in "The Gun Song", Guiteau "waltzes in cheerfully, holding a gun up admiringly, and declares: 'What a wonder is a gun! What a versatile invention,'" while Czolgosz just states that "[he hates] this gun."<ref name=":62" /> Guiteau's idealism is demonstrated by his failed delusions: he always desires what he wants, and when he cannot get it, he gets angry.<ref name=":03" /> For example, he angrily shouts to Moore that "[he wants a kiss]" after Moore has already turned him down, and he assassinates President Garfield because he could not be the ambassador to France.<ref>((Cite web|title=Stephen Sondheim – "I am a terrifying and imposing figure...!"|url=https://genius.com/Stephen-sondheim-i-am-a-terrifying-and-imposing-figure-lyrics|website=Genius.com|access-date=2021-09-30))</ref> His idealism and optimism are shown even in his execution scene (in "The Ballad of Guiteau"): he believes that "[he] shall be remembered" for assassinating President Garfield.<ref>((Cite web|title=Stephen Sondheim – The Ballad of Guiteau|url=https://genius.com/Stephen-sondheim-the-ballad-of-guiteau-lyrics|website=Genius.com|access-date=2021-09-30))</ref>

=== Pain, desperation, and disillusionment ===
Pain and desperation are central to Zangara's character: he is portrayed as a poor immigrant who suffers a very strong stomachache. In "How I Saved Roosevelt", Zangara's stomach pain and his desperation about not being able to cure his stomachache turn into his anger and hatred towards the upper class.<ref name=":03" /> According to Schrader, the real-life Moore attempted her assassination due to political reasons, yet in the musical, she does so due to an entirely different one: she is so frustrated and desperate about "how to understand and express herself" that she takes "drastic action."<ref name=":03" /> On the other hand, Byck's assassination attempt on President [[Richard Nixon]] is also to "satisfy his personal frustrations."<ref name=":52" /> His solo scene, titled "Have It Your Way" in the 2004 Broadway cast recording, presents his pain and disillusionment through his words and emotional expressions.<ref>((Cite web|title=Stephen Sondheim – Have It Your Way|url=https://genius.com/Stephen-sondheim-have-it-your-way-lyrics|website=Genius.com|access-date=2021-09-30))</ref><ref>((Cite web|last=Maurer|first=Roy|date=August 27, 2019|title=Review: Sondheim's Assassins at Signature Theatre. Something just broke.|url=https://dctheatrescene.com/2019/08/27/review-sondheims-assassins-at-signature-theatre/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-30|website=dctheatrescene.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930064447/https://dctheatrescene.com/2019/08/27/review-sondheims-assassins-at-signature-theatre/ |archive-date=September 30, 2021 ))</ref>

Unlike all the other assassins in the musical, "[<nowiki/>[[Lee Harvey Oswald]]] is portrayed as a desperate man attempting to commit suicide and as the only assassin who had no intention of killing a President."<ref name=":03" /> In the scene corresponding to this (the original 1991 Off-Broadway version is called "November 22, 1963"), Booth, as the leader of all assassins, tries to convince Oswald to assassinate President [[John F. Kennedy]] instead of committing suicide using countless tactics, yet he has to rely on other assassins to ultimately convince Oswald to do so.<ref name=":7">((Cite web|title=Stephen Sondheim – November 22, 1963/"Take a Look, Lee"/You Can Close the New York Stock Exchange|url=https://genius.com/Stephen-sondheim-november-22-1963-take-a-look-lee-you-can-close-the-new-york-stock-exchange-lyrics|website=Genius.com|access-date=2021-09-30))</ref> Schrader argues that "audience members who have encountered depression may find a level of consubstantiality with [him], at least until he is convinced to commit murder."<ref name=":03" />

=== Community ===
As Schrader states, "Mark Fulk and Angela Howard suggest that 'family' is ''Assassins''<nowiki/>' central metaphor, particularly noting that family is 'the central concept that binds the group of American assassins and would-be assassins.'"<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":3">((Cite journal|last1=Fulk|first1=Mark K.|last2=Howard|first2=Angela B.|date=2008-07-24|title=What we laugh about when we laugh about Stephen Sondheim's assassins|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03007769508591601|journal=Popular Music & Society|volume=19|issue=3|pages=105–123|language=en|doi=10.1080/03007769508591601))</ref>

In the scene "November 22, 1963", the assassins join together in order to persuade Oswald to assassinate President John F. Kennedy while assuring him that he can "connect" to the other assassins.<ref name=":7" /> In addition, the assassins interact with each other despite coming from different time periods, in the scene "Ladies and Gentlemen a Toast", the scene "I Am a Terrifying and Imposing Figure", and the songs "Everybody's Got the Right", "Another National Anthem", and "Everybody's Got the Right (Reprise)".

Comparing the 1991 original production with other later versions, there is one song later added the musical, "Something Just Broke". This song is an assassin-free one, where five bystanders mourn the assassinated Presidents. These bystanders have different occupations and are in different timelines, yet are brought together by the assassination tragedies, indicating a sense of community among them.<ref name=":03" />

== Versions ==
The three versions of ''Assassins'' (original, London, and Broadway) are not identical, as some roles were combined, and the song "Something Just Broke" was new to the London production.<ref name=":8">((cite web | title=Assassins | url=http://www.sondheim.com/shows/assassins | work=Sondheim.com | year=2008 | access-date=August 9, 2008))</ref> In 1991, [[Theatre Communications Group]] published the [[libretto]], which did not feature "Something Just Broke".

The current licensed version of the musical reflects the 2004 Broadway revival. Although the script does not combine The Balladeer and Oswald into a single role, many productions have followed the revival in doing so.

== Musical numbers ==
* "Everybody's Got The Right" – Proprietor and Assassins (save Oswald)
* "The Ballad of Booth" – Balladeer and Booth
* "How I Saved Roosevelt" – Proprietor, Zangara and Ensemble
* "The Gun Song" – Czolgosz, Booth, Guiteau and Moore
* "The Ballad of Czolgosz" – Balladeer and Ensemble
* "Unworthy of Your Love" – Hinckley and Fromme
* "The Ballad of Guiteau" – Guiteau and Balladeer
* "Another National Anthem" – Balladeer and Assassins (save for Oswald)+
* "November 22, 1963" – Oswald and Assassins
* "Something Just Broke" – Ensemble ++
* "Everybody's Got The Right" (Reprise) – Assassins

''Notes:''
+ In the original production, the lead part among the Assassins for "Another National Anthem" is sung by Byck. However, in the revised 2004 score, the lead is sung by the Proprietor.

++Added for the 1992 London production

== Cultural impact ==
Sondheim said that he expected backlash from the public due to the content. "There are always people who think that certain subjects are not right for musicals...[w]e're not going to apologize for dealing with such a volatile subject. Nowadays, virtually everything goes," he told ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>((cite news|last=Rothstein|first=Mervyn|title=Sondheim's 'Assassins': Insane Realities of History|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/07/19/specials/sondheim-assassins.html|access-date=July 17, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 27, 1991))</ref>

Historian, commentator, and actress [[Sarah Vowell]] introduced her 2005 analysis of the Lincoln, McKinley, and Garfield murders, ''[[Assassination Vacation]]'', with a journey from New York City into New England to attend a performance of ''Assassins''.

''Assassins'' was featured in episode 6 of [[Netflix|Netflix's]] ''[[The Politician (TV series)|The Politician]]''. In the show, they are performing in a school production of the musical, which parallels events occurring in their own lives. The episode included a cover of "Unworthy of Your Love", sung by [[Ben Platt]] and [[Zoey Deutch]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/09/the-politician-season-1-episode-6-recap.html|title=The Politician Recap: Unworthy of Your Love|last=Shoemaker|first=Allison|date=September 29, 2019|website=Vulture|language=en-us|access-date=January 15, 2020))</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==

=== Original Off-Broadway production ===
{| class="wikitable" width="95%"
|-
! width="5%"| Year
! width="20%"| Award
! width="40%"| Category
! width="25%"| Nominee
! width="10%"| Result
|-
| rowspan="7" align="center" |1991
| rowspan="6" |[[Drama Desk Award]]
| colspan="2" |[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical|Outstanding Musical]]
|((nom))
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical|Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical]]
|[[Lee Wilkof]]
|((nom))
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical|Outstanding Director of a Musical]]
|[[Jerry Zaks]]
|((nom))
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music|Outstanding Music]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Stephen Sondheim]]
|((nom))
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics|Outstanding Lyrics]]
|((nom))
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical|Outstanding Book of a Musical]]
|[[John Weidman]]
|((nom))
|-
|[[Drama League Award]]<ref>((Cite web|title=Awards History - The Drama League|url=https://dramaleague.org/awards-history/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=dramaleague.org|date=March 25, 2021 |language=en-US))</ref>
|Distinguished Achievement in Musical Theatre
|Stephen Sondheim
|((won))
|}

=== Original London production ===
{| class="wikitable" width="95%"
|-
! width="5%" | Year
! width="20%" | Award
! width="40%" | Category
! width="25%" | Nominee
! width="10%" | Result
|-
|align="center" |1992
|[[Critics' Circle Theatre Award]]
| colspan="2" |[[Critics' Circle Theatre Award#The Peter Hepple Award for Best Musical|Best Musical]]
|((won))
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" |1993
| rowspan="3" |[[1993 Laurence Olivier Awards|Laurence Olivier Award]]<ref>((Cite web|title=Olivier Winners 1993|url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/olivier-awards/winners/olivier-winners-1993/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Olivier Awards|language=en-GB))</ref>
| colspan="2" |[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical|Best New Musical]]
|((nom))
|-
|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical|Best Actor in a Musical]]
|[[Henry Goodman]]
|((won))
|-
|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Director of a Musical|Best Director of a Musical]]
|[[Sam Mendes]]
|((nom))
|}

=== Original Broadway production ===
{| class="wikitable" width="95%"
|-
! width="5%" | Year
! width="20%" | Award
! width="40%" | Category
! width="25%" | Nominee
! width="10%" | Result
|-
| rowspan="19" align="center" |2004 || rowspan="7" |[[58th Tony Awards|Tony Award]] || colspan="2" |[[Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical|Best Revival of a Musical]] || ((won))
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical|Best Featured Actor in a Musical]] || [[Michael Cerveris]] || ((won))
|-
| [[Denis O'Hare]] || ((nom))
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical|Best Direction of a Musical]] || [[Joe Mantello]] || ((won))
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Orchestrations|Best Orchestrations]] || [[Michael Starobin]] || ((won))
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Scenic Design|Best Scenic Design of a Musical]] || Robert Brill || ((nom))
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Lighting Design|Best Lighting Design]] || [[Peggy Eisenhauer]] and [[Jules Fisher]] || ((won))
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Drama Desk Award]] || colspan="2" |[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical|Outstanding Revival of a Musical]] || ((won))
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical|Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical]] || [[Marc Kudisch]] || ((nom))
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical|Outstanding Director of a Musical]] || Joe Mantello || ((nom))
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Orchestrations|Outstanding Orchestrations]] || Michael Starobin || ((nom))
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Set Design|Outstanding Scenic Design of a Musical]] || Robert Brill || ((nom))
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design|Outstanding Lighting Design]] || Peggy Eisenhauer and Jules Fisher || ((won))
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Sound Design|Outstanding Sound Design]] || [[Dan Moses Schreier]] || ((won))
|-
|[[Drama League Award]]
| colspan="2" |Distinguished Revival of a Musical
|((won))
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Outer Critics Circle Award]]
| colspan="2" |Outstanding Revival of a Musical
|((nom))
|-
|Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical
|Michael Cerveris
|((won))
|-
|Outstanding Lighting Design
|Peggy Eisenhauer and Jules Fisher
|((won))
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Theatre World Award]]
|[[Alexander Gemignani]]
|((won|Honouree))
|}

Although ''Assassins'' had not run on Broadway prior to 2004, the 1992 London production and 1991 Off-Broadway production led to a ruling by the Tony Awards Administration Committee that the musical is a revival instead of an original musical.<ref>((cite web |last=Gans |first=Andrew |title=Tony Rulings: ''Assassins'' Deemed a Revival |url=https://www.playbill.com/article/tony-rulings-assassins-deemed-a-revival-com-119568 |website=Playbill |access-date=August 14, 2022 |date=May 6, 2004))</ref>

=== 2014 Off-West End production ===
{| class="wikitable" width="95%"
|-
! width="5%"| Year
! width="20%"| Award
! width="40%"| Category
! width="25%"| Nominee
! width="10%"| Result
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| 2015
| rowspan="2" |[[2015 Evening Standard Theatre Awards|Evening Standard Theatre Award]]<ref>((Cite web|date=2015-11-02|title=Evening Standard Theatre Awards: Full list of nominees|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/theatre/evening-standard-theatre-awards-full-list-of-nominees-a3104676.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.standard.co.uk|language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite web|last=Norum|first=Ben|date=2015-11-23|title=Evening Standard Theatre Awards 2015: The full list of winners|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/theatre/evening-standard-theatre-awards-2015-nicole-kidman-and-james-mcavoy-named-best-in-show-a3119886.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.standard.co.uk|language=en))</ref>
| colspan="2" |[[Evening Standard Theatre Awards#Best Musical|Best Musical]]
|((nom))
|-
|[[Evening Standard Theatre Awards#Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Jamie Lloyd (director)|Jamie Lloyd]]
|((nom))
|}

=== 2021 Off-Broadway Revival ===
{| class="wikitable" width="95%"
|-
! width="5%" | Year
! width="20%" | Award
! width="40%" | Category
! width="25%" | Nominee
! width="10%" | Result
|-
| rowspan="20" align="center" |2022 || rowspan="4" |[[Lucille Lortel Awards]] || colspan="2" | Outstanding Revival  || ((nominated))
|-
| rowspan="2" | Outstanding Featured Performer in a Musical || [[Will Swenson (actor)|Will Swenson]] || ((nominated))
|-
| [[Ethan Slater]] || ((nominated))
|-
| Outstanding Director || [[John Doyle (director)|John Doyle]] || ((nominated))
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Drama Desk Awards]]<ref>((Cite web|title=66th Drama Desk Awards|url=https://www.dramadeskawards.com/nominees/|access-date=2022-05-16|website=Drama Desk Awards|language=en|archive-date=October 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014010627/https://www.dramadeskawards.com/nominees/|url-status=dead))</ref>
|-
|colspan=2|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical|Outstanding Revival of a Musical]]||  ((nominated))
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical|Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical]]||[[Judy Kuhn]]||  ((nominated))
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical|Outstanding Director of a Musical]] || [[John Doyle (director)|John Doyle]]  || ((nominated)) 
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Orchestrations|Outstanding Orchestrations]]
|Greg Jarrett||((nominated))
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Drama League Awards]]<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/2022-Drama-League-Awards-Nominations-Announced--Full-List-20220425|title=2022 Drama League Awards Nominations Announced- Full List!|work=[[BroadwayWorld]]|date=25 April 2022|access-date=26 April 2022))</ref> || colspan="2"| Outstanding Revival of a Musical || ((nom))
|-
| Outstanding Director of a Musical || [[John Doyle (director)|John Doyle]] || ((nom))
|-
| Distinguished Performance Award || [[Will Swenson (actor)|Will Swenson]]|| ((nom))
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Outer Critics Circle Award]]s<ref>((Cite web |title=The Lehman Trilogy, Kimberly Akimbo & Harmony Lead 2022 Outer Critics Circle Award Nominations |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/202121/the-lehman-trilogy-kimberly-akimbo-harmony-lead-2022-outer-critics-circle-award-nominations/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Broadway.com |language=en))</ref>
| colspan="2" |Outstanding Revival of a Musical (Broadway or Off-Broadway)||  ((nom))
|-
| rowspan="2" |Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical
|[[Steven Pasquale]]||  ((nom))
|-
|[[Will Swenson (actor)|Will Swenson]]||  ((nom))
|-
|Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical
|[[Judy Kuhn]]||  ((nom))
|-
|Outstanding Orchestrations
|Greg Jarrett||  ((nom))
|-
|Outstanding Sound Design (Play or Musical)
|Matt Stine and Sam Kusnetz||  ((nom))
|}

== Recordings ==
Recordings of both the Off-Broadway production and the 2004 revival were released. The original Off-Broadway version lacks the song "Something Just Broke", which was added to the show for the subsequent London production. The 1990 recording does however include the full 11-minute spoken-word climactic scene "November 22, 1963". The 2004 Broadway recording adds "Something Just Broke" and several dialogue sections but only includes the second half of the "November 1963" scene.

While the original Off-Broadway production used just three musicians, the 1990 cast album was fully orchestrated by [[Michael Starobin]], with 33 musicians directed by [[Paul Gemignani]].<ref>
((Cite news
| last = Rothstein
| first = Mervyn
| title = On Stage, and Off : 'Assassins' on Disk for the Ages
| date = August 9, 1991
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/09/theater/on-stage-and-off.html
| newspaper =The New York Times
| access-date = August 14, 2022
))</ref>

The 2021 Off-Broadway revival received its own cast recording on March 18, 2022, making it the third English language recording of the show. It includes the full score, and features the actor-musician cast members playing their respective instruments.

== References ==
((Reflist))

=== Further reading ===
* ((cite book | last=Sondheim | first=Stephen | author2=Weidman, John | title=Assassins | edition=First | location=New York | publisher=Theatre Communications Group | year=1991 | isbn=1-55936-039-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/assassins00sond ))
* ((cite book | last=Vowell | first=Sarah | title=Assassination Vacation | edition=First | location=New York | publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=2005 | isbn=0-7432-6003-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/assassinationvac00vowe ))
* ((cite book | last=Sondheim | first=Stephen | title=Look, I Made a Hat: Collected Lyrics (1981–2011) with Attendant Comments, Amplifications, Dogmas, Harangues, Digressions, Anecdotes and Miscellany | edition=1st | publisher=Alfred A. Knopf | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-30759-341-2))

== External links ==
((Wikiquote))
* ((IBDB title|13580))
* ((IOBDB title))
* [http://www.sondheimguide.com/assassins.html ''Assassins'' on The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide]
* [http://www.sondheim.com/shows/assassins/ Assassins (Sondheim.com)]
* [http://www.mtishows.com/show_detail.asp?showid=000136 ''Assassins''] at the Music Theatre International website
* [http://musicalcyberspace.wordpress.com/assassins/ Live, Laugh, Love: Assassins] (includes detail of plot)
* [https://soundcloud.com/american-theatre-wing/episode5 Neil Patrick Harris and Marc Kudisch]&nbsp;– ''Downstage Center'' audio interview from [[American Theatre Wing]].org

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[[Category:1990 musicals]]
[[Category:Assassinations of presidents of the United States|*]]
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