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((More citations needed|date=October 2010))
((short description|1898–1913 autonomous Ottoman state on the Greek island of Crete))
((Infobox country
| native_name            = Κρητική Πολιτεία ([[Greek language|Greek]])<br/>كرید دولتی ([[Ottoman Turkish]])
| conventional_long_name = Cretan State
| common_name            = Crete
| era                    = 
| status_text            = [[Autonomous state]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]
| status                 = fief
| empire                 = Ottoman Empire
| year_start             = 1898
| year_end               = 1913
| event_start            = [[Proclamation]]
| date_start             = 9 December
| event1                 = [[Theriso revolt]]
| date_event1            = 23 March 1905
| event2                 = Unilateral union with Greece
| date_event2            = 7 October 1908<ref>((Cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Frank Maloy |author2=Amos Shartle Hershey |chapter-url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos133.htm |chapter=The Cretan Question, 1897–1908 |title=Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914 |date=1918 |publisher=National Board for Historical Service, [[United States Government Publishing Office]] |access-date=2018-11-03 |archive-date=2020-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810222346/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos133.htm |url-status=dead ))</ref>
| event3                 = [[Treaty of London (1913)|Treaty of London]]
| date_event3            = 30 May 1913
| event_end              = [[Enosis|Union with Greece]]
| date_end               = 1 December
| p1                     = Ottoman Crete
| flag_p1                = Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg
| s1                     = Kingdom of Greece
| flag_s1                = Hellenic Kingdom Flag 1935.svg
| image_flag             = Flag of Cretan State.svg
| flag                   = List of Greek flags
| flag_type              = Flag
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of the Cretan State.svg
| symbol                 = Coat of arms of Greece
| symbol_type            = Coat of arms
| national_anthem        = [[Cretan Anthem]] ((center|[[File:Greece national anthem.ogg]]))
| image_map              = Crete_Vilayet,_Ottoman_Empire_(1900).svg
| image_map_caption      = Map of Crete as autonomous state of Ottoman Empire (1900)
| capital                = [[Heraklion]]
| largest_city           = [[Heraklion]]
| common_languages       = [[Cretan Greek|Greek]] (official), [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] (recognised)
| religion               = [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] (prevailing religion),<br/>[[Sunni Islam]] (recognised),<br/> [[Judaism]]
| demonym                = Cretan
| leader1                = [[Prince George of Greece and Denmark|Prince George]]
| year_leader1           = 1898–1906
| leader2                = [[Alexandros Zaimis]]
| year_leader2           = 1906–1911
| title_leader           = [[List of rulers of Crete#High Commissioners of the Cretan State|High Commissioner]]
| deputy1                = [[Eleftherios Venizelos]]
| year_deputy1           = 1910
| title_deputy           = [[Prime Minister]]
| legislature            = [[Deliberative assembly|Assembly]]
| population_estimate    = 336,151
| population_estimate_year = 1911
| currency               = [[Modern drachma|Cretan drachma]]
| today                  = [[Greece]]
))

The '''Cretan State''' (((lang-el|Κρητική Πολιτεία|Kritiki Politeia)); ((lang-ota|كرید دولتی|Girid Devleti))) was established in 1898, following the intervention by the [[Great Power]]s (United Kingdom, France, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia) on the island of [[Crete]]. In 1897, the [[Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)|Cretan Revolt]] led the [[Ottoman Empire]] to [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)|declare war]] on [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], which led the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]] to intervene on the grounds that the Ottoman Empire could no longer maintain control.  It was the prelude to the island's final annexation to the [[Kingdom of Greece]], which occurred ''[[de facto]]'' in 1908 and ''[[de jure]]'' in 1913 after the [[First Balkan War]].

==History==
===Background===
((Main|History of Crete|Ottoman Crete|))
The island of Crete, an Ottoman possession since the end of the [[Cretan War (1645–1669)]], was inhabited by a mostly Greek-speaking population, whose majority was Christian. During and after the [[Greek War of Independence]], the Christians of the island rebelled several times against external Ottoman rule, pursuing union with Greece. These were brutally subdued, but secured some concessions from the Ottoman government under the pressure of European public opinion. In 1878, the [[Pact of Halepa]] established the island as an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty, until the Ottomans reneged on that agreement in 1889.

The collapse of the Pact heightened tensions in the island, leading to another rebellion in 1895, which greatly expanded in 1896–1897 to cover most of the island. Six [[Great Powers]] ([[Austria-Hungary]], [[France]], the [[German Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Italy]], the [[Russian Empire]], and the [[United Kingdom]]) sent warships to Crete in February 1897, and their naval forces combined to form an "[[International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898)|International Squadron]]" charged with intervening to bring fighting on Crete to a halt.<ref name=mctienan13-14>McTiernan, pp. 13–14.</ref> In Greece, nationalist secret societies and a fervently [[Irredentism|irredentist]] public opinion forced the Greek government to send military forces to the island. Although the International Squadron quickly halted their activities,<ref name=mctienan13-14/> the presence of Greek forces on Crete provoked a [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)|war with the Ottoman Empire]]. Although most of Crete came under the control of Cretan insurgent and Greek forces, the unprepared [[Hellenic Army|Greek Army]] was crushed by [[Ottoman Army|the Ottomans]], who occupied [[Thessaly]]. The war was ended by the intervention of the [[Great Power]]s (the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Russia), who forced the Greek contingent to withdraw from Crete and the Ottoman Army to stop its advance. In the [[Treaty of Constantinople (1897)|Treaty of Constantinople]] the [[Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Government]] promised to implement the provisions of the Halepa Pact.

===Establishment of the Cretan State===
[[File:Timbre Crete PrinceGeorgesdeGrece 1900.jpg|thumb|left|140px|Stamp of Crete, representing the High Commissioner [[Prince George of Greece and Denmark]]]]
[[File:British Marines in Chania, 1897.jpg|thumb|180px|British [[Royal Marines]] parade in the streets of [[Chania]] in Crete following the occupation of the island by the Great Powers in spring 1897]]
In February 1897, the Great Powers decided to restore order by governing the island temporarily through an "Admirals Council" consisting of admirals from the six powers making up the International Squadron. Through naval bombardments of Cretan insurgent forces, by placing sailors and [[marines]] ashore to occupy key cities, and by establishing a [[blockade]] of Crete and key ports in Greece, the International Squadron brought organized fighting on Crete to an end by the end of March 1897, although the insurrection continued.<ref>McTiernan, pp. 13–23.</ref> Soldiers from the armies of five of the powers (Germany declined to send any) arrived to occupy key Cretan cities in late March and April 1897.<ref>McTiernan, pp. 20–21.</ref> Thereafter, the Admirals Council focused on a negotiated settlement that would bring the insurrection to an end without bringing Ottoman governance of Crete to an end, but this proved impossible. They then decided that Crete would become an autonomous state under the [[suzerainty]] of the Ottoman Empire. Germany strongly opposed this idea and withdrew from Crete and the International Squadron in November 1897 and Austria-Hungary followed in March 1898, but the remaining four powers carried on with their plans.<ref>McTiernan, p. 28.</ref>

On 6 September 1898 (25 August 1898 according to the [[Julian calendar]] then in use on Crete, which was 12 days behind the modern [[Gregorian calendar]] during the 19th century), a Cretan Muslim mob [[Candia massacre|massacred hundreds of Cretan Greeks]] and murdered the British [[Consul (representative)|vice-consul]], his family, and 14 British soldiers and sailors, in the city of [[Heraklion|Candia]] (modern Heraklion). As a result, the International Squadron and the occupying forces ashore expelled all Ottoman forces from Crete in November 1898.<ref>McTiernan, pp. 32–35.</ref> The autonomous Cretan State, under Ottoman suzerainty, garrisoned by an international military force, and with its [[high commissioner]] provided by Greece, was founded when [[Prince George of Greece and Denmark]] arrived to take office as the first high commissioner (((lang-el|Ὕπατος Ἁρμοστής)), ''Hýpatos Harmostēs''), effectively detaching Crete from the Ottoman Empire, on 21 December 1898 (9 December according to the Julian calendar).<ref>Kitromilides M. Paschalis (ed) ''Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship'', Edinburgh University Press, 2008 p. 68.</ref><ref>McTiernan, pp. 36–39.</ref> The Admirals Council was dissolved on 26 December 1898.<ref>McTiernan, p. 39.</ref>
[[File:Personal Arms of Prince George as High Commissioner of the Cretan State.png|alt=Personal Arms of Prince George as high commissioner of the Cretan State|left|thumb|[[Heraldic badge]] of Prince George as high commissioner of the Cretan State]]
The [[National Bank of Greece]] established a bank, the [[Bank of Crete (1899–1919)|Bank of Crete]], which had a 40-year monopoly on note issuance. The Cretan State also established a paramilitary force, the [[Cretan Gendarmerie]], modeled on the Italian [[Carabinieri]], to maintain public order. The Cretan Gendarmerie incorporated the four small gendarmerie units the four remaining occupying powers had created before the arrival of Prince George.

===Internal turmoil – the Therisos Revolt===
((Details|Theriso revolt))
[[File:Comité exécutif de Crète.jpg|thumb|left|The Cretan Executive Council in 1898 with Venizelos second from left]]
[[File:Foumis Venizelos Manos à Therissos 1905.jpg|thumb|left|Venizelos with his partners Foumis and Manos in Theriso]]
[[File:Nomisma Kritis.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Five drachmae coin of the Cretan State (1901)]]
On 13 December 1898, [[Prince George of Greece and Denmark]] arrived as high commissioner for a three-year tenure. On 27 April 1899, an Executive Committee was created, in which a young, Athens-trained lawyer from [[Chania]], [[Eleftherios Venizelos]], participated as minister of justice. By 1900, Venizelos and Prince George had developed differences over domestic policies, as well as the issue of ''[[Enosis]]'', the union with Greece.

Venizelos resigned in early 1901, and for the next three years, he and his supporters waged a bitter political struggle with the Prince's faction, leading to a political and administrative deadlock on the island. Eventually, in March 1905, Venizelos and his supporters gathered in the village of [[Theriso]]s, in the hills near Chania, constituted a "Revolutionary Assembly", demanded political reforms and declared the "political union of Crete with Greece as a single free constitutional state" in a manifesto delivered to the consuls of the [[Great Powers]]. The [[Cretan Gendarmerie]] remained loyal to the Prince, but numerous deputies joined the revolt, and despite the Powers' declaration of [[martial law]] on 18 July, their military forces did not move against the rebels.

On 15 August, the Cretan Assembly voted for the proposals of Venizelos, and the Great Powers brokered an agreement, whereby Prince George would resign and a new constitution created. In the 1906 elections the pro-Prince parties took 38,127 votes while pro-Venizelos parties took 33,279 votes, but in September 1906 Prince George was replaced by former Greek [[Prime Minister of Greece|prime minister]] [[Alexandros Zaimis]] and left the island. In addition, Greek officers came to replace the Italians in the organization of the Gendarmerie, and the withdrawal of the foreign troops began, leaving Crete ''de facto'' under Greek control.

===Union with Greece===
A [[Constitution of the Cretan State|Constitution]] was promulgated in February 1907, but in 1908, taking advantage of [[Young Turk Revolution|domestic turmoil in Turkey]] as well as the timing of Zaimis' vacation away from the island, the Cretan deputies declared unilateral [[enosis|union]] with Greece.<ref>Ion, Theodore P., "The Cretan Question," ''The American Journal of International Law'', April, 1910, pp. 276–284</ref> The flag of the Cretan State was replaced by the Greek flag, all public servants took an oath to King George I of Greece, and the Greek constitution and laws were enacted on the island. This act was not recognized internationally, including by Greece, where Eleftherios Venizelos was elected prime minister in 1910. In May 1912, the Cretan deputies travelled to Athens and tried to enter the [[Greek Parliament]], but were forcibly prevented from doing so by the police.

Upon the outbreak of the [[First Balkan War]], Greece finally recognized the union and sent [[Stephanos Dragoumis]] as the island's [[governor-general]]. The Great Powers tacitly recognized the ''fait accompli'' by the act of lowering their flags from the Souda fortress on 14 February 1913, and by the [[Treaty of London (1913)|Treaty of London]] in May 1913, Sultan [[Mehmed V]] relinquished his formal rights to the island.

On 1 December, the formal ceremony of union took place: the [[Greek flag]] was raised at the Firka Fortress in [[Chania]], with Eleftherios Venizelos and [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]] in attendance. The [[Cretan Turks|Muslim minority of Crete]] initially remained on the island but was later relocated to Turkey under the general [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange]] agreed to in the 1923 [[Treaty of Lausanne]] between Turkey and Greece.

==Population==
The total population in 1911 was 336,151.<ref name="Religion in Crete 1911">First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936, M. Th Houtsma, page 879</ref>

{| border="1" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Religion !! Followers in Population
|-
| Christians || 307,812<ref name="Religion in Crete 1911"/>
|- 
| Muslims || 27,852<ref name="Religion in Crete 1911"/>
|-  
| Jewish || 487<ref name="Religion in Crete 1911"/>
|- 
|}

==References==
===Notes===
((Reflist|25em))

===Bibliography===
* [https://www.academia.edu/10428584/A_Very_Bad_Place_Indeed_For_a_Soldier._The_British_involvement_in_the_early_stages_of_the_European_Intervention_in_Crete._1897_-_1898 McTiernan, Mick, ''A Very Bad Place Indeed For a Soldier. The British involvement in the early stages of the European Intervention in Crete. 1897–1898,'' King's College, London, September 2014.]

==Further reading==
((refbegin))
* ((cite book |last=Kallivretakis |first= Leonidas
|chapter=A Century of Revolutions: The Cretan Question between European and Near East Politics
|title=Eleftherios Venizelos: the trials of statesmanship, A
|volume=1 |date=2006 |editor=P. Kitromilides |publisher=Edinburgh University Press
|isbn = 978-0-74867126-7 |pages=11–35
|url = http://helios-eie.ekt.gr/EIE/bitstream/10442/8787/1/LK_2008_01_TEXT.pdf ))
* ((cite book |author=Λιμαντζάκης Γιώργος, Το Κρητικό Ζήτημα, 1868-1913, από τα πεδία των μαχών στη διεθνή διπλωματία (Τhe Cretan Question, 1868-1913, from the battlefields to international diplomacy), Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ερευνών και Μελετών «Ελευθέριος Κ. Βενιζέλος», 2020.))
* ((cite book |author=A. Lilly Macrakis
|chapter=Venizelos' Early Life and Political Career in Crete, 1864–1910
|title=Eleftherios Venizelos: the trials of statesmanship, A
|volume=1 |date=2006 |editor=P. Kitromilides |publisher=Edinburgh University Press
|isbn = 978-0-74867126-7 |pages=27–84
))

((refend))

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425132526/http://www.dalidakis.com/Enosis%20the%20Union%20of%20Crete%20with%20Greece%20in%201913.pdf Enosis: The Union of Crete with Greece]
* http://rethemnosnews.gr/2014/02/%CE%B7-%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82-%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85/ η "σημαια" της κρητικης πολιτειας
* [https://www.dema-coins.com/2021/05/drachma-coin-Cretan-State.html About drachma coin of Cretan State (Paris mint, France)]

((Balkan Wars))
((Ottoman Greece))
((History of Crete))
((Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire|expanded = Vassals))
((coord|35|31|N|24|01|E|type:country_source:kolossus-ptwiki|display=title))

[[Category:Cretan State| ]]
[[Category:Modern history of Crete]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1898]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1913]]
[[Category:Eleftherios Venizelos]]
[[Category:Greece–Ottoman Empire relations]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1913 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire]]

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