Fyappiy
Fäppiy
Фаьппий
Total population
1 924 (1890)
Regions with significant populations
 Russia?
     Ingushetia?
     Dagestan?
Languages
Ingush
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Bats people

The Fyappins (Ingush: фаьппий, romanized: fäppiy) were an Ingush subgroup (society) that mostly inhabited the mountainous Fappi region of Ingushetia in the Caucasus. Historically they bordered on the west with Dzherakh, on the east with Khamkhins, on the north with Nazranians, and lastly in the south with Gudomakarians. The centre of the society was the fortified village (aul) of Erzi or Metskhal.

During the 16–17th centuries, part of the Fyappins migrated to Tusheti, Georgia, due to a lack of land. The descendants of the migrants are known as Bats people. In the 17–18th centuries, another wave of migration occurred, to the region of Aukh (modern day Dagestan).

In 1733, due to the worry of expansion of Ottoman Turks in the region, Fyappins tried to establish ties with Kingdom of Kartli. As the Russian Empire started expanding its territories in the Caucasus Region 19th century, Caucasian War broke out. During the war, Fyappin Society was devasted after a Russian punitive expedition in 1830.

After the end of Caucasian War, Fyappins became part of various okrugs of the Terek Oblast, which in turn was part of Caucasus Viceroyalty. Namely the okrugs: Voeynno-Ossetian okrug, Ingush okrug, Vladikavkazsky Okrug, Sunzhensky Otdel and lastly the Nazran okrug.

Etymology

Endonyms

The endonym Fyappiy in their native Ingush language is "Фаьппий",[1][2][3] written as "Fäppij" in old Ingush latin writing system.[4]

Foma Gorepekin [ru] translated the ethnonym in Ingush language as "settlers marching in a discordant crowd".[5] Similarly, Rusudan Kharadze and Aleksey Robakidze made a hypothesis that the ethnonym might be connected with term "alien/new settler" (but not as in ethnically different from the main mass of Ingush).[6] According to linguist Yu. Desheriyev [ru], the ethnonym has no etymological explanation.[7] Anatoly Genko [ru] connected the name in the form of Veppiy with the Khazar king Uobos, mentioned in the Georgian Chronicles. Thus, elevating the name to the 10th century AD.[8]

Exonyms

Historically the Fyappins were known by the exonym of Georgian origin Kists or Kistins and its other variants such as Nearby Kists or Nearby Kistins. The terms later appeared later in Russian literature.[9] Eventually the meaning of this ethnonym expanded and covered all Nakh peoples, despite originally being the ethnonym of Fyappins.[10] The Kist ethnonym was replaced by the ethnonym "Metskhalins" in the 19th century and the Kistin society became known as the "Metskhalin society" respectively, after the chancellery of the society was transferred to Metskhal.[11]

The Ossetians called the Fyappins as Maqqal (Мæхъхъæл) and the river Armkhi [ru], on which the society sat on, Maqqaldon (Мæхъхъæлдон), the namesake for one of the Russian names for Armkhi, Makaldon (Макалдон).[12] The ethnonym Maqqal was also infrequently used to mark Fyappins on some maps.[a] The ethnonym Maqqal is connected with the Ingush and Ossetian word for Kite, Maqqal (Маккхал/Мæхъхъæл).[13][14] According to Anatoly Genko, the Ossetians got this name from the name of the aul of Erzi and its inhabitants, the Erzians.[13]

History

Early history

One of the mountainous Ingush societies,[b] Fyappins inhabited the mountainous Fappi region of Ingushetia in the Caucasus.[15] All Fyappin villages and settlements were descended from the inhabitants of a mountainous fortified village (aul), Falkhan.[16] Fyappins bordered on the west with Dzherakh, on the east with Khamkhins, on the north with Nazranians, and lastly in the south with Gudomakarians.[17]

Historically the Fyappins were known by the exonym of Georgian origin Kists or Kistins and its other variants such as Nearby Kists or Nearby Kistins. The historical area where they lived, on the other hand, was called "Kistetia", as well as "Kistia" or "Kistinia".[c] The first mention of Kists dates back to the 7th century, in the work Ashkharhatsuyts in the form Kusts, although in the context it was used to generally describe the Ingush people, not just the Fyappins.[19]

During the 16–17th centuries, part of the Fyappins migrated to Tusheti, Georgia, in search of land.[20][d] Today the descendants of these Fyappins are known as the Bats people.[23] A new wave of migration of Fyappins took place in the 17–18th centuries to the region of Aukh (modern day Dagestan).[24][25] Today the descendants of those migrants are known as the Vyappiy and refer to Tyarsh as their ancestral village as can be attested by their family chronicle (teptar [ru]):[26]

Their fathers left the village of Tyarsh in the Vabo District on a high mountain near the Buruv fortress. Tyarsh is the name of their eldest father.

In 1733 fearing the expansion of Ottoman Turks, Fyappins and Dzherakh wrote Vakhtang VI a letter, declaring their act of oath for Kartli. It was signed by 16 Fyappin and Dzherakh representatives from different surnames.[27]

Contacts with Russia and incorporation into Russia

On 8 January 1811, foremen of 13 Fyappin villages made act of oath for the Russian Empire.[28][e] However, it is worth noting that even after the oath of individual Ingush society or clans, the former Russian-Ingush relations remained the same. In fact, both sides took these type of oaths as conclusion union treaties.[29]

During the Caucasian War, Fyappins were also the subject of the Russian Expansion. On July 1830, two Russian columns under the command of Major General Abkhazov set out on a punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia. The Russian troops went through the Darial and Assa Gorges. Especially the inhabitants of Eban put up a fierce resistance.[30] As a result of this expedition, Fyappins were briefly subdued by Russian Empire,[31] while their auls were devasted.[30] For the first time, district courts were established and a civil system was introduced to mountainous Ingushetia.[32] After the general uprising of Chechnya on March 1840 when Chechens joined Caucasian Imamate, Pavel Grabbe reported on 30 March 1840 that Kists (i.e. Fyappins) are either in great agitation or they openly participate on the side of Caucasian Imamate:[33]

Whole Greater Chechnya was transferred to him, as well as the Michik and Ichkerin residents and many Aukhites; the Kachkalyks are kept in obedience only by the presence of our detachment. Some of the Karabulak and Ingush villages, all the Galgai and Kists are also in great agitation and are secretly or openly assisting the rebel.

Within the Russian Empire Fyappins were part of the Ossetian-Military Okrug (1857–1862),[34] Ingush okrug (1862–1871),[35][36] Vladikavkazsky okrug (1871–1888),[37][38] Sunzhensky otdel (1888–1909)[39] and Nazran okrug (1909–1920).[40]

Modern

During the Russian Civil War, the self-proclaimed state of Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus emerged in the Caucasus Region, whose finance minister[41][42] Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev [ru], a Fyappin representative.[f] He was also a prominent figure in Ingushetia, leading the Ingush National Council.[44]

In 1944, the Ingush people (including Fyappins) were deported to Central Asia and were only allowed to return back in 1957, after Nikita Khrushchev reversed many of Josif Stalin's policies, including the mentioned deportation. Fyappin representatives like the writer and poet Issa Kodzoev were subjected to repressions by the Soviet Regime after they wrote about repressions of Stalin.[45][g] In 1989, he was together with other Fyappin representatives like Sulambek Mamilov part of the committee for revival of Ingush Autonomy within Russian SFSR of Soviet Union.[46][h] Today, the representatives from Fyappin society live mostly all across Ingushetia.[47]

Composition

Fyappin society consisted of following fortified villages (auls), tribal organisations (teips) and surnames (nyaqhash/vyarash):[i]

Auls Teips
and nyaqhash/vyarash
Beyni (Бейни) Keligovs (Келигнаькъан), Murzabekovs (Марзбикнаькъан), Torshkhoy (Тӏоаршхой)[j]
Byalgan (Баьлгӏане)
Bisht (Бишт) Beshtoy (Бештой)
Eban (Эбане) Ebankhoy (Эбанхой): Tsitskiyevs (Цискнаькъан)
Erzi (Аьрзи) Oartskhoy (Оарцхой): Mamilovs (Мамилнаькъан), Ozievs (Ознаькъан), Yandievs (Янднаькъан) ;Aldaganovs (ӏалдагӏнаькъан), Burazhevs (Буражнаькъан), Evkurovs (Евкурнаькъан)
Garak (Гаракх) Garakoy (Гаракой)
Goust (Гӏовзтӏе)
Guli (Хьули) Khulkhoy (Хьулахой)
Dukhargisht (Духьаргишт) Kushtovs (Куштнаькъан)
Kasheti (Кашетӏе)
Kerbite (Кербӏитӏе)
Keyrakh (Кхерахье)
Khamishk (Хьамишк) Didigovs (Дидигнаькъан)
Kharp (Хьарп) Matiyevs (Матенаькъан)
Khastmak (Хьастмоаке)
Koshk (Къоашке)
Lyazhgi (Лаьжг) Lozkhoy (Лошхой) Khautiyevs (Ховтнаькъан)
Metskhal (Мецхал) Dzhabagiyevs (Джабагӏнаькъан), Kotiyevs (Котнаькъан), Kusievs (Кусенаькъан), Tochiyevs (Тоачанаькъан)
Morch (Морч) Morchkhoy (Морчхой)
Olgeti (Олгатӏе) Evkurovs (Евкурнаькъан), Itarovs (Итаранаькъан)
Shoan (Шоане) Shoankhoy (Шоанхой)
Tyarsh (Тӏаьрш) Gudantovs (Гӏудантнаькъан), Daskievs (Даскенаькъан), Doskhoy (Досхой), Murzabekovs (Марзбикнаькъан), Torshkhoy (Тӏоаршхой)
Falkhan (Фалхан) Azhigovs (ӏажнаькъан), Bersanovs (Берсанаькъан), Keligovs (Келигнаькъан), Kotiyevs (Котнаькъан), Dzarakhovs (Зарахнаькъан), Umarovs (ӏумарнаькъан)
Including Chulkhoian auls
Gu (Гув)
Khanikal (Ханикал)
Khyani (Хаьни) Khanievs (Хоаной)
Kyazi (Каьзи) Kodzoyevs (Коазой)
Lyalakh (Лаьлах) Lolokhoyevs (Лоалахой)
Magote (Маготе)
Salgi (Салги) Salgirkhoy (Салгирхой)

Demographics

Year Population Source
1816 1 269[k] Document[52]
1838 2 071 Document[53]
1857 1 269 Adolf Berge[54][55]
1883 1 749[l] Census[38]
1890 1 924[m] Census[39]
1914 880[n] Census[40]
Note: The information in the table is about the Fyappiy living in the mountainous region but not about the Fyappiy living in lowlands of Ingushetia.

Aukh Fyappiy

Aukh Fyappiy, referred as the Vyappiy (Chechen: Ваьппий, romanized: Väppiy; Ingush: Фаьппий, romanized: Fäppiy) is an Chechen[56] and Ingush[24][25] clan (teip) inhabiting Aukh, a region in modern day Dagestan. The cultural center of the Vyappiy was Erzi, located in Ingushetia.[57] In the 17–18 centuries, they left Ingushetia and migrated to the Aukh.[24][25] According to their teptar, they came from the mountainous aul of Tyarsh.[58] Vyappiy were famous for being the blacksmiths and craftsmen.[56]

Notable people

Notes

  1. ^ For instance, Karte von dem Kaukasischen Isthmus und von Armenien 1850; Karte der Kaukasus-Länder und der angränzenden türkischen und persischen Provinzen Armenien, Kurdistan und Azerbeidjan 1854
  2. ^ Martirosian 1928, p. 12; Krupnov 1971, p. 37; Volkova 1973, p. 151, 160–161; Volkova 1974, p. 153; Bennigsen & Wimbush 1985, p. 185; Kuznetsov 2004, p. 41; Gorepekin 2006, p. 14
  3. ^ One of the most early mentions of this toponym is found in the work Description of the Kingdom of Georgia of the Georgian eristavi, historian and geographer of the 18th century, Vakhushti Bagrationi. He localized it along the Gorge of the Armkhi river (historical "Kistinka"), that is in mountainous Ingushetia.[18]
  4. ^ As Nataliya Volkova [ru] notes it, "the resettlement of the Fappians to Tusheti is not chronologically determined." However if the comparison of Anatoly Genko [ru] of the Batskiye grebeny mentioned in the Russian documents with the Bats people is correct, then Fyappins were already present in Tusheti in end of 16th century. Overall, Nataliya Volkova also mentions different legends of Bats and Ingush peoples. The Bats legends date the migration of Fyappins to the times of Abbas the Great of the Safavid Empire.[21] Nataliya Volkova and Leonid Lavrov [ru] in a different work date the time of the migration not earlier than 16th century.[22]
  5. ^ The 13 villages: Erzi, with 50 households, Tyarsh – 29, (Upper Khuli) – 29, Lower Khuli – 20, Kharp – 18, Koshke – 15, Morch – 10, Garak – 28, Metskhal – 10, Falkhan – 30, Beyni – 20, Lyazhgi – 30, Furtoug – 29.
  6. ^ a b Dzhabagievs are part of the Tochievs, a Fyappin surname, native to the mountainous aul of Metskhal.[43]
  7. ^ a b c Kodzoevs are part of the Chulkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Kodzoyevs are native to the mountainous aul of Kyazi [ru].[65]
  8. ^ a b Mamilovs are part of the Oartskhoy,[68] a Fyappin clan (teip).[70] Native to the mountainous aul of Erzi.[68]
  9. ^ The information in the table is based on several archive documents such as: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859),[48] "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864)[49] and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869).[35] The orthography of the teips and nyaqhash/vyarash was mainly based on the work "Onomasticon of Ingushetia",[50] while the information regarding what auls they inhabit/inhabited is mainly based on the information of Zaurbek Malsagov [ru][51] and Shukri Dakhkilgov.[47]
  10. ^ Including Bersanovs (Берсанаькъан), Mestoy (Местой) and Shovkhalovs (Шовхалнаькъан).
  11. ^ 1195 Christians and 74 Muslims.
  12. ^ 952 men and 797 women.
  13. ^ 1001 men and 923 women.
  14. ^ 468 men and 412 women.
  15. ^ a b Kotiyevs are a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous auls of Metskhal and Falkhan.[59]
  16. ^ Amerkhanovs are part of the Matievs,[60] a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Kharp.[61]
  17. ^ Gazikovs are part of the Gelatkhoy,[62] who are a Fyappin clan (teip) who originated from Oartskhoy, a Fyappin clan as well. Native to the mountainous aul of Gveleti.[63]
  18. ^ a b c Yandievs are part of the Oartskhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Erzi.[64]
  19. ^ Gutserievs are part of the Kodzoevs, who in turn, are part of the Chulkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Kodzoevs are native to the mountainous aul of Kyazi [ru].[65]
  20. ^ Didigovs are part of the Gorokoy,[66] a Fyappin clan (teip).[66] Native to the mountainous aul of Khamishk [ru].[67]
  21. ^ Mankievs are part of the Loshkhoy,[68] a Fyappin clan (teip).[69] Native to the mountainous aul of Lyazhgi [ru].[68]
  22. ^ Matievs are a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Kharp.[61]
  23. ^ Yevkurovs are part of the Oartskhoy,[71] a Fyappin clan (teip).[70] Native to the mountainous aul of Olgeti.[71]
  24. ^ Sautievs are part of the Torshkhoy,[72] a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous auls of Tyarsh, Beyni and Falkhan.[73]

References

  1. ^ Malsagov 1963, p. 144.
  2. ^ Kurkiev 2005, p. 413.
  3. ^ Barakhoeva, Kodzoev & Khayrov 2016, p. 62.
  4. ^ Genko 1930, p. 696.
  5. ^ Gorepekin 2006, p. 16.
  6. ^ Robakidze 1968, p. 37.
  7. ^ Desheriev 1963, p. 54.
  8. ^ Genko 1930, p. 705.
  9. ^ Robakidze 1968, p. 17.
  10. ^ Dalgat 1934, p. 4–5.
  11. ^ Vertepov 1892, p. 75.
  12. ^ Genko 1930, p. 707.
  13. ^ a b Genko 1930, pp. 707, 709.
  14. ^ Vinogradov 1966, p. 160.
  15. ^ Volkova 1974, p. 153.
  16. ^ Dalgat 2008, p. 150.
  17. ^ Karta Kavkazskogo kraya s pogranichnymi zemlyami 1834.
  18. ^ Robakidze 1968, p. 18; Volkova 1973, p. 137 (referring to Bagrationi 1904, p. 151)
  19. ^ Krupnov 1971, pp. 25, 28, 29.
  20. ^ Volkova 1977, p. 84.
  21. ^ Volkova 1974, p. 153–154.
  22. ^ Volkova & Lavrov 1968, p. 342.
  23. ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 222.
  24. ^ a b c Ibragimov 2002, p. 464.
  25. ^ a b c Chechenskaya Respublika i chechentsy: istoriya i sovremennost 2006, p. 188.
  26. ^ Doklad o granitsakh i territorii Ingushetii 2021, p. 70.
  27. ^ Kodzoev 2020, p. 14.
  28. ^ Doklad o granitsakh i territorii Ingushetii 2021, p. 82.
  29. ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 236.
  30. ^ a b Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 260.
  31. ^ Martirosian 1928, p. 48.
  32. ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 277.
  33. ^ Kodzoev 2002.
  34. ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, pp. 485–489.
  35. ^ a b Sbornik statisticheskiy svedeny o Kavkaze 1869, p. 44.
  36. ^ Dubrovin 1871, pp. 381, 412.
  37. ^ Terksaya oblast. Spisok naselennykh mest po svedeniyam 1874 goda 1878, pp. 21–23 (PDF).
  38. ^ a b Spisok naselennykh mest Terskoy oblasti 1885, pp. 16–17.
  39. ^ a b Sunzhenskiy otdel 1890, pp. 40, 42, 44.
  40. ^ a b Spisok naselennykh mest Terskoy oblasti 1915, pp. 336–339.
  41. ^ Kashkaev 1960, p. 126.
  42. ^ Istoriya Dagestana 1968, p. 76.
  43. ^ Almazov 2015.
  44. ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, pp. 8, 416, 421.
  45. ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 543.
  46. ^ Vtoroy syezd ingushkogo naroda 1990, p. 216.
  47. ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991.
  48. ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, pp. 486–487 (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111).
  49. ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, pp. 596–604 (ЦГА РСО-А. Ф. 262. Оп. 1. Д. 77. Л. 76 об—92 об.).
  50. ^ Onomastikon Ingushetii 2021, pp. 16–33.
  51. ^ Malsagov 1963, pp. 142–150.
  52. ^ Akhmadov 2002, p. 225.
  53. ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, p. 466.
  54. ^ Berzhe 1857, p. 270.
  55. ^ Berzhe 1992, p. 6.
  56. ^ a b Nataev 2015, p. 171.
  57. ^ Zyazikov 2004, p. 93.
  58. ^ Doklad o granitsakh i territorii Ingushetii 2021, p. 70.
  59. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 36.
  60. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 12.
  61. ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 39.
  62. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 22.
  63. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 25.
  64. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 43.
  65. ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 26.
  66. ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 30.
  67. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 24.
  68. ^ a b c d Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 38.
  69. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 37.
  70. ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 11.
  71. ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 31.
  72. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 45.
  73. ^ Genko 1930, p. 697.

Bibliography

English sources

  • Bennigsen, Alexandre; Wimbush, S. Enders (1985). Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide. London: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 1–210. ISBN 1-85065-009-8.

German sources

Russian sources

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