Hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase | |||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||
EC no. | 1.14.11.29 | ||||||||
Databases | |||||||||
IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
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Hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase (EC 1.14.11.29, HIF hydroxylase) is an enzyme with systematic name hypoxia-inducible factor-L-proline, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating).[1][2][3][4][5][6] This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase contains iron, and requires ascorbate.
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor[7] that allows the cell to respond physiologically to low concentrations of oxygen.[8] A class of prolyl hydroxylases which act specifically on HIF has been identified;[9] hydroxylation of HIF allows the protein to be targeted for degradation.[9] HIF prolyl-hydroxylase has been targeted by a variety of inhibitors that aim to treat stroke,[10] kidney disease,[11] ischemia,[12] anemia,[13] and other important diseases. Clinically observed prolyl hydroxylase domain mutations, as in the case of erythrocytosis- and breast cancer-associated PHD2 mutations, affect its selectivity for its HIF substrate, which has important implication for drug design.[14]
In humans, there are three isoforms of hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase. These are PHD1, PHD2 and PHD3. PHD2, in particular, was identified as the most important human oxygen sensors due to its slow reaction with oxygen.[15]