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((Short description|Comics originating in Italy))
((more citations needed|date=November 2016))
((Infobox comics nationality <!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics-->
|bodyclass  = hlist
|image      =Yambo Novellino 1907.jpg
|imagesize  = <!-- default 250 -->
|caption    =
|alt        = 
|date       = 1908
|pub1       = [[Edizioni Alpe]]
|pub2 = [[Sergio Bonelli Editore]]
|pub3 = [[Panini Comics]]
|pub4 = [[Star Comics (Italy)|Star Comics]]
|pub5 = [[Edifumetto]]
|title1     = [[Il Corriere dei Piccoli]]
|title2 = [[Topolino]]
|title3 = [[Corto Maltese]]
|title4 = [[Valentina (Italian comics)|Valentina]]
|title5 = [[Diabolik]]
|person1    =[[Antonio Rubino]]
|person2 = [[Hugo Pratt]]
|person3 = [[Guido Crepax]]
|person4 = [[Roberto Raviola|Magnus]]
|person5 = [[Sergio Bonelli]]
|person6 = [[Milo Manara]]
|series1    = [[Bilbolbul]]
|series2 = [[Tex Willer]]
|series3 = [[Dylan Dog]]
|series4 = [[RanXerox]]
|series5 =[[Martin Mystère]]
|character# = <!-- upto 5 -->
|lang1      = [[Italian language|Italian]]
|related articles =
* [[European comics]]
))((Comics navbar))((Culture of Italy))((Italian language))
'''Italian comics''', also known as ''fumetto'' ((IPA-it|fuˈmetto|)), [[plural]] form ''fumetti'' ((IPA-it|fuˈmetti|)), are comics that originate in Italy. The most popular Italian [[comics]] have been translated into many languages. The term ''fumetto'' (literally ''little puff of smoke'') refers to the distinctive [[word balloon]]s that contain the dialogue in comics (also called ''nuvoletta'', "little cloud", in [[Italian language|Italian]]).

In [[English language|English]], the term ''fumetti'' can refer to [[photo comics]], regardless of origin or language.

== History ==

Italian ''fumetto'' has its roots in periodicals aimed at younger readers and in the satirical publications of the 19th century.  These magazines published cartoons and illustrations for educational and propagandist purposes. The first illustrated satirical publication appeared in 1848, in ''[[Arlecchino|L'Arlecchino]]'', a daily paper published in Naples.  Other noteworthy examples of satirical papers of the period include ''Lo Spirito Folletto'' published in Milan, Turin's ''[[Il Fischietto]]'' and ''Il Fanfulla'', established in Rome in 1872.((pb)) As far as publications for kids, some of the most significant titles of the period are ''Il Giornale per i Fanciulli'' (1834), ''Il Giovinetto Italiano'' (1849), and ''[[Giornale per i bambini]]'' (1881).((pb))In 1899 ''Il Novellino'' debuted. The paper was the first to publish Outcault's ''[[Yellow Kid]]'' in Italy in 1904, but the first Italian comic did not appear until four years later.

=== Birth ===
On December 27, 1908, the first mainstream publication primarily for comics, ''[[Il Corriere dei Piccoli]]'',<ref name=gmpp>((cite book|author1=Gaetana Marrone|author2=Paolo Puppa|title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA464|access-date=25 October 2014|date=26 December 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45530-9|page=464))</ref> appeared on Italian newstands. The first issue introduced readers to the adventures of [[Bilbolbul]] by [[Attilio Mussino]], featuring a little black kid who is considered the first Italian comic character.<ref name=dhs>((cite book|last= Luigi F. Bona|title=Fumetto - characters e disegnatori|publisher=Electa, 2005))</ref><ref>((cite book|last=Claudio Gallo, Giuseppe Bonomi|title=Tutto cominciò con Bilbolbul: per una storia del fumetto italiano|publisher=Perosini, 2006))</ref>

Despite being officially considered the birthplace of ''fumetto'', the ''Corrierino'', as it was nicknamed, did not use [[word balloon|balloons]] in the stories that it publishes, opting instead for captions in verse. Regardless, the sequential narration and the recurring characters made the publication the first Italian comic magazine.

The most prolific comics illustrator before [[World War I]] was [[Antonio Rubino]]. Both Mussino and Rubino based their strips on parodies of school learning: Bilbolbul is a parody of [[idiom]]s, while "Quadratino" (literally "Little Square") is a parody of [[geometry]].

''Il Corrierino'' introduced American comics to an Italian audience: "[[Happy Hooligan]]" was renamed "Fortunello", "[[The Katzenjammer Kids]]" became "Bibì e Bibò", [[Bringing Up Father]] was "Arcibaldo e Petronilla", "[[Felix the Cat]]" became "Mio Mao".

Following ''Il Corrierino'''s spectacular success (reaching 700 000 copies), several other periodicals appeared during the following years: ''Il Giornaletto'' (1910), ''Donnina'' (1914), ''L'Intrepido'' (1920), and ''Piccolo mondo'' (1924).

=== Fumetto during Fascism ===
The fascist regime was quick to recognize the potential for propaganda through the new medium. During the 1920s several periodicals published educational comics for Italian youth, including ''Il Giornale dei Balilla'' (1923) and ''La piccola italiana'' (1927).

The three most popular characters of the period, reprinted for decades on ''Corrierino'', were:
*"Il [[Signor Bonaventura]]" by [[Sergio Tofano]] (1917), was the Italian response to "[[Happy Hooligan]]", with a big difference: if the latter is always unlucky, at the end of every story Bonaventura wins a million liras.
*"[[Sor Pampurio]]" (an Italian equivalent of "[[Bringing Up Father]]") by [[Carlo Bisi]] (1925), was a parody of [[parvenus]]: not really Fascist, it expresses bourgeois classism.<ref name=fvf>Paolo Gallarinari (cured by), ''Un maestro dell'ironia borghese. Carlo Bisi fumettista e illustratore nella cultura del suo tempo'', ANAFI, 2011.</ref>
*"[[Marmittone]]" by [[Bruno Angoletta]] (1929), was a mildly antimilitaristic strip, the maximum anti-authoritarianism allowed by Fascism.<ref>[[Maurice Horn]], ''The World encyclopedia of comics'', Volume 4, Chelsea House Publishers, 1983, pp.478-479.</ref>

Beginning January 1, 1939, the publication of foreign comics was forbidden, and Italian material was required to follow a strict standard, exalting heroism, patriotism, and the superiority of the Italian race. To work around these restrictions, some publishers simply renamed American heroes with Italian names.  The only exception to the censorship was ''[[Topolino]]'', the Italian name for ''[[Mickey Mouse]]'', published by [[Nerbini]] starting on December 31, 1931. Apparently, the reason behind this special treatment for [[Walt Disney]]'s character was [[Benito Mussolini]]'s children's passion for the little mouse.  In 1935 Nerbini sold ''[[Topolino]]'' to [[Mondadori]], which published it with great success until 1988.

In 1932 Milan publisher Lotario Vecchi started ''[[Jumbo (magazine)|Jumbo]]'', a weekly magazine that many consider the first true Italian comics publication. The magazine reached a circulation of 350,000 copies, sanctioning comics as a mainstream medium with broad appeal.

In 1937 ''[[Il Vittorioso]]'' appeared, a [[Catholic]] magazine entirely composed of Italian comics.  It was an attempt to compete with similar secular publications<ref name=Corno>((cite book|author1=Maurice Horn|author2=Luciano Secchi|title=Enciclopedia Mondiale del Fumetto|publisher=Editoriale Corno|year=1978))</ref> like ''[[L'Avventuroso]]'' (1934), ''[[Il Monello]]'' (1933), and ''[[L'Audace]]'' (1937).

=== After World War II: Bonelli and the rise of the comic book ===
The end of World War II marked a flurry of activity in the Italian comic press: many titles that were forced to suspend publication during the war came back to saturate the newsstands, joined by new publications often backed by improvised publishers looking for a quick buck. Finally this oversupply of comic material resulted in a crisis of the traditional comic magazine. Among the numerous publications of the period were ''L'Avventura'' (1944), a Roman magazine that presented American adventure strips like ''[[Mandrake the Magician|Mandrake]]'', ''[[The Phantom|L'Uomo Mascherato (The Phantom)]]'', and ''[[Flash Gordon]]''. Another Roman publication appeared in 1945: ''Robinson'', a first attempt to target a more adult audience. It introduced several American characters like ''[[Prince Valiant]], [[Tarzan]], [[Secret Agent X-9]], [[Rip Kirby]], [[Li'l Abner]]'' and ''[[Dick Tracy]]''. ''Robinson'' lasted until 1947, publishing 90 issues.

In 1945, one of the most original magazines of the period was born: ''[[L'asso di Picche]]'' published in [[Venice]] as a result of the work of a group of young Venetian artists, including [[Alberto Ongaro]], [[Damiano Damiani]], [[Dino Battaglia]], [[Rinaldo D'Ami]], and above all [[Fernando Carcupino]] and [[Hugo Pratt]]. Their distinctive approach to the art form earned them the name of "Venetian School" of comics. Among the characters created for the magazine were Pratt's ''[[L'Asso di Picche]]'', Battaglia's ''[[Junglemen]], Draky'' and ''Robin Hood''.

Inspired by the success of the Catholic ''[[Il Vittorioso]]'', the Italian Communist party decided to use the comic medium for their own purposes: in 1949 ''[[Il Pioniere]]'' was born. Aimed at a very young audience, the new publication presented fantasy material as well as adventures, with an eye to the social issues of the period.

On ''Il Vittorioso'' began the career of the most famous satirical comic writer of post-war Italy, [[Benito Jacovitti]].<ref name="Leonardo Becciu">((cite book|author=Leonardo Becciu|title=Il Fumetto in Italia|publisher=[[Sansoni (publisher)|G.C. Sansoni]] |year=1971))</ref> However, his most popular character, [[Cocco Bill]] (1957), a parody of [[Western comics]], was published in the newspaper ''[[Il Giorno (newspaper)|Il Giorno]]'' and then in the other Catholic comic magazine ''[[Il Giornalino]]''.

In 1954 ''Il Disco Volante'' began publication. It is the Italian version of British weekly ''[[Eagle (comics)|Eagle]]'', and introduced ''[[Dan Dare]]'' to the Italian public. In 1955 ''[[Tintin (Italian magazine)|Tintin]]'' appeared, adapted from the French ''[[Tintin (magazine)|Tintin]]'' magazine, which first presented [[Franco-Belgian comics]] to the Italian public.

But the most significant phenomenon of the period was the appearance of comics books. Printed in a variety of formats, from strip size to [[book]]lets to giant size, they presented collected stories from the periodicals as well as new adventures of Italian characters. It is on the comic books pages that heroes ''made in Italy'' gained popularity, eventually overshadowing their American counterparts.

Among the host of Italian series that were created during these years, ''[[Tex Willer]]'' is without doubt the most renowned. Born on September 30, 1948, from the imagination of [[Gian Luigi Bonelli]] and from the pencil of [[Aurelio Galleppini]], ''Tex Willer'' became the model for a line of publications that became known as ''Bonelliano'', from the name of the publisher. These comic books presented complete stories in 100+ black and white pages in a [[Paperback|pocket book]] format. The subject matter was always adventure, whether western, horror, mystery or science fiction. The ''bonelliani'' are to date the most popular form of comics in the country.

Some of the series that followed ''Tex Willer'' were ''[[Zagor (comics)|Zagor]]'' (1961), a [[Tomahawk (axe)|tomahawk]]-wielding hero who protects the imaginary Darkwood forest in eastern US, ''[[Comandante Mark]]'' (1966), featuring a soldier in the American independence war, and more recently ''[[Mister No]]'' (1975), about an American pilot who operates a small tourist flying agency in the Amazonian jungle, and ''[[Martin Mystère]]'' (1982), featuring an anthropologist/archaeologist/art historian who investigates paranormal phenomena and archaeological mysteries.

Another popular series, ''[[Diabolik]]'' featuring a criminal mastermind, has been published since the 1960s, and influenced later series such as ''[[Kriminal]]'' and ''[[Satanik]]'' (see ''[[Fumetti neri]]''). The latter was created in the 1960s by one of the most famous duos of comics history, [[Roberto Raviola|Magnus]] & [[Max Bunker|Bunker]], whose most outstanding creation, however, is the humorous espionage series ''[[Alan Ford (comics)|Alan Ford]]'' (1969).

Another famous author of humouristic strips is [[Franco Bonvicini]], whose ''[[Sturmtruppen]]'' met wide success abroad.

In the 1970s and early 80s, many young intellectual artists centred around the famous student city of [[Bologna]] began to be influenced by the underground comic scene of the United States, typified by the work of [[Robert Crumb]]. Artists such as [[Andrea Pazienza]], [[Filippo Scòzzari]], [[Stefano Tamburini]], [[Tanino Liberatore]], and [[Massimo Mattioli]] published stories with dark and surreal themes, ranging from political activism, to struggles with drug addiction and the ''disagio'' and disillusionment of youth culture in Italy. Many of the comics were extremely violent and sexual and attempted to stretch the comic genre to its vary limits in both style and "good taste." Satirical magazines such as [[Frigidaire (magazine)|Frigidaire]] and [[Il Male]] often printed these stories in episodic formats or as vignettes in their monthly publications.

Though read by a more restricted audience, in the past years comics series with the greatest critical success are ''[[Corto Maltese]]'', by Hugo Pratt, and ''[[Valentina (Italian comics)|Valentina]]'' by [[Guido Crepax]]. While the former is a kind of ''summa'' of the evolution into an adult form of the classic adventure comics, the latter gave birth to that special kind of erotic comics quite typical of the Italian scene, and whose main pupils have been in more recent years [[Milo Manara]] and [[Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri]].

===Disney Italia===
Italy also produces many [[Disney comics]], i.e., stories featuring Disney characters (from [[Mickey Mouse universe|Mickey Mouse]] and [[Scrooge McDuck universe|Donald Duck universes]]). After the 1960s, American artists of Disney comics, such as [[Carl Barks]] and [[Floyd Gottfredson]] did not produce as many stories as in the past. At present American production of new stories has dwindled ([[Don Rosa]] publishes in Europe), and this niche has been filled by companies in South America, Denmark and Italy. The Italian 'Scuola disneyana' has produced several innovations: building the Italian standard length for stories (30 pages), a [[digest size|pocket book]] format with 3 strips a page, reinterpreting famous works of literature in 'Parodie', long stories up to 400 pages.

Among the most important artists and authors are [[Marco Rota]], [[Romano Scarpa]], [[Giorgio Cavazzano]], [[Massimo De Vita]], [[Giovan Battista Carpi]] and [[Guido Martina]]. The best known Disney character created in Italy is ''[[Paperinik]]'' (known as Duck Avenger or Phantom Duck to English audiences).

Italy prints around 8000 pages of new Disney stories per year, exported worldwide (it makes up 50% of the total production). The main publication, [[digest size]] ''[[Topolino]]'', prints only new stories every week, but there exist 32 different series of reprints going on, for 30 million of copies sold each year.
Since the late 1990s, [[Disney Italia]] produced innovative series like ''[[PKNA|PK]]'' (Paperinik stories with an American superheroes flavour), ''[[W.I.T.C.H.]]'' or ''[[Monster Allergy]]''.

==Notable authors and artists==
((div col|colwidth=))
* [[Alessandro Biffignandi]]
* [[Antonio Rubino]]
* [[Antonio Serra]]
* [[Alfredo Castelli]]
* [[Aurelio Galleppini]]
* [[Attilio Micheluzzi]]
* [[Ade Capone]]
* [[Angela Giussani]]
* [[Andrea Pazienza]]
* [[Andrea Lavezzolo]]
* [[Bruno Angoletta]]
* [[Bruno Bozzetto]]
* [[Bepi Vigna]]
* [[Benito Jacovitti]]
* [[Claudio Castellini]]
* [[Dino Battaglia]]
* [[Dario Guzzon]]
* [[Emanuele Taglietti]]
* [[Ferdinando Tacconi]]
* [[Franco Bonvicini]]
* [[Fernando Carcupino]]
* [[Franco Saudelli]]
* [[Giancarlo Alessandrini]]
* [[Gianni De Luca]]
* [[Giovanni Gualdoni]]
* [[Giovanni Sinchetto]]
* [[Giancarlo Berardi]]
* [[Guido Buzzelli]]
* [[Gian Luigi Bonelli]]
* [[Giorgio Cavazzano]]
* [[Guido Crepax]]
* [[Gianluca Costantini]]
* [[Hugo Pratt]]
* [[Ivo Milazzo]]
* [[Luciano Bernasconi]]
* [[Luciano Bottaro]]
* [[Lorenzo Mattotti]]
* [[Luciana Giussani]]
* [[Leonardo Ortolani]]
* [[Luca Enoch]]
* [[Max Bunker]], pseudonym of Luciano Secchi
* [[Milo Manara]]
* [[Michelle Medda]]
* [[Maurizio Colombo]]
* [[Massimo Rotundo]]
* [[Mauro Boselli]]
* [[Pietro Sartoris]]
* [[Pino Daeni]], pseudonym of Pino Dangelico
* [[Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri]]
* [[Renzo Calegari]]
* [[Roberto Renzi]]
* [[Roberto Raviola|Magnus]], pseudonym of Roberto Raviola
* [[Romano Scarpa]]
* [[Stefano Tamburini]]
* [[Sergio Tofano]]
* [[Sergio Toppi]]
* [[Silvia Ziche]]
* [[Sergio Bonelli]]
* [[Tanino Liberatore]]
* [[Tiziano Sclavi]]
* [[Vittorio Giardino]]
* [[Walter Molino]]
((div col end))

==Notable comics ==
=== Adventure comics ===
* ''[[Corto Maltese]]'',  ''[[Sergeant Kirk]]'', ''[[Fort Wheeling]]'', ''[[Jesuit Joe]]'', ''[[Morgan (graphic novel)|Morgan]]'', all by [[Hugo Pratt]]
* ''[[Diabolik]]'' by [[Angela Giussani|Angela]] and [[Luciana Giussani]]
* ''[[Il Grande Blek]]'' by [[EsseGesse]]
* ''[[Kriminal (comics)|Kriminal]]'' and ''[[Satanik]]'' by [[Max Bunker]] and [[Roberto Raviola|Magnus]]
* ''[[Lo Sconosciuto]]'' (''The Unknown'') by Magnus
* ''[[Lazarus Ledd]]'' by [[Ade Capone]]
* ''[[RanXerox]]'' by [[Tanino Liberatore]] and [[Stefano Tamburini]]

'''Sergio Bonelli Editore adventure comics'''
* ''[[Tex Willer]]'' by [[Gian Luigi Bonelli]] (since 1948)
* ''[[Zagor (comics)|Zagor]]'' by [[Sergio Bonelli]] (since 1965)
* ''[[Martin Mystère]]'' by [[Alfredo Castelli]] (since 1982)
* ''[[Dylan Dog]]'' by [[Tiziano Sclavi]] (since 1986)
* ''[[Nathan Never]]'' by [[Michele Medda]], [[Antonio Serra (comics)|Antonio Serra]] and [[Bepi Vigna]] (since 1991)
* ''[[Mister No]]'' by [[Sergio Bonelli]] (from 1975 to 2006)
* ''[[Ken Parker (character)|Ken Parker]]'' by [[Giancarlo Berardi]] and [[Ivo Milazzo]] (from 1977 to 1998)

=== Humour comics ===
* ''[[Bilbolbul]]'' by [[Attilio Mussino]]
* ''Il [[Signor Bonaventura]]'' by [[Sergio Tofano|Sto]]
* ''[[Marmittone]]'' by [[Bruno Angoletta]]
* ''[[Alan Ford (comics)|Alan Ford]]'' and ''[[Maxmagnus]]'' by Max Bunker and Magnus
* ''[[Cattivik]]'' by [[Franco Bonvicini|Bonvi]] (later [[Guido Silvestri|Silver]])
* ''[[Lupo Alberto]]'' by [[Guido Silvestri|Silver]]
* ''[[Sturmtruppen]]'' by [[Franco Bonvicini|Bonvi]]
* ''[[Cocco Bill]]'' by [[Benito Jacovitti]]
* ''[[Rat-Man (comics)|Rat-Man]]'' by [[Leo Ortolani]]
* ''[[Topolino]]''

=== Erotic comics ===
* ''[[Click (comics)|Click]]'' (''Il Gioco'') and ''[[Giuseppe Bergman]]'' by [[Milo Manara]]
* ''[[Valentina (Italian comics)|Valentina]]'' by [[Guido Crepax]]
* ''[[Druuna]]'' by [[Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri]]
* ''[[Calavera (comics)|Calavera]]'' by [[Enrico Teodorani]] and [[Joe Vigil]]
* ''[[Djustine]]'' by [[Enrico Teodorani]]

=== Fantasy comics ===
* ''[[W.I.T.C.H.]]'' 
* ''[[Monster Allergy]]''
* ''[[Gormiti]]''
* ''[[Angel's Friends]]'' 
* ''[[Winx Club]]''

== See also ==
((Portal|Italy|Comics))
* [[Donald Duck pocket books]]
* For a non-exhaustive list of Italian authors, see [[List of comic creators]]
* For a non-exhaustive list of Italian comic books, see [[List of comic books]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
((commons category|Comics of Italy))
* [http://www.afnews.info/ afNews]: daily news and all kind of information about fumetti and comic art. Press agency by [[Gianfranco Goria]]
* [http://www.ubcfumetti.com/international/welc_en.htm uBC Fumetti]: fumetti from publisher Bonelli, with translations in English and other languages
* [http://www.lfb.it/fff/index.htm Museo del Fumetto] Fondazione Franco Fossati ((in lang|it))
* [http://www.slumberland.it/index.php Slumberland] - Encyclopedia of Italian comics ((in lang|it))
* [http://texbr.com/ Website TexBR] Italian comics of Sergio Bonelli Editore ((in lang|pt))

((Comics))

[[Category:Italian comics| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Italy]]
[[Category:Mass media in Italy by medium|Comics]]

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Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:In lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/c (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/i (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Transcluder (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_comics"