^a: Green was the official color of Lega Nord. In the run-up of the 2018 general election, the party changed its main color from green to blue, which became the de facto official color of the party. Despite this, green is still widely used to represent Lega in charts, opinion polls and maps.
Lega (English: League), whose official name is Lega per Salvini Premier (English: League for Salvini Premier; abbr. LSP), is a right-wing populistpolitical party in Italy, led by Matteo Salvini. The LSP is the informal successor of Lega Nord (English: Northern League, LN).
The LSP was established in December 2017 as the sister party of the LN, active in northern Italy, and as the replacement of Us with Salvini (NcS), LN's previous affiliate in central and southern Italy. The new party aimed at offering LN's values and policies to the rest of the country. Some political commentators described the LSP as a parallel party of the LN, with the aim of politically replacing it, also because of its statutory debt of €49 million.[17][18][19] Indeed, since January 2020, the LN has become mostly inactive and has been practically supplanted by the LSP, which is active all around Italy. The LSP came third in the 2018 general election and first in the 2019 European Parliament election. Like the LN, the LSP is a confederation of regional parties, of which the largest and long-running are Liga Veneta and Lega Lombarda. Despite misgivings within the party's Padanian nationalist faction, the political base of the LSP is in northern Italy, where the party gets most of its support and where it has maintained the traditional autonomist outlook of the LN,[20] especially in Veneto[21] and Lombardy.[22]
In the 2017 leadership election, Salvini was confirmed LN's leader, defeating Gianni Fava, from the party's traditionalist wing.[27] The May 2017 federal congress marked the "national" turnaround. In October 2017, Salvini announced that in the 2018 general election the party would be re-branded simply as "Lega" and would field lists also in central-southern Italy. On 14 December 2017, the "Lega per Salvini Premier" party was established by long-time LN member Roberto Calderoli and its constitution was published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale.[28] LSP's official goals were the transformation of Italy "into a modern federal state through democratic and electoral methods" and the support of "the freedom and sovereignty of peoples at the European level". LSP's symbol was inspired from Donald Trump's campaign for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries in the United States: a blue rectangle with the words "Lega per Salvini Premier" in white, surrounded by a thin white frame. A week later Salvini presented the new electoral logo: the word "Nord" and the Sun of the Alps were removed, the word "Lega" and the representation of Alberto da Giussano remained, while the slogan "Salvini Premier" was added.[29]
In the 2018 general election, the League gained its best-so-far result of 17.4% of the vote, becoming the largest party within the centre-right coalition and establishing itself as the country's third largest political force. After the election, the party formed an alliance with the populist Five Star Movement (M5S), which had come first in the election with 32.7% of the vote. The so-called "yellow-green government" was led by Giuseppe Conte, an independent jurist close to the M5S, and included Salvini as minister of the Interior. Since the government's formation, thanks to Salvini's approval as minister, the party was regularly the country's largest party in opinion polls, at around or over 30%. In the 2019 European Parliament election, the League won 34.3% of the vote, winning for the first time a plurality of the electorate, while the M5S stopped at 17.1%. In August 2019 Salvini announced his intention to leave the coalition with the M5S, and called for a snap general election.[30] However, after successful talks between the M5S and the Democratic Party (PD), the incumbent government was eventually replaced by a new government led by Conte. The League thus returned into the opposition, together with its electoral allies of the centre-right coalition.
During 2019, along with the LN's membership recruitment in the Centre-North, the party launched a parallel drive in the Centre-South for the LSP,[31] practically supplanting NcS. Finally, during a federal congress on 21 December 2019, the party's constitution undwerwent some major changes, including reduced powers for the federal president, the extension of the federal secretary's and federal council's terms from three to five years, the introduction of "dual membership" and the faculty given to the federal council to grant the use of the party's symbol to other political parties.[32] With the end of its membership drive in August 2020, the LSP became active throughout Italy. The LN, unable to be dissolved because of its burden of €49 million debt to the Italian state, was instead formally kept alive, while its membership cards were donated to former activists.[33][34]
Salvini's popularity was supposed to create better chances for the League to continue its winning streak in regional elections (the latest being the 2019 regional election in Umbria, where Donatella Tesei was elected president with 57.6% of the vote and the League obtained 37.0%), particularly in Emilia-Romagna, a large region long-governed by the centre-left coalition. However, in the 2020 Emilia-Romagna regional election the party's candidate, Lucia Borgonzoni, stopped at 43.6% of the vote and was defeated by incumbent president Stefano Bonaccini (PD). The League's list obtained 32.0% and came second after the PD.[35] The LSP, which had already peaked in opinion polls after quitting the yellow-green government, continued a slow decline in opinion polls and would be eventually eclipsed both by the PD and the FdI during 2021.
In the 2020 Venetian regional election, Luca Zaia, whose popularity was the result of a long-term focus on his home-region Veneto,[36] was re-elected for a third consecutive term with 76.8% of the vote; Liga Veneta fielded two lists, including the League's official one and Zaia's personal list,[37] which obtained 16.9% and 44.6%, respectively. In the Tuscan regional election, League's candidate Susanna Ceccardi was defeated in her bid to become president of Tuscany. The fact that the League had grown electorally only in Veneto and had lost appeal in other regions started to weaken Salvini's leadership, which was more or less silently contested by the "centrist" wing of the party formed by Giancarlo Giorgetti, Zaia and all of the party's regional presidents, from Lombardy's Attilio Fontana to Friuli-Venezia Giulia's Massimiliano Fedriga,[38][39] who would become president of the Conference of Regions and Autonomous Provinces in 2021.[40][41]
In June 2021, Salvini proposed a federation with FI and other centre-right parties supporting Draghi (thus excluding FdI),[53] which has so far went nowhere, as well as a campaign for six referendums on justice along with the liberal Radical Party.[54] In February 2022 five of the six referendums were approved by Italy's Constitutional Court, opening the way for a popular vote by June.[55]
In the run-up of the 2022 Italian local elections, the party launched a new organisation named Italy First (Italian: Prima l'Italia) in southern Italy.[56][57] The League will run under the "Italy First" banner in most southern cities[58][59][60] and in the 2022 Sicilian regional election.[61][62] According to Calderoli, who registered the new symbol on Salvini's behalf,[63] Italy First could eventually become a new political party,[64] possibly including also FI and other centrist parties.[65] However, as the notion of replacing the League's symbol also in northern Italy was criticised by several party members, especially in Veneto,[66][67] Calderoli ruled it out.[64]
2022 general election and Meloni government
In July 2022, the M5S did not participate in a Senate's confidence vote on a government bill. Prime Minister Draghi offered his resignation, which was rejected by President Mattarella.[68] After a few days, Draghi sought a confidence vote again to secure the government majority supporting his cabinet, while rejecting the proposal put forward by Lega and FI of a new government without the M5S.[69] In that occasion, the League, despite calls from its regional presidents to do otherwise,[70] as well as the M5S, FI and FdI, did not participate in the vote.[71] Consequently, Draghi tendered his final resignation to President Mattarella, who dissolved the houses of Parliament, leading to a snap election.[72][73]
In the 2022 general election, the League, which was part of the winning centre-right coalition, won 8.8% of the vote, compared to 26.0% gained by the Brothers of Italy (FdI) and 8.1% by FI. As a result, Giorgia Meloni, leader of FdI, accepted the task of forming a new government and announced the Meloni government, which assumed official functions after each ministers were sworn in on 22 October.[74][75] The League joined the new government with five ministers: Giorgetti minister of Economy and Finance, Salvini deputy prime minister and minister of Infrastructure and Transport, Giuseppe Valditara (a former aide to Gianfranco Miglio[76] and co-author of the party's liberal-conservative manifesto)[77] minister of Education, Calderoli minister for Regional Affairs and Autonomies, and Alessandra Locatelli minister for Disabilities.[78] Prior to that, Lorenzo Fontana, from the conservative wing of the League, had been elected President of the Chamber of Deputies.[79][80][81]
Internal debates and 2023 Lombard regional election
In the wake of the disappointing result in the 2022 general election and the run-up to the 2023 Lombard regional election, some leading members of the party's traditional wing, rooted in Padanian nationalism, formed Comitato Nord (English: Northern Committee, CN).[82] The Committee was inspired by Umberto Bossi and, under the leadership of Paolo Grimoldi, a former leader of Lega Lombarda, and Angelo Ciocca, a member of the European Parliament, it attracted more than one thousand members in a couple of months.[83] The inaugural event of the Committee, held in early December, was attended by some 600 people, including former ministers Roberto Castelli and Francesco Speroni.[84][85][86][87] Contextually, provincial congresses were held in some of the party's strongholds: critics of Salvini affiliated with the CN narrowly won in Bergamo and Brescia, while the pro-Salvini wing retained Varese for a handful of votes[88][89] and Roberto Marcato, a regional minister loyal to Zaia, was leading the challenge in Veneto.[90][91] Also, four regional councillors affiliated with the CN formed a separate group in the Regional Council of Lombardy and were subsequently ejected from the party.[92][93][94][95] In the meantime, another group of dissidents, led by Gianni Fava, who lost to Salvini in the 2017 Lega Nord leadership election and never joined the new party, formed the "Lombard Autonomist Movement" and supported Letizia Moratti for president, along with the separatists of Great North, in the regional election.[96][97][98][99]
In the election, held in February 2023, Attilio Fontana was re-elected president with 54.7% of the vote, 20pp more than his closest opponent (while Moratti was a distant third and would return to FI one year later),[100] as well as improving the 2018's tally. While FdI became the region's largest party with 25.2%, the combined score of the Lombard League and Fontana's personal list was 22.7%.[101] Also the CN, whose members might have voted Fontana's list in protest according to some sources, rejoiced, while being worried by FdI's largest party status.[102][103][104] Contextually, the centre-right coalition won also in the 2023 Lazio regional election, in which the League obtained 8.5% of the vote.
In June 2023 the LV held its congress: Marcato retired from the race when Franco Manzato emerged as an alternative opposition candidate.[105][106] At the congress, outgoing federal commissioner Alberto Stefani, a loyalist of Salvini, was thus elected secretary with 64.3% of the vote against Manzato's 35.7%,[107] possibly with Zaia's silent support.[108] The congress' result stabilised the regional party, but did not silence internal critics and several minor figures left the party, some of them joining FI, which had been led in Veneto by former LV leader Flavio Tosi since June 2022.[109] and had become that party's regional coordinator in March 2023,[110] In Lombardy, Castelli started his own People's Party of the North in November.[111]
2024 European Parliament election
In the run-up of the 2024 European Parliament election Salvini invited Marine Le Pen to the party's traditional rally in Pontida in September 2023[112] and organised a conference of the Identity and Democracy Party in Florence in December 2023.[113][114][115] The party also tried to forge a big-tent, by wooing popular mayors and regional presidents like Zaia,[116] maximizing the right-wing vote by fielding general Roberto Vannacci[117] and broadening toward the political centre by welcoming longtime centrist MEP Aldo Patriciello[118] and including the Union of the Centre.[119][120][121] In the end, neither Fedriga nor Zaia chose to stand,[122][123] while Vannacci accepted to be a candidate,[124] despite strong reservations by virtually all senior members of the party.[125] In the meantime, a group of former LN members, led by Tosi, formed the "Forza Nord" coalition within FI: these included Alessandro Sorte (leader of FI in Lombardy), Roberto Cota (former president of Piedmont), Marco Reguzzoni (former floor leader of the LN in the Chamber of Deputies), Massimiliano Bastoni (former member of LN's right-wing, as well as lately of the CN), Matteo Gazzini (outgoing MEP and leader of FI in South Tyrol) and Stefania Zambelli (outgoing MEP).[126]
Ideology, platform, factions, alliances
Internationally, the League is usually described as a right-wing or far-right party; however, as pointed out by Miles Johnson of the Financial Times, most Italian media consider the party as centre-right.[127] Moreover, according to Antonio Polito, columnist for the Corriere della Sera and a former centre-left politician, the League is "at least half centrist, surely it is entirely centrist in Veneto and Lombardy, both as electorate and political culture of its governors".[128] Differently from Matteo Salvini, most leading members, such as ministers like Giancarlo Giorgetti and regional presidents like Luca Zaia and Massimiliano Fedriga, are frequently described as "centrist",[129] "moderate"[130] and pro-Europeanist,[131] appealing to "centrist" voters and parties.[132] The "far-right" label is rejected altogether by the party and, according to Salvini, "Italians are not a population of extremists, much less racists. We govern much of the country, and they would not vote for us if we were extremists. There is a lot of laziness on the part of the foreign press, because on the economic front we are absolutely liberal".[127] Of Salvini's three deputy secretaries, Giorgetti represents the liberal-centrist wing, Lorenzo Fontana the Catholic, traditionalist and social-conservative one,[133][134] and Andrea Crippa the populist to right-wing populist one.[135] However, fault lines are more complicate: Giorgetti is also a devout Catholic,[136] Fontana has voiced concerns over the party's European alliances,[137][138] while Crippa is outspokenly in favour of abortion and euthanasia.[139]
The party's 2022 political manifesto, penned by Alessandro Amadori and Giuseppe Valditara in 2022, was described by the Corriere della Sera as liberal-conservative. More specifically, its authors designed a "country that should be liberal in its economy and society, wisely conservative on values, profoundly republican in its collective culture".[77]
The League supports the implementation of article 116 of the Constitution, the so-called "differentiated" or "asymmetrical" regionalism,[158] i.e. the attribution of "particular forms and conditions of autonomy" also to ordinary-statute regions (with the consequent possibility for some regions to have further powers than others, but still less than the five special-statute regions).[159]
In home affairs, the League strongly opposes illegal immigration, especially migratory flows from the sea. It is highly critical of non-governmental organisations transporting migrants to European cross-border countries, as they believe them to be complicit in "human trafficking".[160] Within Italy's borders, the League is sceptical of asylum requests and related reception centers and hopes for the deportation of irregular immigrants. It has tried to regulate some of the immigration issues through the so-called "security decrees".[161]
Until 2018, the League expressed a strong opposition to the Euro currency and in the 2018 general election Eurosceptic professors Alberto Bagnai and Claudio Borghi were elected in Parliament for the party. Following President Sergio Mattarella's rejection of the appointment of Paolo Savona (who had expressed himself on a "plan B" for Italy's exit from the Eurozone)[168] as minister of the Economy in Giuseppe Conte's first government, the League reviewed its opposition to the single currency.[169]
On welfare, the League is one of the major critics of the increase in the retirement age envisaged by Elsa Fornero's 2011 pension reform and during Conte's first government got the approval of the so-called "Quota 100" (retirement with 62 years of age and 38 of contributions).[180] Furthermore, the party opposes the citizens' income and regrets having voted for it in 2018.[181]
On social issues, the League generally holds conservative positions, with exceptions. For instance, the party has been a long proponent of the decriminalization of sex work.[182] Additionally, a majority of the party's regional councillors in Veneto was supportive of a bill that would have regulated assisted suicide for terminally ill patients, under particular conditions.[183][184][185][186][187]
Since 2014, the political communication and propaganda of Salvini and the League have been entrusted to an external communication company, named Sistema Intranet, owned by Luca Morisi and Andrea Paganella. This company has used a software known as "the Beast" which, through a series of algorithms (based on monitoring the sentiments of the network), according to many commentators, has contributed to Salvini's success on social networks.[188] According to the various reconstructions it would be through this software that political messages, slogans, successful hashtags and scenes from Salvini's daily life would be selected. The communication strategy of the Beast was analysed in a study by the Department of Political Sciences of the University of Padua, according to which Salvini "opened the page in 2010 ... with a strategy that is still considered effective today ... able to be in tune with the prevailing moods of a substantial part of users on the network". Morisi's ability consists in "positioning himself on the right and majority side of public opinion" and being "able to analyse in real time the orientation of comments and reactions to a post and suggesting which topics to focus on in the next post".[189] Morisi also invented the nickname "the Captain", with which Salvini is called by his supporters.[190] In September 2021 Morisi resigned for "personal and family problems" and, right after, he was investigated following an accusation of cocaine transfer by two Romanian boys,[191] a case that was archived in November.[192] Also Paganella is no longer involved since he was elected senator in the 2022 general election.[193]
Regional and local government
The League participates in 15 out of 21 sub-national governments (Italy has 20 regions, one of which, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, is composed of two autonomous provinces with dinstict autonony and a seat each in the Conference of Regions and Autonomous Provinces: Trentino and South Tyrol). The following is a list of the most relevant local institutions led by party members.
^Pettrachin, Andrea; Paxton, Fred (2021). "How do populists make decisions? The Five Star Movement and the Lega in local government during the 'refugee crisis'". Contemporary Italian Politics. 14 (1): 24–48. doi:10.1080/23248823.2021.2005338. S2CID245297067.
^"Il governo Meloni giura oggi al Quirinale" [The Meloni government swears today at the Quirinale] (in Italian). RAI. 21 October 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022. Updated as of 22 October 2022.((cite news)): CS1 maint: postscript (link)
