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((Short description|Qing government agency in Inner Asia))
The '''Lifan Yuan''' (((zh|c=理藩院|p=Lǐfān Yuàn)); ((Manchu|((ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ<br />ᡤᠣᠯᠣ<br />ᠪᡝ<br />ᡩᠠᠰᠠᡵᠠ<br />ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ))|v=tulergi golo be dasara jurgan)); [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: Гадаад Монголын төрийг засах явдлын яам, ''γadaγadu mongγul un törü-yi jasaqu yabudal-un yamun'') was an agency in the government of the [[Qing dynasty]] of China which administered the empire's [[Qing dynasty in Inner Asia|Inner Asian]] territories such as [[Mongolia under Qing rule|Mongolia]] and oversaw the appointments of [[Amban]]s in [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]]. Until the 1860s, it was also responsible for the Qing's relations with the [[Russian Empire]].

==Name==
The name Lifan Yuan has various translations in [[English language|English]], including the ''Board for National Minority Affairs'',<ref>The biographies of the Dalai Lamas By Hanzhang Ya, P33</ref> ''Court of Territorial Affairs'',<ref>Opium and the limits of empire: drug prohibition in the Chinese interior ... By David Anthony Bello, P65</ref> ''Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions'',<ref>Political frontiers, ethnic boundaries, and human geographies in Chinese history By Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J. Wyatt, P367</ref> ''Office for Relations with Principalities'',<ref>Imperial China 900-1800 By Frederick W. Mote, P868</ref> ''Office of Barbarian Control'',<ref>Sino-Russian Relations: A Short History By R. K. I. Quested, P46</ref> ''Office of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs'',<ref>Traditional government in imperial China: a critical analysis By Mu Qian, Mu Ch'ien, George Oakley Totten, P135</ref> and ''Court of Colonial Affairs''.<ref name="Coleman 2014">((cite book|title=Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939|last=Coleman|first=William M. IV|work=Columbia University (Doctor thesis)|date=2014|page=193-194|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161446273.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507074134/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161446273.pdf|archive-date=2021-05-07))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=China - The Qing empire |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/China/The-Qing-empire |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=8 May 2020 |language=en))</ref> etc. The office was initially known as the Mongol Yamen (((zh|c=蒙古衙門|p=Měnggǔ Yámén));<ref name="Crossley2000">((cite book|author=Pamela Kyle Crossley|title=A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&dq=Tusiyetu+khan&pg=PA214|date=15 February 2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92884-8|pages=214–))</ref> ((Manchu|((ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ<br />ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ))|v=monggo jurgan)), lit. the Mongol department) when it was first created in 1636. In 1639 the department was renamed and expanded to "Lifan Yuan" in Chinese and "Tulergi golo be dasara jurgan" in Manchu. The Manchu name literally means the department for the administration of outlying regions.<ref>The Imperial Moment, by Kimberly Kagan, p97</ref> During the period of the [[late Qing reforms]] (or "New Policies"), the name was changed again to Lifan Ministry (((zh|c=理藩部|p=Lǐfān Bù))) in 1907 and existed until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912.

==Function==
((More citations needed|section|date=December 2021))
Prior to the establishment of the [[Zongli Yamen]], the Court also supervised the empire's relation with Russia under the treaties of [[Treaty of Nerchinsk|Nerchinsk]] and [[Treaty of Kyakhta|Kyakhta]].<ref>((cite journal |last1=Akifumi |first1=Shiyoya |title=The Treaty of Ghulja reconsidered: Imperial Russian diplomacy toward Qing China in 1851 |journal=Journal of Eurasian Studies |date=2019 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=147–158 |doi=10.1177/1879366519842882 |s2cid=164659711 |doi-access=free ))</ref> Lifan Yuan was exclusively staffed with members from the [[Eight Banners]]. Lifan Yuan was the closest administrative office that the Qing dynasty had that would have been comparable with a foreign policy department.

Guests of the Lifan Yuan were housed in the Bureau of Interpreters (((zh|c=會同館|p=Huìtóng Guǎn|w=Hui-t'ung Kuan))) in the southeast part of the [[Beijing_city_fortifications#Inner_city|Inner City]], later also known as the Russian hostel (((zh|c=俄羅斯館|p=Éluósī Guǎn|w=O-lo-ssu Kuan))) due to the predominance of Russian visitors there. It was also called the 'south pavilion' (南館 ''nan kuan'') to distinguish it from the 'north pavilion' (北館 ''pei kuan'') where the [[Albazinians]] lived. From the [[Treaty of Kyakhta]] this residence became permanent.

There was also a Russian Language Institute (((zh|c=俄羅斯文館|p=Éluósī Wénguǎn|w=O-lo-ssu Wen-kuan))), which was a school where Manchus learned to speak Russian. Founded in 1708, it was incorporated into the newly founded [[Tongwen Guan]] in 1862.

The Lifan Yuan was roughly a Qing version of the Xuanzheng Yuan (((zh|c=宣政院|p=Xuānzhèngyuàn))) or [[Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs]], instituted by the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty]] for administering affairs in Tibet.<ref>State and Ethnicity in China's Southwest, by Xiaolin Guo, p29</ref> It is to be distinguished from the [[Ministry of Rites]], which was the traditional Chinese institution for dealing with all outsiders during the [[Ming dynasty]]. The Qing used the Board of Rites to deal with its tributary states to the south and east like the [[Joseon|Joseon dynasty]] of Korea, the [[Nguyen dynasty]] of Vietnam, the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]], and the Westerners who came by sea like the Dutch and the English. The Lifan Yuan was established during the reign of [[Huang Taiji]] to deal with the empire's Mongol subjects. It later continued to be a separate institution for handling the affairs of the empire's Inner Asian territories and its foreign relations with the Russians.

==See also==
((Portal|China|History|Asia))

; [[Qing dynasty in Inner Asia]]
* [[Manchuria under Qing rule]]
* [[Mongolia under Qing rule]]
* [[Tibet under Qing rule]]
* [[Xinjiang under Qing rule]]

; Similar institutions
* [[Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs]] (Yuan dynasty)
* [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]] (Republic of China)
* [[State Ethnic Affairs Commission]] (People's Republic of China)

==References==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
* Mayers, William Frederick. ''The Chinese Government: A Manual of Chinese Titles, Categorically Arranged and Explained, with an Appendix.'' 3rd edition revised by G.M.H. Playfair ed. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1897; reprint, Taipei: Ch'eng-Wen Pub. Co., 1966.
* Brunnert, S., V. V. Hagelstrom, and N. F. Kolesov. ''Present Day Political Organization of China.'' Translated by Andrei Terent'evich Biel'chenko and Edward Eugene Moran. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh Limited, 1912.
* March, G. Patrick, ''Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific, 1996.

((Qing dynasty topics))
((Inner Asia))
((Tibet topics))

[[Category:Government of the Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:History of Manchuria]]
[[Category:Mongolia under Qing rule]]
[[Category:History of Tibet]]
[[Category:Inner Asia]]
[[Category:China–Russian Empire relations]]
[[Category:China–Mongolia relations]]
[[Category:Mongolia–Russia relations]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Economy of Tibet (edit)
Geography of Tibet (edit)
History of Tibet (edit)
Index of Tibet-related articles (edit)
Lifan Yuan (edit)
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