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((Short description|None))
((Multiple issues|
((More citations needed|date=March 2012))
((Original research|date=August 2023))
))

((Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title       = Pharaoh
| realm             = [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
| coatofarms        = Double crown.svg
| coatofarmssize    = 130px
| coatofarmscaption = The [[Pschent]] combined the [[Deshret|Red Crown]] of [[Lower Egypt]] and the [[Hedjet|White Crown]] of [[Upper Egypt]].
| image             = Pharaoh.svg
| caption           = A typical depiction of a pharaoh.
| first_monarch     = [[Narmer]] (a.k.a. [[Menes]])
| last_monarch      = ((plainlist|
* [[Nectanebo II]]<br /><small>(last native)</small><ref name="Clayton 217">[[#Cla95|Clayton 1995]], p. 217. "Although paying lip-service to the old ideas and religion, in varying degrees, pharaonic Egypt had in effect died with the last native pharaoh, Nectanebo II in 343 BC"</ref>
* [[Cleopatra]] and [[Caesarion]]<br /><small>(last actual)</small>
* [[Maximinus Daza]]<br /><small>(last to be referred to as Pharaoh)</small>))<ref name=":1">((Cite book|title=Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen|last=von Beckerath|first=Jürgen|publisher=Verlag Philipp von Zabern|year=1999|isbn=978-3-422-00832-8|pages=266–267))</ref>
| style             = [[Ancient Egyptian royal titulary|Five-name titulary]]
| residence         = [[List of historical capitals of Egypt|Varies by era]]
| appointer         = [[Sacred king|Divine right]]
| began             = ((circa|3100 BC))
| ended             = ((plainlist|
* 343 BC<br /><small>(last native pharaoh)</small><ref name="Clayton 217"/>
* 30 BC<br /><small>(last Greek pharaohs)</small>
* 313 AD<br /><small>(last Roman Emperor to be called Pharaoh)</small><ref
name=":1" />))
| pretender         =
))
The title "[[Pharaoh]]" is used for those rulers of [[Ancient Egypt]] who ruled after the unification of [[Upper Egypt|Upper]] and [[Lower Egypt]] by [[Narmer]] during the [[Early Dynastic Period of Egypt|Early Dynastic Period]], approximately 3100 BC. However, the specific title was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]]'s [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]], c. 1400 BC. Along with the title Pharaoh for later rulers, there was an [[Ancient Egyptian royal titulary]] used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a [[Horus name]], a [[Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)|Sedge and Bee]] (''nswt-bjtj'') name and a Two Ladies (''nbtj'') name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties.

Egypt was continually governed, at least in part, by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years, until it was conquered by the [[Kingdom of Kush]] in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the [[Achaemenid Empire]], whose rulers also adopted the title of "Pharaoh". The last native pharaoh of Egypt was [[Nectanebo II]], who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time.

Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the [[Wars of Alexander the Great|conquests]] of [[Alexander the Great]] in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic]] Pharaohs of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic Dynasty]]. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] in 30 BC. [[Augustus]] and subsequent [[Roman emperor]]s were [[Roman pharaoh|styled as Pharaoh]] when in Egypt until the reign of [[Maximinus Daza]] in 314 AD.

The dates given in this '''list of pharaohs''' are approximate. They are based primarily on the [[conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt]], mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt//|title=Digital Egypt for Universities|website=www.ucl.ac.uk|access-date=2019-02-12))</ref> database developed by the [[Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology]], but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.((TOC limit|limit=3))

== Ancient Egyptian king lists ==
Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records and, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as [[Manetho]]'s ''Aegyptiaca'', as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report.<ref>Toby A. H. Wilkinson: ''Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt''. Routledge, London 2012, ((ISBN|1-136-60247-X)), p. 50.</ref> An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective.

The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created):<ref>Toby A. H. Wilkinson: ''Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt''. Routledge, London 2012, ((ISBN|1-136-60247-X)), p. 61.</ref>
* [[Den seal impressions]] (1st Dynasty); found on a cylinder seal in [[Den (pharaoh)|Den]]'s tomb. It lists all 1st Dynasty kings from [[Narmer]] to Den by their [[Horus name]]s.<ref name=josep>((cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJ48YP14qZQC |pages=168–75 |editor1-first=Zahi |editor1-last=Hawass |editor1-link=Zahi Hawass |first=Josep |last=Cervello-Autuori |chapter=Narmer, Menes and the Seals from Abydos |year=2003 |title=Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, 2000 |volume=2 |location=Cairo |publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-424-714-9 ))</ref>
* [[Palermo Stone]] (5th Dynasty); carved on an [[basalt|olivine-basalt]] slab. Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete.
* [[Giza writing board]] (6th Dynasty); painted with red, green and black [[ink]] on [[gypsum]] and cedar wood. Very selective.
* [[South Saqqara Stone]] (6th Dynasty); carved on a black basalt slab. Very selective.
* [[Karnak King List]] (18th Dynasty); carved on [[limestone]]. Very selective.
* [[Abydos King List]] of Seti I (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting some of the Kings from [[First Intermediate Period]] and all the kings from [[Second Intermediate Period]] of Egypt.
* Abydos King List of Ramesses II (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective.
* [[Ramesseum king list]] (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Contains most of the New Kingdom pharaohs up to Ramesses II.
* [[Saqqara Tablet]] (19th Dynasty), carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting most kings of the 1st Dynasty for unknown reasons.
* [[Turin King List]] (19th Dynasty); written with red and black ink on [[papyrus]]. Likely the most complete king-list in history, today damaged.
* [[Medinet Habu king list]] (20th Dynasty); carved on limestone and very similar to the Ramesseum king list.
* [[Manetho]]'s ''[[Aegyptiaca]]'' (Greek Period); possibly written on papyrus. The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious.

== Predynastic Period ==
((Main|Prehistoric Egypt))The [[Prehistoric Egypt|Predynastic Period]] ends around 3100 BC when Egypt was first unified as a single kingdom.

=== Lower Egypt ===
((Main|Lower Egypt))
[[Lower Egypt]] geographically consists of the northern [[Nile]] and the [[River delta|Nile delta]].

The following list may be incomplete:

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
! width="15%" | Name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Reign
|-
| [[File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg|100px]]
| [...]pu<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=298))</ref>
| Only known from the [[Palermo stone]]<ref name="ReferenceC">Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen''. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ((ISBN|3-491-96053-3)), p. 259.</ref>
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg|100px]]
| [[Hsekiu]] / Seka
| Only known from the [[Palermo stone]]<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg|100px]]
| [[Khayu]]
| Only known from the [[Palermo stone]]<ref>Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen''. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ((ISBN|3-491-96053-3)), p. 139.</ref>
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg|100px]]
| [[Tiu (pharaoh)|Tiu]] / Teyew
| Only known from the [[Palermo stone]]<ref>Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen''. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ((ISBN|3-491-96053-3)), p. 199.</ref>
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg|100px]]
| [[Thesh]] / Tjesh
| Only known from the [[Palermo stone]]<ref>Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen''. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ((ISBN|3-491-96053-3)), p. 138.</ref>
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg|100px]]
| [[Neheb]]
| Only known from the [[Palermo stone]]<ref>Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen''. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ((ISBN|3-491-96053-3)), p. 181.</ref>
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg|100px]]
| [[Wazner]]
| Only known from the [[Palermo stone]]<ref>Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen''. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ((ISBN|3-491-96053-3)), p. 311.</ref>
| Ruled around or earlier than 3200 BC
|-
| [[File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg|100px]]
| [[Mekh]]
| Only known from the [[Palermo stone]]<ref name="Thomas Schneider 2002, p. 137">Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen''. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ((ISBN|3-491-96053-3)), p. 137.</ref>
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Palermo stone predynastic series.jpg|100px]]
| [...]a<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=3))</ref>
| Only known from the [[Palermo stone]]<ref name="Thomas Schneider 2002, p. 137" />
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Hedju.png|100px]]
| [[Hedju Hor]]
|Only known from two clay jugs from [[Tura, Egypt]]
| [[Naqada II]]??
|-
| [[File:Serekhs Ny Hor.jpg|100px]]
| [[Ny-Hor]]
| Only known from clay and stone vessels found in tombs near Tarchan, Tura, Tarjan, and Nagada. Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name "[[Narmer]]".<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=288))</ref>
| [[Naqada II]]??
|-
|[[File:Ni-Neith.png|frameless|142x142px]]
|[[Ni-Neith]]
|Only known from inscriptions in [[Helwan]]. Reading of name is uncertain.<ref>((Citation |last=Wilke |first=Matthias |title=Emanuel Hirsch (1888 –1972) – "Jene zwei Göttinger Stiftsinspektorenjahre haben die Liebe zu Göttingen für immer in mir erweckt […] Aber […] |date=2015-04-22 |work=Stiftsgeschichte(n) |pages=187–196 |place=Göttingen |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |doi=10.13109/9783666570377.187 |isbn=978-3-525-57037-1 ))</ref>
|[[Naqada III]]??
|-
| [[File:Serekhs-Hat Hor.jpg|100px]]
| [[Hat-Hor]]
| Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name "[[Narmer]]".<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=104))</ref>
| Around 3180 BC
|-
| [[File:Serech Double-Falcon.png|100px]]
| [<nowiki/>[[Double Falcon]]]
| May also have ruled in [[Upper Egypt]]
| [[Naqada III]]<br /><small>([[32nd century BC]])</small>
|-
| ((Css Image Crop|Image = EB1911 Egypt - Early Art - King Narmer, Slate Palette.jpg|bSize = 200|cWidth = 100|cHeight = 100|oTop = 100|oLeft = 100))
| [[Wash (pharaoh)|Wash]]
| Only known from the [[Narmer Palette]]<ref>Felde, Rolf: Gottheiten, Pharaonen und Beamte im alten Ägypten, Norderstedt 2017, S. 125.</ref> Around 3150 BC
| [[Naqada III]]
|}

=== Upper Egypt ===
((Main|Dynasty 00))
[[Upper Egypt]] refers to the region up-river to the south of [[Lower Egypt]].

Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of [[Upper Egypt]] belonging to the late [[Naqada III]] period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 00:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
! width="15%" | Name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Reign
|-
| [[File:Pharaoh A serekh.svg|100px]]
| [[A (pharaoh)|A]] (?)
| Only known from a graffito discovered in the western desert in 2004.<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=5))</ref> This ruler is otherwise unattested.
| [[Naqada III]]
|-
| —
| [<nowiki/>[[Finger Snail]]]
| The existence of this king is very doubtful.<ref name=kemp233>Barry Kemp (a1), Andrew Boyce and James Harrell, ''The Colossi from the Early Shrine at Coptos in Egypt'', in: ''Cambridge Archaeological Journal'' Volume 10, Issue 2April 2000, 233</ref>
| [[Naqada III]]
|-
| —
|[<nowiki/>[[Fish pharaoh|Fish]]<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsB4DwAAQBAJ&q=Michael+H%C3%B6veler-M%C3%BCller%3A+Zu+den+fr%C3%BChzeitlichen+K%C3%B6nigen+%E2%80%9EFingerschnecke%E2%80%9C+und+%E2%80%9EFisch%E2%80%9C+aus+dem+Grab+U-j+in+Umm+el-Qaab.+In%3A+Studien+zu+Alt%C3%A4gyptischen+Kultur%7CStudien&pg=PA159|title=Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur Band 37|first1=Hartwig|last1=Altenmüller|first2=Nicole|last2=Kloth|date=January 1, 2008|publisher=Helmut Buske Verlag|isbn=978-3-87548-937-8 |via=Google Books))</ref>]
| Only known from artifacts that bear his mark. He most likely never existed.<ref name=kemp233/>
| [[Naqada III]]
|-
| [[File:Pen-abu.png|100px]]
| [<nowiki/>[[Elephant (pharaoh)|Elephant]]<ref>Ludwig David Morenz: Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 205). Fribourg 2004, ((ISBN|3-7278-1486-1)), p. 91.</ref>]
| More than likely never existed
| [[Naqada III]]
|-
| —
|[<nowiki/>[[Stork (pharaoh)|Stork]]<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9248184.html|title = Aufstand gegen den Tod|newspaper = Der Spiegel|date = 24 December 1995))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://nefershapiland.de/pharaonenliste%201.htm|title=Pharaonenliste 1|website=nefershapiland.de))</ref>]
| Most likely never existed.<ref name=kemp233/>
| [[Naqada III]]
|-
| —
|[<nowiki/>[[Bull (pharaoh)|Bull]]]
| Most likely never existed.<ref name=kemp233/>
| [[Naqada III]]
|-
| —
| [<nowiki/>[[Scorpion I]]]
| First ruler of [[Upper Egypt]].
| [[Naqada III]]
|}

=== Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0 ===
((Main|Dynasty 0))
Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as "Dynasty 0". ((clarify|date=November 2021|reason=Crocodile appears to be a Lower Egypt pharaoh, and Iry-Hor, Ka and Scorpion II are Upper Egypt pharaohs. What makes them "Dynasty 0" instead of being placed under the "Lower Egypt" and "Upper Egypt" lists, respectively? Is this an obsolete classification?))

The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
! width="15%" | Name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
|[[File:Tarkhan crocodile.gif|110px]]
| [<nowiki/>[[Crocodile (pharaoh)|Crocodile]]]
| Potentially read ''Shendjw''; identity and existence are disputed.<ref>Günter Dreyer: ''Horus Krokodil, ein Gegenkönig der Dynastie 0.'' In: ''Renee Friedman and Barbara Adams (Hrsg.): The Followers of Horus, Studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, 1949–1990'' (= ''Egyptian Studies Association Publication'', vol. 2). Oxbow Publications, Bloomington (IN) 1992, ((ISBN|0-946897-44-1)), p. 259–263.</ref>
| ((center|Around 3170 BC))
|-
|[[File:Iry Hor name.jpg|110px]]
| [[Iry-Hor]]
| Correct chronological position unclear.<ref>P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene. In: Bulletin de L'Institute Français D'Archéologie Orientale (BIFAO) 112. Ausgabe 2012, S. 381–395.</ref>
| ((center|Around 3170 BC))
|-
|[[File:Ka vessel.JPG|110px]]
| [[Ka (pharaoh)|Ka]]
| Maybe read ''Sekhen'' rather than Ka. Correct chronological position unclear.<ref>Jürgen von Beckerath: ''Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen'' (= ''Münchner ägyptologische Studien'', vol. 49. von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ((ISBN|3-8053-2591-6)), p. 36–37.</ref>
| ((center|Around 3170 BC))
|-
|[[File:Kingscorpion.jpg|110px]]
| [<nowiki/>[[Scorpion II]]]
| Potentially read ''Serqet''; possibly the same person as [[Narmer]].<ref>Toby Wilkinson: ''Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategy, Society and Security''. Routeledge, London 1999, ((ISBN|0-415-18633-1)), p. 38, 56 & 57.</ref>
| ((center|Around 3170 BC))
|}

== Early Dynastic Period ==
((main|Early Dynastic Period of Egypt))
The [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Early Dynastic Period]] of Egypt stretches from around 3100 to 2686 BC.<ref name="Stewart77">((Cite book|title=African States and Rulers|last=Stewart|first=John|publisher=McFarland|year=2006|edition=Third|isbn=0-7864-2562-8|location=London|page=77))</ref>

=== First Dynasty ===
((main|First Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[First dynasty of Egypt|First Dynasty]] ruled from around 3100 to 2890 BC.<ref name="Stewart81">((Cite book|title=African States and Rulers|last=Stewart|first=John|publisher=McFarland|year=2006|edition=Third|isbn=0-7864-2562-8|location=London|page=81))</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="10%" | Name
! width="10%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
|[[File:NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfNarmer-ROM.png|110px]]
| [[Narmer]]
|[[Menes]]?
| Believed by many scholars to be the same person as [[Menes]], due to the preponderance of evidence indicating this.<ref name="auto">((cite journal |author=Elizabeth BLOXAM |author2=Wouter CLAES |author3=Tiphaine DACHY |author4=Maude EHRENFELD |author5=Ashraf EL-SENUSSI |author6=Chloé GIRARDI |author7=James HARRELL |author8=Thomas C. HEAGY |author9=Stan HENDRICKX |author10=Christiane HOCHSTRASSER-PETIT |author11=Dirk HUYGE |author12=Clara JEUTHE |author13=Adel KELANY |author14=Christian KNOBLAUCH |author15=Béatrix MIDANT-REYNES |author16=Norah MOLONEY |author17=Aurélie ROCHE |author18=Adel TOHAMEY |date= January 2014 |title= Who Was Menes? |url=https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/arnil_1161-0492_2014_num_24_1_1071.pdf |journal=Archéo nil |volume= 24|pages= 59–92 |doi= 10.3406/arnil.2014.1071|s2cid= 248280047 |access-date= 24 September 2022))</ref> His name is widely attested across [[Egypt]], and has also been found at Nahal Tillah in [[Israel]], which is much farther afield than his predecessors.<ref>((cite book |author= Toby A.H. Wilkinson|date=1999|title=Early Dynastic Egypt|publisher=Routledge|page=67|isbn=0-415-26011-6))</ref>
|Around 3150 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
|-
|[[File:GlazedFiaenceVesselFragmentNameOfAha-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg|110px]]
| [[Hor-Aha]]
| Teti
| Greek form: ''Athotís''.<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=7))</ref> May also be [[Menes]] although [[Narmer]] is more likely.<ref name="auto"/> Trade was largely replaced by direct exploitation of resources via outposts during his reign.<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 71">((cite book |author= Toby A.H. Wilkinson|date=1999|title=Early Dynastic Egypt|publisher=Routledge|page=71|isbn=0-415-26011-6))</ref> Possibly the son of Narmer.
|Around 3125 BC
|-
| [[File:Djer cylinder seal.png|110px]]
| [[Djer]]<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=92))</ref>
| Itetj
| Greek form: ''Kénkenes''. His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of [[Osiris]]. First pharaoh with a full ''Golden Horus'' name. Interest and trade with [[Egypt]]'s North Eastern borders appears to have been renewed during [[Djer]]'s reign.<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 71"/>
| 54 years<ref>Wolfgang Helck: ''Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit'' (= ''Ägyptologische Abhandlungen (ÄA)'', Vol. 45). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987, ((ISBN|3-447-02677-4)), p. 124.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Egypte louvre 290.jpg|110px]]
| [[Djet]]<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=95))</ref>
| Ita
| Greek form: ''Ouenephes''. Indications show that Djet did not reign for long.<ref>((cite book |author= Toby A.H. Wilkinson|date=1999|title=Early Dynastic Egypt|publisher=Routledge|page=73|isbn=0-415-26011-6))</ref>
| 10 years<ref name="helck">[[Wolfgang Helck]]: ''Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit (Agyptologische Abhandlungen)'', ((ISBN|3-447-02677-4)), O. Harrassowitz (1987), p. 124</ref>
|-
|[[File:Merneith stele.jpg|154x154px]]
|[[Merneith]]
|—
|Possibly the first female Pharaoh of Egypt. She may have ruled as regent for her son Den. Her tomb is notable for being on the same scale as other tombs of other kings of that period.
|Around 2950 BC
|-
| [[File:Den label.jpg|110px]]
| [[Den (pharaoh)|Den]]<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=78))</ref>
| Khasti
| Greek form: ''Ousaphaidos''. [[Den (pharaoh)|Den]] was the first [[pharaoh]] to have a [[Nesut-biti]](dual king) name, and is the first [[pharaoh]] attested wearing the double crown ([[pschent]]) of upper and lower [[Egypt]].<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 75">((cite book |author= Toby A.H. Wilkinson|date=1999|title=Early Dynastic Egypt|publisher=Routledge|page=75|isbn=0-415-26011-6))</ref> A second [[sed festival]] is attested from his reign, indicating he enjoyed a long time in power.<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 75"/> [[Den (pharaoh)|Den]] focused on the northeastern part of [[Egypt]] during his reign, and also led a few small battles in the northeast which are attested on the [[Palermo stone]].<ref>((cite book |author= Toby A.H. Wilkinson|date=1999|title=Early Dynastic Egypt|publisher=Routledge|page=77|isbn=0-415-26011-6))</ref>
| 42 years<ref name="helck"/>
|-
| [[File:Anedjib Closeup.jpg|110px]]
| [[Anedjib|Adjib]]
| Merybiap
| Greek form: ''Miebidós''.<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=55))</ref>
Known for his ominous ''nebwy''-title.<ref>Nicolas-Christophe Grimal: ''A History of Ancient Egypt''. Blackwell, Oxford UK / Cambridge USA 1992, ((ISBN|978-0-631-19396-8)), p. 53.</ref>
| 10 years
|-
| [[File:PotterySherdWithNameOfSemerkhet-PetrieMuseum-August21-08.jpg|110px]]
| [[Semerkhet]]
| Iry
| Greek form: ''Semempsés''.<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=376))</ref> 
First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed [[Nebty name]]. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo Stone. Many stone vessels of his predecessor were found reinscribed for Semerkhet so he may have been a usurper.<ref>((cite book|author= Toby A.H. Wilkinson |date=1999 |title=Early Dynastic Egypt|publisher=Routledge |page=79 |isbn=0-415-26011-6))</ref>
| ((frac|8|1|2)) years<ref name="helck"/>
|-
| [[File:CroppedStelaOfQaa.JPG|110px]]
|[[Qa'a]]
| Sen
| Greek form: ''Bienékhes''.<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=299))</ref>
Ruled very long, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs.
| 34 years
|-
| [[File:Sneferka.png|110px]]
| [[Sneferka]]
| –
| Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown.
| Around 2900 BC
|-
| [[File:BirdFraegment.png|110px]]
| [<nowiki/>[[Horus Bird (pharaoh)|Horus Bird]]]
| –
| Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown.
| Around 2900 BC
|}

=== Second Dynasty ===
((main|Second Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Second dynasty of Egypt|Second Dynasty]] ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC.<ref name="Stewart81"/>
{|class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="10%" | Throne name
! width="10%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
|[[File:Hotepsekhemwy.jpg|110px]]
| [[Hotepsekhemwy]]<ref>Wilkinson (1999) pp. 83–84</ref>
| Sehotep
| [[Manetho]] names him ''Boëthos'' and reports that under this ruler an [[earthquake]] killed many people. Hotepsekhemwy broke the tradition of being buried at the Abydos royal cemetery at Umm-el-Qa'ab, where most of the 1st dynasty kings are buried, and chose to be buried at Saqqara instead to be closer to the capital.<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 83">((cite book |author= Toby A.H. Wilkinson|date=1999|title=Early Dynastic Egypt|publisher=Routledge|page=83|isbn=0-415-26011-6))</ref>
| 15 years
|-
|[[File:Nebra Hotepsekhemwy vase.png|110px]]
|[[Nebra (Pharaoh)|Nebra]]<ref>Dietrich Wildung: ''Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil I. Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien.'' In: ''Münchener Ägyptologische Studien'', vol. 17. [[Deutscher Kunstverlag]], Munich/Berlin 1969, p. 31–33.</ref>
| –
| Greek form: ''Kaíechós'' (after the Ramesside cartouche name ''Kakaw'').
First ruler who uses the sun-symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king [[Weneg (pharaoh)|Weneg]].
| 14 years
|-
| [[File:Statue nynetjer RMO.jpg|110px]]
| [[Nynetjer]]<ref>Wilkinson (1999) p. 79</ref>
| Banetjer?
| Greek form: ''Binóthris''.
May have divided [[Egypt]] between his successors, allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs.
| 43–45 years
|-
|[[File:Sigil of Pharaoh Hor-Ba.png|188x188px]]
|[[Ba (pharaoh)|Ba]]
|–
|May have been an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer. Alternatively, he may have ruled in the 1st or 3rd dynasties or be the same person as [[Horus Bird (pharaoh)|Horus Bird]].
|Unknown
|-
| [[File:Weneg.png|110px]]
| [[Weneg (pharaoh)|Weneg-Nebty]]<ref>Wilkinson (1999) pp. 87–88</ref> 
| –
| Greek form: ''Ougotlas / Tlás''.
Could be an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer or the same as Peribsen, [[Sekhemib-Perenmaat]], or Raneb.
| Around 2740 BC
|-
|[[File:Abydos KL 02-04 n12.jpg|165x165px]]
|[[Wadjenes]]
| –
|Greek form: ''Tlas''
May have been a misinterpretation of the hieroglyphic sign of a flower called Weneg. May have been a crown prince or be the same person as [[Weneg (pharaoh)|Weneg-Nebty]].
|Around 2740 BC
|-
|[[File:Nubnefer.png|110x110px]]
|[[Nubnefer]]
|–
|May have been the birth name of Nebra. May either be the successor of Wadjenes or Nynetjer.
|Unknown
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 02-05 n13.jpg|110px]]
| [[Senedj]]<ref>Pascal Vernus, Jean Yoyotte, ''The Book of the Pharaohs'', Cornell University Press 2003, p. 27</ref>
| –
| Greek form: ''Sethenes''.
Possibly the same person as [[Peribsen]]. This, however, is highly disputed.<ref>Jürgen von Beckerath: ''Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen''. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich/Berlin 1984, ((ISBN|3-422-00832-2)), p. 171.</ref>
| 47 years (supposedly)
|-
| [[File:Peribsen.jpg|110px]]
| [[Seth-Peribsen]]
| Peribsen
| Used a Seth-animal above his serekh rather than a Horus falcon. He promoted the sun-cult in [[Egypt]] and reduced the powers of officials, nomarchs and palatines. Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided [[Egypt]].<ref>Toby A. H. Wilkinson: ''Early Dynastic Egypt''. Routledge, London/New York 2002, ((ISBN|1-134-66420-6)), p. 75–76.</ref>
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:CalciteVesselFragmentNameOfSekhemibPerenmmat-BritishMuseum-August21-08 retouched.jpg|110px]]
| [[Sekhemib-Perenmaat|Sekhemib]]
| [[Sekhemib-Perenmaat]]
| Could be the same person as Seth-Peribsen.<ref>Jürgen von Beckerath: ''Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. 2. verbesserte und erweiterte Auflage''. von Zabern, Mainz 1999, S. 44–45.</ref>
| Around 2720 BC
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 03-05 n19.jpg|110px]]
| colspan="2" |[[Neferkara I]]
| Greek form: ''Néphercherés''.
Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested.
| 25 years (according to [[Manetho]])
|-
| [[File:Neferkasokar-inscription.png|110px]]
| colspan=2""| [[Neferkasokar]]
| Greek form: ''Sesóchris''.
Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved [[Egypt]] from a long-lasting drought.<ref>Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen.'' Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ((ISBN|3-491-96053-3)), page 175.</ref>
| 8 years
|-
|[[File:Serekh Horus Sa.png|110x110px]]
|[[Horus Sa]]
|–
|May have been a short form of the Horus-name Sanakht. May have been the Horus-name of Weneg or Senedj, correct chronological position unclear.
|Unknown
|-
| [[File:Hudjefasaqqara.png|110px]]
| colspan="2" | – ("''[[Hudjefa I|Hudjefa]]''")
| Known only from Ramesside king lists, his "name" is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in Ramesside times.
|11 years (according to the [[Turin Canon]])
|-
| [[File:Khasekhem oxford2.jpg|110px]]
|[[Khasekhem]]/[[Khasekhemwy]]<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 83"/>
| Beb(e)ty 
| Greek form: ''Chenerés''. 
It is probable that when [[Khasekhem]] acceded kingship he was a ruler of [[upper Egypt]], he led campaigns against [[lower Egypt]] that ended in his victory, to commemorate his achievement of reunifying Egypt he changed his name to Khasekhemwy.<ref name="Toby A.H. Wilkinson 1999 83"/> His serekh name is unique for presenting both [[Horus]] and [[Set (deity)|Set]]. He was one of Egypt's first master builders, his funerary enclosure known as ''Shunet-ez-Zebib'' is a colossal mudbrick structure.<ref>((cite book |author= Toby A.H. Wilkinson|date=1999|title=Early Dynastic Egypt|publisher=Routledge|page=93|isbn=0-415-26011-6))</ref>
| 18 years
|}

== Old Kingdom ==
((main|Old Kingdom of Egypt))
The [[Old Kingdom of Egypt]] is the long period of stability and growth following the [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Early Dynastic Period]] and preceding the troubled [[First Intermediate Period]]. The kingdom spanned from 2686 to 2181 BC.

=== Third Dynasty ===
((main|Third Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Third dynasty of Egypt|Third Dynasty]] ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.<ref name="Stewart81"/>
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="10%" | Throne name
! width="10%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
|[[File:Djoser.jpg|100px]]
| [[Djoser]]<ref>((cite book |first=Toby |last=Wilkinson |title=Early Dynastic Egypt |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |pages=83 & 95 |isbn=0-415-18633-1 ))</ref><ref>((cite book |first=Toby |last=Wilkinson |title=Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt |pages=79 & 258 ))</ref>
| Netjerikhet
| Hellenized names ''Sesorthos'' and ''Tosórthros''.
Commissioned the [[Pyramid of Djoser|first Pyramid]] in [[Egypt]], created by chief architect and scribe [[Imhotep]].
| 19 or 28 years, possibly around 2650 BC<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.timelineindex.com/content/select/1886/1023,837,1886|title=Pharaohs - Timeline Index|website=www.timelineindex.com|access-date=2020-03-23))</ref>
|-
| [[File:Sekhemkhet.png|100px]]
| (Djoser-)Teti
| [[Sekhemkhet]]<ref>Clayton (1994) p.32</ref>
| Greek form: ''Tyréis'' (after the Ramesside cartouche name for Sekhemkhet, ''Teti'').
In the necropolis of his unfinished [[Buried Pyramid|step pyramid]], the remains of a 2-year old infant were found.<ref>((cite book |first=Mark |last=Lehner |title=Geheimnis der Pyramiden |publisher=Econ |location=Düsseldorf |year=1997 |isbn=3-572-01039-X |pages=94–96 |language=de ))</ref>
| 2649–2643 BC
|-
| [[File:ReliefFragmentOfPharaohSanakht-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg|100px]]
| Nebka?
| [[Sanakht]]
| Likely to be identified with the throne name [[Nebka]]; Hellenized names ''Necherôchis'' and ''Necherôphes''. May have reigned 6 years if identified with the penultimate king of the Dynasty on the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]].
| Around 2650 BC
|-
|[[File:Qahedjet.png|169x169px]]
|[[Qahedjet]]
|–
|Possibly be the same person as [[Huni]] or an archaistic representation of [[Thutmose III]], correct chronological position unknown.
|Unknown
|-
| [[File:KhabaCloseUp.jpg|100px]]
| [[Khaba]]
| –
| Possibly built an unfinished [[Layer Pyramid|step pyramid]], could be identical with [[Huni]].
|2643–2637 BC
|-
| [[File:Huni-StatueHead BrooklynMuseum.png|100px]]
| colspan="2" |[[Huni]]<ref>Clayton (1994) p.42</ref>
| Greek form: ''Áches''.
Could be the same as [[Qahedjet]] or [[Khaba]]. Possibly built an unfinished [[Layer Pyramid|step pyramid]] and several cultic pyramids throughout [[Egypt]]. Huni was for a long time credited with the building of the pyramid of Meidum. This, however, is disproved by [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] graffiti that praise king [[Sneferu]], not Huni.
| 2637–2613 BC
|}

===Fourth Dynasty===
((main|Fourth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Fourth dynasty of Egypt|Fourth Dynasty]] ruled from 2613 to 2496 BC.<ref name="Stewart81"/>
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="10%" | Throne name
! width="10%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
|[[File:Snofru Eg Mus Kairo 2002.png|100px]]
|[[Sneferu]] 
|Nebmaat
| Greek form: ''Sóris''.
Reigned 48 years, giving him enough time to build the [[Meidum Pyramid]], the [[Bent Pyramid]] and the [[Red Pyramid]]. Some scholars believe that he was buried in the Red Pyramid. For a long time it was thought that the [[Meidum|Meidum Pyramid]] was not Sneferu's work, but that of king [[Huni]]. Ancient Egyptian documents describe Sneferu as a pious, generous and even accostable ruler.<ref>Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen''. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ((ISBN|3-491-96053-3)), pp. 278–279.</ref>
| 2613–2589 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
|-
| [[File:Kairo Museum Statuette Cheops 03 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[Khufu (pharaoh)|(Khnum-) Khufu]] 
| Medjedu
| Greek form: ''Cheops'' and ''Suphis''.
Built the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]]. Khufu is depicted as a cruel tyrant by ancient Greek authors; Ancient Egyptian sources however describe him as a generous and pious ruler. He is the main protagonist in the [[Westcar Papyrus]]. The first imprinted papyri originate from Khufu's reign, which may have made ancient Greek authors believe that Khufu wrote books in attempt to praise the gods.
| 2589–2566 BC
|-
| [[File:Djedefre-head.jpg|100px]]
|[[Djedefre]]
|Kheper
| Greek form: ''Rátoises''.
Some scholars believe he created the [[Great Sphinx of Giza]] as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at [[Abu Rawash]]. However, this pyramid is no longer extant; it is believed the Romans re-purposed the materials from which it was made.
|2566–2558 BC
|-
| [[File:Khafre statue.jpg|100px]]
|[[Khafre]]
| Userib
| Greek form: ''Chéphren'' and ''Suphis II''.
[[Pyramid of Khafre|His pyramid]] is the second largest in [[Giza]]. Some scholars prefer him as the creator of the [[Great Sphinx of Giza|Great Sphinx]] before Djedefra. His funerary complex was the largest at the Giza plateau.
|2558–2532 BC
|-
| [[File:Vue-grande-excavation.jpg|100px]]
| –
| [[Baka (prince)|Baka]]
| Greek form: ''Bikheris''.
Could be the owner of the [[Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan]]. Possibly fictional.
|Around 2570 BC
|-
| [[File:MenkauraAndQueen-CloseUpOfKingsFace MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|100px]]
| [[Menkaure]] 
| Kakhet
| Greek form: ''Menchéres''.
His pyramid is the third and smallest in [[Giza]]. A legend claims that his only daughter died due to an illness and Menkaura buried her in a golden coffin in the shape of a cow.
|2532–2503 BC
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 04-06 n25.jpg|100px]]
| [[Shepseskaf]] 
| Shepeskhet
| Greek form: ''Seberchéres''.
Owner of the [[Mastabet el-Fara'un|Mastabat el-Fara'un]].
| 2503–2498 BC
|-
| —
|colspan="2"|([[Thamphthis]]) 
| According to Manetho the last king of the 4th dynasty. He is not archaeologically attested and thus possibly fictional.
|Around 2500 BC
|}

===Fifth Dynasty===
((Main|Fifth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Fifth dynasty of Egypt|Fifth Dynasty]] ruled from 2496 to 2345 BC.<ref name="Stewart81"/>
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="10%" | Throne name
! width="1-%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Userkaf.jpg|100px]]
| Irimaat
|[[Userkaf]]
| Buried in a [[Pyramid of Userkaf|pyramid in Saqqara]]. Built the first solar temple at [[Abusir]].
| 2496–2491 BC
|-
| [[File:Egypt sahura and god.jpg|100px]]
| colspan="2" |[[Sahure]]
| Moved the royal necropolis to [[Abusir]], where he built [[Pyramid of Sahure|his pyramid]].
|2490–2477 BC
|-
| [[File:Neferirkare Kakai 2.png|100px]]
|[[Neferirkare Kakai|Neferirkare]]
| [[Neferirkare Kakai|Kakai]]
| Son of Sahure, born with the name Ranefer
| 2477–2467 BC
|-
| [[File:Raneferef.jpg|100px]]
|[[Neferefre]]
|[[Neferefre|Izi]]
| Son of Neferirkare
| 2460–2458 BC
|-
| [[File:Shepseskare Cylinder Seal.png|100px]]
|[[Shepseskare]]
|[[Shepseskare|Netjeruser]]
| Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months, possibly a son of Sahure.<ref>[[Miroslav Verner]] (2000): "Who was Shepseskara, and when did he reign?", in: Miroslav Bárta, Jaromír Krejčí (editors): ''Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000'', Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute, Prague, ((ISBN|80-85425-39-4)), p. 581–602, [http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/AS%202000_mensi.pdf available online] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201084444/http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/AS%202000_mensi.pdf |date=2011-02-01 )).</ref>
| A few months
|-
|[[File:Niuserre BrooklynMuseum.png|100px]]
|[[Nyuserre Ini|Nyuserre]]
| [[Nyuserre Ini|Ini]]
| Brother to Neferefre, built extensively in the [[Abusir necropolis]].
| 2445–2422 BC
|-
| [[File:Menkauhor CG 40.jpg|100px]]
|[[Menkauhor Kaiu|Menkauhor]]
| [[Menkauhor Kaiu|Ikau]]
| Last pharaoh to build a [[Egyptian sun temple|sun temple]]
| 2422–2414 BC
|-
| [[File:DjedkareIsesi-GoldCylanderSeal MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|100px]]
|[[Djedkare Isesi|Djedkare]]
| [[Djedkare Isesi|Isesi]]
| Effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration. Enjoyed the longest reign of his dynasty, with likely more than 35 years on the throne.
| 2414–2375 BC
|-
| [[File:Unas stelae.jpg|100px]]
| colspan="2" |[[Unas]]
| The [[Pyramid of Unas]] is inscribed with the earliest instance of the [[pyramid texts]]. He also constructed Unas's causeway a 500m long causeway from the bank of the river Nile to his funerary complex, this is where his funerary precession would have taken place. 
| 2375–2345 BC
|}

===Sixth Dynasty===
((Main|Sixth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Sixth dynasty of Egypt|Sixth Dynasty]] ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="10%" |Throne name
! width="10%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Statue of Teti Quibell Saqqara 1.jpg|100px]]
| —
| [[Teti]]
| According to Manetho, he was murdered.
| 2345–2333 BC
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 06-02 n35.jpg|100px]]
| colspan="2" | [[Userkare]]
| Reigned one to five years, may have usurped the throne at the expense of [[Teti]]
| 2333–2332 BC
|-
| [[File:Kneeling statue of Pepy I.jpg|100px]]
| [[Pepi I Meryre|Meryre]]
| [[Pepi I Meryre|Pepi I]]
| Faced conspiracies and political troubles yet became the most prolific builder of his dynasty
| 2332–2283 BC
|-
| [[File:Hidden treasures 09.jpg|100px]]
|[[Merenre Nemtyemsaf I|Merenre]]
| [[Merenre Nemtyemsaf I|Nemtyemsaf I]]
| Reformed the administration of Upper Egypt by decentralization, received the submission of [[Lower Nubia]]
| 2283–2278 BC
|-
| [[File:AnkhnesmeryreII-and-Son-PepiII-SideView BrooklynMuseum.png|100px]]
| [[Pepi II Neferkare|Neferkare]]
| [[Pepi II Neferkare|Pepi II]]
| Possibly the longest-reigning monarch in human history, with 94 years on the throne. Alternatively, may have reigned only 64 years.
| 2278–2183 BC
|-
| —
| colspan="2" |[[Neferka]]
| Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-ruler. Possibly writing mistake for "Neferkare"
| 2200–2199 BC
|-
| [[File:Jequier False door fragment of Nemtyemsaf II.jpg|left|frameless|123x123px]]
| [[Merenre Nemtyemsaf II|Merenre]]
| [[Merenre Nemtyemsaf II|Nemtyemsaf II]]<ref>Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73</ref>
| Short lived pharaoh, possibly an aged son of Pepi II.
| 1 year and 1 month c. 2183 BC
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-01 n40.jpg|100px]]
| [[Neitiqerty Siptah|Netjerkare I]] 
| [[Neitiqerty Siptah]] (''[[Nitocris]])''
| This male king gave rise to the legendary queen [[Nitocris]] of [[Herodotus]] and [[Manetho]].<ref>Ryholt & Bardrum (2000) pp.87–100.</ref> Sometimes classified as the first king of the combined 7th/8th Dynasties.
| Short reign: c. 2182–2179 BC
|-
|}

==First Intermediate Period==
((Main|First Intermediate Period of Egypt))
The [[First Intermediate Period]] (2183–2060 BC) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the [[Old Kingdom]] and the advent of the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]].

The [[Old Kingdom]] rapidly collapsed after the death of [[Pepi II Neferkare|Pepi II]]. He had reigned for more than 64 and likely up to 94 years, longer than any monarch in history. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age. The union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting [[famine]].

The kings of the 7th and 8th Dynasties, who represented the successors of the 6th Dynasty, tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs. After 20 to 45 years, they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in [[Herakleopolis Magna]]. Some time after these events, a rival line based at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] revolted against their nominal Northern overlords and united [[Upper Egypt]]. Around 2055 BC, [[Mentuhotep II]], the son and successor of pharaoh [[Intef III]] defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom.

===Seventh and Eighth Dynasties===
((Main|Seventh Dynasty of Egypt|Eighth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Seventh Dynasty of Egypt|Seventh and Eighth Dynasties]] ruled for approximately 20–45 years. They comprise numerous ephemeral kings reigning from [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] over a possibly divided Egypt and, in any case, holding only limited power owing to the effectively feudal system into which the administration had evolved.
The list below is based on the [[Abydos King List]] dating to the reign of [[Seti I]] and taken from [[Jürgen von Beckerath]]'s ''Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen''<ref name="beck">[[Jürgen von Beckerath]]: ''Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen'', Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, ((ISBN|3-8053-2591-6)), [http://www.mediafire.com/view/?4xjd6j4qed3c9vl available online] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222200801/http://www.mediafire.com/view/?4xjd6j4qed3c9vl |date=2015-12-22 ))</ref> as well as from [[Kim Ryholt]]'s latest reconstruction of the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]], another king list dating to the [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Ramesside Era]].<ref name="ryholt2000">[[Kim Ryholt]]: "The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris", ''Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde'', 127, 2000, p. 99</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-02 n41.jpg|100px]]
|[[Menkare]]
| —
| Likely attested by a relief fragment from the tomb of queen Neit.<ref>Gustave Jéquier, Maṣlaḥat al-Āthār (1993): ''Les pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit'' (in French), Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale, OCLC 195690029, see plate 5.</ref><ref>[[Percy Newberry]] (1943): "Queen Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty", in: ''The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology'', vol. 29, pp=51–54</ref><ref>Gae Callender: "Queen Neit-ikrety/Nitokris", in: Miroslav Barta, Filip Coppens, Jaromic Krecji (editors): ''Abusir and Saqqara in the year 2010/1'', Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, 2011, ((ISBN|978-80-7308-384-7)), see pp. 249–250</ref>
| Probably short, around 2181 BC
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-03 n42.jpg|100px]]
|[[Neferkare II]]
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-04 n43.jpg|100px]]
|[[Neferkare Neby|Neferkare III]]
| [[Neferkare Neby|Neby]]
| Attested by inscriptions in the tomb of his mother Ankhesenpepi, started the construction of a pyramid in [[Saqqara]].
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-05 n44.jpg|100px]]
|[[Djedkare Shemai]]
| –
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-06 n45.jpg|100px]]
| [[Neferkare Khendu|Neferkare IV]]
| –
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-07 n46.jpg|100px]]
|[[Merenhor]]
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-08 n47.jpg|100px]]
|colspan="2" |[[Neferkamin|Neferkamin I]] / Sneferka
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-09 n48.jpg|100px]]
|[[Nikare]]
| —
| Possibly attested by a cylinder-seal.
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-10 n49.jpg|100px]]
|[[Neferkare Tereru|Neferkare V]]
| [[Neferkare Tereru|Tereru]]
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-11 n50.jpg|100px]]
|[[Neferkahor]]
| —
| Attested by a cylinder seal.
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-12 n51.jpg|100px]]
|[[Neferkare Pepiseneb|Neferkare VI]]
| [[Neferkare Pepiseneb|Pepiseneb]]
| —
| Unknown to 2171 BC
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-13 n52.jpg|100px]]
| [[Neferkamin Anu]]
| –
| —
| Around 2170 BC
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-14 n53.jpg|100px]]
|[[Qakare Ibi|Qakare]]
| [[Qakare Ibi|Ibi]]
| Built a poorly constructed [[Qakare Ibi#Pyramid complex|pyramid]] at Saqqara inscribed with the last known instance of the [[Pyramid Texts]]
| 2175–2171 BC
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-15 n54.jpg|100px]]
|[[Neferkaure]]
| —
| Attested by one to three decrees from the temple of [[Min (god)|Min]] at [[Qift|Coptos]].
| 2167–2163 BC
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-16 n55.jpg|100px]]
|[[Neferkauhor]]
| [[Neferkauhor|Khuwihapi]]
| Attested by eight decrees from the temple of Min and an inscription in the tomb of [[Shemay]].
| 2163–2161 BC
|-
| [[File:Abydos KL 07-17 n56.jpg|100px]]
|[[Neferirkare]]
|[[Neferirkare|Pepi]]
| Possibly to be identified with horus Demedjibtawy, in which case he is attested by a decree from the temple of Min.
| 2161–2160 BC
|}

===Ninth Dynasty===
((Main|Ninth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Ninth dynasty of Egypt|Ninth Dynasty]]<ref name="Ancient Egypt dot org">[http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html Turin Kinglist, Columns IV,18 to V,10], [http://www.ancient-egypt.org/ Ancient Egypt dot org]. Accessed 10 February 2010.</ref> ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC.<ref name="Stewart81"/>

The [[Turin King List]] has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial.<ref name="Ancient Egypt dot org" />

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!
! width="15%" | Name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Egypte louvre 246 panier.jpg|100px]]
|[[Meryibre Khety|Meryibre]]
| [[Meryibre Khety|Khety I]] (''Acthoes I'')
| [[Manetho]] states that ''Achthoes'' founded this dynasty.
| 2160 BC–unknown<ref name="Stewart81"/>
|-
| —
|—
| ''Name lost''
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
|[[Neferkare, ninth dynasty|Neferkare VII]]
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
|[[File:Nebkaure Khety Petrie.png|100px]]
|[[Nebkaure Khety|Nebkaure]]
|[[Nebkaure Khety|Khety II]] (''Acthoes II'')
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
|Senenh— or [[Setut]]
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
|—| —
| ''Name lost''
| —
|Unknown
|-
| —
|Mery—
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
|Shed—
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
|H—
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
|—
|—
|''Name lost''
|—
|Unknown
|-
|—
|—
|''Name lost''
|—
|Unknown
|-
|—
|—
|''Name lost''
|—
|Unknown
|-
|
|User(?)[...]
|—
|—
|Unknown
|-
|[[File:Imhotep pharaoh cartouche.jpg]]
|[[Imhotep (pharaoh)|Imhotep]]
|—
|Ephemeral ruler of the Ninth Dynasty. Only known from two rock inscriptions in the Wadi Hammamat.<ref>((Cite book |last=Lepsius |first=Karl |url=https://archive.org/details/denkmaler-aus-aegypten-und-aethiopien/denkmaeler-4/mode/2up |title=Denkmaler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien |year=1859 |pages=115h))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Breasted |first=James |url=https://etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/14896.pdf |title=Ancient Records of Egypt. |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=1906 |volume=1 |page=175))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Gauthier |first=Henri |url=https://archive.org/details/MIFAO17/mode/2up |title=MIFAO 17 Le livre des rois d'Egypte Des origines à la fin de la XIIe dynastie |publisher=The French Institute of Oriental Archeology |year=1907 |pages=143–144))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last1=Couyat |first1=Jean |url=https://ia801207.us.archive.org/27/items/MIFAO34/MIFAO34.pdf |title=MIFAO 34 Les inscriptions hieroglyphiques et hieratiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât |last2=Montet |first2=Pierre |publisher=The French Institute of Oriental Archeology |year=1912 |pages=96, 103–104 Plate=XXXIX))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Baker |first=Darrell |title=The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs. Predynastic to the Twentieth Century: 3300-1069 BC |publisher=Stacey International |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-905299-37-9 |volume=1 |page=133))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Schenkel |first=Wolfgang |url=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/schenkel1965a |title=Memphis Herakleopolis Theben Die Epigraphischen Zeugnisse Der 7.-11. Dynastie Ägyptens |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |year=1965 |location=Wiesbaden |pages=27–28))</ref> Correct chronological position unknown.
|Unknown
|}

===Tenth Dynasty===
((Main|Tenth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Tenth dynasty of Egypt|Tenth Dynasty]] was a local group that held sway over [[Lower Egypt]] and ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.<ref name="Stewart81"/>

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!
! width="15%" | Name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Graffito Meryhathor Djehutynakht Hatnub.jpg|100px]]
| [[Meryhathor]]
| —
| —
| 2130 BC–unknown
|-
| —
|[[Neferkare VIII]]
| —
| —
| Between 2130 and 2040 BCE
|-
| [[File:Coffin Nefri Wahkare Lacau.jpg|100px]]
| [[Wahkare Khety|Wahkare]]
| [[Wahkare Khety|Khety III]] (''Acthoes III'')
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Stele Anpuemhat Quibell.png|100px]]
| [[Merykare]]
| —
| —
| Unknown–2040 BC
|-
|—
|—
|''Name lost''
|—
|Few months
|}

===Eleventh Dynasty===
((Main|Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|Eleventh Dynasty]] originated from a group of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the 8th, 9th or 10th dynasty with roots in [[Upper Egypt]] that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
! width="15%" | Name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Prince Intef Petrie.png|100px]]
| [[Intef the Elder]]
| Theban nomarch ([[Iry-pat]]) serving an unnamed king, later considered a founding figure of the 11th Dynasty.
| Unknown
|-
|}

The successors of [[Intef the Elder]], starting with [[Mentuhotep I]], became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under [[Mentuhotep II]].

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Statue Mentuhotep-aa by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
|Tepia
| [[Mentuhotep I]]
| Nominally a Theban nomarch (Tepy-a) but may have ruled independently.
| Unknown – 2133 BC
|-
|[[File:Intef I.jpg|100px]]
|Sehertawy
| [[Intef I]]
| First member of the dynasty to claim a Horus name.
| 2133–2117 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
|-
|[[File:Funerary stele of Intef II.jpg|100px]]
|Wahankh
| [[Intef II]]
| Conquered [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] and its nome.
| 2117–2068 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
|-
| [[File:Silsileh close up.jpg|100px]]
|Nakhtnebtepnefer
| [[Intef III]]
| Conquered [[Asyut]] and possibly moved further North up to the 17th nome.<ref name="encycloBunson">Margaret Bunson: ''Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt'', Infobase Publishing, 2009, ((ISBN|978-1-4381-0997-8)), [http://www.e-reading.ws/bookreader.php/142072/Encyclopedia_of_ancient_Egypt.pdf available online, see p. 181]</ref>
| 2068–2060 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
|-
|}

==Middle Kingdom==
((Main|Middle Kingdom of Egypt))
The [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt]] (2040–1802 BC) is the period from the end of the [[First Intermediate Period]] to the beginning of the [[Second Intermediate Period]]. In addition to the [[Twelfth dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty]], some scholars include the [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|Eleventh]], [[Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt|Thirteenth]] and [[Fourteenth dynasty of Egypt|Fourteenth Dynasties]] in the Middle Kingdom.

The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time.

===Eleventh Dynasty cont.===
The second part of the [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|Eleventh Dynasty]] is usually considered to be the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="20%" | Personal name
! width="45%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Mentuhotep Closeup.jpg|100px]]
|Nebhepetre
| [[Mentuhotep II]]<ref>[[Labib Habachi]]: ''King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in form of gods'', in: ''Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte'' 19 (1963), pp. 16–52</ref>
| Mentuhotep II regained all [[Egypt]] c. 2015 BC, Middle Kingdom begins, becomes first pharaoh of Middle Kingdom. 
| ((plainlist|
* 2060–2040 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/><br /><small>(King of Upper Egypt only)</small>
* 2040–2009 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/><br /><small>(King of Upper and Lower Egypt)</small>))
|-
| [[File:Mentuhotep-OsirideStatue-CloseUp MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|100px]]
|Sankhkare
| [[Mentuhotep III]]<ref>[[Wolfram Grajetzki]] (2006) pp. 23–25</ref>
| Commanded the first expedition to [[Land of Punt|Punt]] of the Middle Kingdom
| 2009–1997 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
|-
| [[File:Relief Mentuhotep IV Lepsius.jpg|100px]]
|Nebtawyre
| [[Mentuhotep IV]]<ref>[[Wolfram Grajetzki]] (2006) pp. 25–26</ref>
| Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. May have been overthrown by his vizier and successor [[Amenemhat I]].
| 1997–1991 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
|-
|}
Enigmatic kings, only attested in Lower Nubia:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="20%" | Personal name
! width="45%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Inscription Segerseni Gauthier.png|100px]]
|Menkhkare
| [[Segerseni]]<ref name="ReferenceB">[[Wolfram Grajetzki]] (2006) pp. 27–28</ref>
| Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in [[Lower Nubia]], most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.
| Early 20th century BC
|-
| [[File:Inscription Qakare Ini.png|100px]]
|[[Qakare Ini|Qakare]]
| [[Qakare Ini|Ini]]<ref name="ReferenceB" />
| Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in [[Lower Nubia]], most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.
| Early 20th century BC
|-
| [[File:Inscription Iyibkhentre Gauthier 02.jpg|100px]]
|[[Iyibkhentre]]<ref name="ReferenceB" />
|Geregtaw(y)ef
| Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in [[Lower Nubia]], most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.
| Early 20th century BC
|}

=== Twelfth Dynasty ===
((Main|Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Twelfth dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty]] ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC.
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Lintel of Amenemhat I and Deities MET DP322055.jpg|100px]]
|Sehetepibre
| [[Amenemhat I]]<ref>http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk//chronology/amenemhatI.html Amenemhat I</ref><ref>[[Wolfram Grajetzki]] (2006) pp. 28–35</ref> (''Ammanemes I'')<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=20))</ref>
| [[Amenemhat I]] was not from a royal family, and built the first substantial [[pyramid of Amenemhat I|pyramid]] since [[Pepi II]] at Lisht.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 98">((cite book|author= Marc Van De Mieroop|date= 2021 |title= A History of Ancient Egypt|publisher= Wiley Blackwell |page= 98|isbn=978-1-119-62087-7))</ref> He restored order in Egypt, and then built a new capital called [[Itjtawy]]. [[Amenemhat I]] was probably assassinated.<ref>((cite book|author= Marc Van De Mieroop|date= 2021 |title= A History of Ancient Egypt|publisher= Wiley Blackwell |page= 99|isbn=978-1-119-62087-7))</ref>
| 1991–1962 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
|-
| [[File:Statue Senusret I Petrie.jpg|100px]]
|Kheperkare
| [[Senusret I]]<ref>Murnane (1977) p.2</ref> (''Sesonchosis'')<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=391))</ref>
| [[Senusret I]] built extensively in [[upper Egypt]], including the temple of [[Amun]] at [[Karnak]].<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 98"/> Senusret I claimed to have sent 17,000 people into the Wadi Hammamat to bring back stone for 150 statues and 60 sphinxes.<ref>((cite book|author= Marc Van De Mieroop|date= 2021 |title= A History of Ancient Egypt|publisher= Wiley Blackwell |pages= 112–113|isbn=978-1-119-62087-7))</ref> He also constructed a [[pyramid of Senusret I|pyramid]] at Lisht near his fathers [[pyramid of Amenemhat I|pyramid]].
| 1971–1926 BC
|-
| [[File:Great Sphinx of Tanis Closeup.jpg|100px]]
|Nubkaure
| [[Amenemhat II]]<ref>Murnane (1977) p.7</ref> (''Ammenemes II'')<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=24))</ref>
| [[Amenemhat II]] recorded his reign in now fragmented annals.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 98"/> The Egyptian navy may have attacked Cyprus during his campaigns.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 109">((cite book|author= Marc Van De Mieroop|date= 2021 |title= A History of Ancient Egypt|publisher= Wiley Blackwell |page= 109|isbn=978-1-119-62087-7))</ref> Amenemhat II also built a [[pyramid]] at Dashur. Ruled for at least 35 years.
| 1929–1895 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
|-
| [[File:Statue Senusret II Lille.jpg|100px]]
|Khakheperre
| [[Senusret II]]<ref>Murnane (1977) p.9</ref><br /><small>(''No name given by [[Manetho]]'')</small><ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=395))</ref>
| Senusret II developed the Fayyum as a major agricultural resource during his reign.<ref>((cite book|author= Marc Van De Mieroop|date= 2021 |title= A History of Ancient Egypt|publisher= Wiley Blackwell |page= 100|isbn=978-1-119-62087-7))</ref> He also built a [[Pyramid of Senusret II|pyramid]] at Lahun.
| 1897–1878 BC<ref name="Stewart81"/>
|-
| [[File:Sesostris III Sphinxkopf.jpg|100px]]
|Khakaure
| [[Senusret III]]<ref>Josef Wegner, ''The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos'', JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), pp.251</ref> (''Sesostris'')<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=398))</ref>
| [[Senusret III]] got rid of [[nomarchs]] and made 3 administrative districts.<ref>((cite book|author= Marc Van De Mieroop|date= 2021 |title= A History of Ancient Egypt|publisher= Wiley Blackwell |page= 104|isbn=978-1-119-62087-7))</ref> He also led campaigns into Lower [[Nubia]] in his 8th, 10th, 16th, and 18th regnal years.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 109"/> Senusret III also built his own [[pyramid of Senusret III|pyramid]] at Dashur and was the most powerful and influential pharaoh of the 12th dynasty.
| 1878–1839 BC
|-
| [[File:Amenemhet III, basalto, seconda metà del XIX sec. ac. 02.JPG|100px]]
|Nimaatre
| [[Amenemhat III]]<ref>[[Wolfram Grajetzki]] (2006) pp. 56–61</ref> (''Lamares'')<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=26))</ref>
| [[Amenemhat III]] further developed the [[Fayyum]] as an agricultural region.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 98"/> He also constructed a large mortuary complex at Hawara including his [[Pyramid of Amenemhat III (Dahshur)|pyramid]], the mortuary complex was probably the labyrinth that inspired the ancient Greek authors.<ref>((cite web |title=Amenemhat III |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/chronology/amenemhatIII.html |publisher=University College London))</ref>
| 1860–1814 BC
|-
| [[File:AmmenemesIV(Front)-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|100px]]
|Maakherure
| [[Amenemhat IV]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/amenemhatIV.html|title=Amenemhat IV Maakherure (1807/06-1798/97 BC)|work=Digital Egypt for Universities))</ref> (''Ammenemes'')<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=30))</ref>
| Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso.
| 1816–1807 BC
|-
| [[File:Statue of Sobekneferu (Berlin Egyptian Museum 14475).jpg|100px]]
|Sobekkare
| [[Sobekneferu]]<ref>Grajetzki (2006) pp. 61–63</ref> (''Skemiophris'')<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=456))</ref>
| The first known archeologically attested female Pharaoh.
| 1807–1802 BC
|-
|}

The position of a possible additional ruler, [[Seankhibtawy Seankhibra]], is uncertain. He may be an ephemeral king, or a name variant of a king of the 12th or 13th Dynasty.

==Second Intermediate Period==
((Main|Second Intermediate Period of Egypt))
The [[Second Intermediate Period]] (1802–1550 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]], and the start of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]]. It is best known as when the [[Hyksos]], whose reign comprised the [[Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt|Fifteenth Dynasty]], made their appearance in Egypt.

The [[Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt|Thirteenth Dynasty]] was much weaker than the [[Twelfth dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty]], and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, c. 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in c. 1710 BC, the provincial ruling family in [[Xois]], located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite [[Fourteenth dynasty of Egypt|Fourteenth Dynasty]].

The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of [[Sobekhotep IV]], and around 1720 BC took control of the town of [[Avaris]] (the modern [[Tell el-Dab'a]]/Khata'na), conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty. Sometime around 1650 BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by [[Salitis]] the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], thereby terminating the 13th dynasty. The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter.

Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the [[Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt|Seventeenth Dynasty]]. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under [[Seqenenre Tao]], [[Kamose]] and finally [[Ahmose I|Ahmose]], first pharaoh of the New Kingdom.

===Thirteenth Dynasty===
((Main|Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt|Thirteenth Dynasty]] (following the [[Turin King List]]) ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho.

This table should be contrasted with [[Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt#Known|Known kings of the 13th Dynasty]]:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="20%" | Personal name
! width="45%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Amenemhat.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep|Sekhemre Khutawy]]
| [[Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep|Sobekhotep I]]
| Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is well attested. Referred to as Sobekhotep I in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep II in older studies
| 1802–1800 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| [[File:AmenemhatSenebefCylinderPetrie.png|100px]]
|Mehibtawy Sekhemkare
| [[Sonbef|Amenemhat Sonbef]]
| Perhaps a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep and son of [[Amenemhat IV]]<ref name="ryholt1997" />
| 1800–1796 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| [[File:Stele of Nerikare.png|100px]]
|[[Nerikare]]
| Sobek[...]
| Attested on a Nile record from [[Semna (Nubia)|Semna]].((Citation needed|date=November 2023))
| 1796 BC
|-
| [[File:Amenemhat V.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sekhemkare]]
| Amenemhat V
| Ruled for 3 to 4 years<ref name="ryholt1997" />
| 1796–1793 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| [[File:Plaque Qemaw by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
|—
| [[Ameny Qemau]]
| Buried in [[Pyramid of Ameny Qemau|his pyramid]] in south [[Dashur]]
| 1795–1792 BC
|-
| [[File:Hetep-ib-Re-mace.png|100px]]
|[[Hotepibre]]
| Qemau Siharnedjheritef
| Also called Sehotepibre
| 1792–1790 BC
|-
| —
| —
| [[Iufni]]
| Only attested on the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]
| Very short reign, possibly c. 1790–1788 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| [[File:Table CG23040 Kamal.jpg|100px]]
|Seankhibre
| [[Amenemhet VI|Amenemhat VI]]
| Attested on the [[Turin Canon]].((Citation needed|date=November 2023))
| 1788–1785 BC
|-
| [[File:Stele Nebnuni by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
|[[Semenkare Nebnuni|Semenkare]]
| [[Semenkare Nebnuni|Nebnuni]]
| Attested on the [[Turin Canon]]((Citation needed|date=November 2023))
| 1785–1783 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" /> or 1739 BC<ref name="Thomas Schneider 2002">Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen'', Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ((ISBN|3-491-96053-3))</ref>
|-
| [[File:Cylinder Sehetepibre by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sehetepibre]]
|[[Sehetepibre|Sewesekhtawy]]
| Attested on the [[Turin Canon]].((Citation needed|date=November 2023))
| 1783–1781 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| —
|[[Sewadjkare|Sewadjkare I]]
| —
| Known only from the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]
|1781 BCE
|-
| —
|[[Nedjemibre]]
| —
| Known only from the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]
| 7 months, 1780 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" /> or 1736 BC<ref name="Thomas Schneider 2002" />
|-
| [[File:Louvre 032007 40.jpg|100px]]
|[[Khaankhre Sobekhotep|Khaankhre]]
| [[Khaankhre Sobekhotep|Sobekhotep]]
| Referred to as Sobekhotep II in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep I in older studies
| Reigned c. 3 years, 1780–1777 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| —
|[[Renseneb]]
| —
| 4 months
| 1777 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| [[File:Ka Statue of horawibra.jpg|100px]]
|Awybre
| [[Hor]]
| Famous for his intact tomb treasure and [[:File:Ka Statue of horawibra.jpg|Ka statue]]
| Reigned 1 year and 6 months, 1777–1775 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| [[File:Khabaw2.png|100px]]
|[[Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw]]
|—
| Possibly a son of Hor Awibre
| Estimated reign 3 years, 1775–1772 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| [[File:OsirisBed.jpg|100px]]
|[[Djedkheperew]]
| —
| Possibly a son of Hor Awibre and brother of Khabaw, previously identified with [[Khendjer]]
| Estimated reign 2 years, 1772–1770 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| [[File:Kay Amenemhat.jpg|100px]]
| —
|[[Sebkay]]
| Possibly two kings, Seb and his son Kay.<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|
|-
| [[File:Cylinder Sedjefakare Petrie.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sedjefakare]]
|Kay Amenemhat
| A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents.
| 5 to 7 years or 3 years, 1769–1766 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| [[File:Wegaf Rubensohn.png|100px]]
|Khutawyre
| [[Wegaf]]
| Founder of the dynasty in old studies
| Around 1767 BC
|-
| [[File:Khendjer.jpg|100px]]
|Userkare
| [[Khendjer]]
| Possibly the first [[semitic languages|Semitic]] pharaoh, built a [[Pyramid of Khendjer|pyramid at Saqqara]]
| Minimum 4 years and 3 months c. 1765 BC
|-
| [[File:Ägyptisches Museum Kairo 2019-11-09 Emramescha 01.jpg|148x148px]]
|Smenkhkare
| [[Imyremeshaw]]
| Attested by two colossal statues
| Reigned less than 10 years, starting 1759 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" /> or 1711 BC.<ref>Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen'', Albatros, 2002</ref>
|-
| [[File:Hotepkare cylinder Petrie.png|100px]]
|[[Sehetepkare Intef|Sehetepkare]]
| [[Sehetepkare Intef|Intef IV]]
| —
| Less than 10 years
|-
| [[File:Stele JE 35256 Randall-MacIver.png|100px]]
|[[Seth Meribre|Meribre]]
|[[Seth Meribre|Seth]]
| —
| Reign ended 1749 BCE
|-
| [[File:SobekhotepIII-DualRelief BrooklynMuseum.png|100px]]
|Sekhemresewadjtawy
| [[Sobekhotep III]]
| 4 years and 2 months
| 1755–1751 BC
|-
| [[File:Neferhotep I 2.jpg|100px]]
|Khasekhemre
| [[Neferhotep I]]
| 11 years
| 1751–1740 BC
|-
| [[File:Turiner2.png|100px]]
|Menwadjre
| [[Sihathor]]
| Ephemeral coregent with his brother Neferhotep I, may not have reigned independently.
| 1739 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| [[File:Statue of Sobekhotep IV.jpg|100px]]
|Khaneferre
| [[Sobekhotep IV]]
| 10 or 11 years
| 1740–1730 BC
|-
| [[File:Statue of Merhotepre Sobekhotep V.jpg|100px]]
|[[Merhotepre Sobekhotep|Merhotepre]]
| [[Merhotepre Sobekhotep|Sobekhotep]] V
| —
| ((center|1730 BC))
|-
| [[File:KneelingStatueOfSobekhotepV-AltesMuseum-Berlin.png|100px]]
|Khahotepre
| [[Khahotepre Sobekhotep|Sobekhotep VI]]
| 4 years 8 months and 29 days
| Around 1725 BC
|-
| [[File:Scarab of King Ia-ib LACMA M.86.313.10 (2 of 2).jpg|100px]]
|[[Wahibre Ibiau|Wahibre]]
| [[Wahibre Ibiau|Ibiau]]
| 10 years and 8 months
| 1725–1714 BC or 1712–1701 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| [[File:Merneferre Ay.jpg|100px]]
|[[Merneferre Ay|Merneferre]]
| [[Merneferre Ay|Ay I]]
| Longest reigning king of the dynasty
| 23 years, 8 months and 18 days, 1701–1677 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" /> or 1714–1691 BC
|-
| [[File:Merhotepre Ini.png|100px]]
|[[Merhotepre Ini|Merhotepre]]
| [[Merhotepre Ini|Ini]]
| Possibly a son of his predecessor
| 2 years, 3 or 4 months and 9 days, 1677–1675 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" /> or 1691–1689 BC
|-
| —
|[[Sankhenre Sewadjtu|Sankhenre]]
| [[Sankhenre Sewadjtu|Sewadjtu]]
| Attested only on the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]
| 3 years and 2–4 months, 1675–1672 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
|[[File:Neferhotep II 2.jpg|100px]]
|[[Mersekhemre Ined|Mersekhemre]]
| [[Mersekhemre Ined|Ined]]
| May be the same person as Neferhotep II
| 3 years, 1672–1669 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| —
|[[Sewadjkare Hori|Sewadjkare II]]
| [[Sewadjkare Hori|Hori]]
| Reigned 5 years
| 5 years
|-
|[[File:Merkawre Sobekhotep.png|30px]]
|[[Merkawre Sobekhotep|Merkawre]]
| [[Merkawre Sobekhotep|Sobekhotep VII]]
| Reigned 2 years and 6 months<ref name="ryholt1997">K. S. B. Ryholt, ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC'', Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997</ref>
| 1664–1663 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| —
|''Name lost''
| rowspan="7" | Seven kings
| rowspan="7" | Names lost in a lacuna of the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]<ref name="ryholt1997" />
| rowspan="7" | 1663 BC –?<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
|—
|''Name lost''
|-
|—
|''Name lost''
|-
|—
|''Name lost''
|-
|—
|''Name lost''
|-
|—
|''Name lost''
|-
|—
|''Name lost''
|-
| —
|Mer[...]re
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Merkheperre Scarab.png|100px]]
|[[Merkheperre]]
| —
| —
| Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| —
|[[Merkare]]
| —
| Attested only on the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]
| Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| —
| colspan="2" |''Name lost''
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Sewadjare Mentuhotep.png|100px]]
|[[Sewadjare Mentuhotep|Sewadjare]]
| [[Sewadjare Mentuhotep|Mentuhotep V]]
| —
| Around 1655 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| —
|[...]mosre
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
|Ibi [...]maatre
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
|Hor[...] [...]webenre
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
|Se...kare
| —
| Unknown
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Sankhptahi.jpg|100px]]
|[[Seheqenre Sankhptahi|Seheqenre]]
| [[Seheqenre Sankhptahi|Sankhptahi]]
| May be the son of his predecessor
| Between 1663 and 1649 BC
|-
| —
|...re
| —
| Unknown
| Unknown
|-
| —
|Se...enre
| —
| Unknown
| Unknown – 1649 BC<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|}

The position of the following kings is uncertain:

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Djedhotepre Dedumose stele.png|100px]]
|Djedhotepre
| [[Dedumose I]]
| Possibly a king of the [[Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt|16th dynasty]]
| Around 1654 BC
|-
| [[File:Djedneferre Dedumose.png|100px]]
|Djedneferre
| [[Dedumose II]]
| Possibly a king of the [[Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt|16th dynasty]]
| Unknown
|-
|[[File:Scarab Maara Sobekhotep (IX).webp|144x144px]]
|Maare
|[[Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Sobekhotep IX]]
|Late 13th dynasty.
|Unknown
|-
| [[File:Senebmiu.png|100px]]
|[[Sewahenre Senebmiu|Sewahenre]]
| [[Sewahenre Senebmiu|Senebmiu]]
| Late 13th dynasty.
| After 1660 BC.<ref name="ryholt1997" />
|-
| [[File:Reperti del Tempio di Iside di Benevento 25.jpg|100px]]
|[[Mershepsesre Ini II|Mershepsesre]]
| [[Mershepsesre Ini II|Ini II]]
| Late 13th dynasty.
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Snaaib.jpg|100px]]
|Menkhaure
| [[Snaaib]]
| Possibly a king of the [[Abydos Dynasty]]
| Unknown
|}

===Fourteenth Dynasty===
((Main|Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Fourteenth dynasty of Egypt|Fourteenth Dynasty]] was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at [[Avaris]],<ref name="ryholt"/> that ruled from either 1805 BC or around 1710 BC until around 1650 BC.

Some of the contested rulers of the 14th Dynasty (proposed by Kim Ryholt) are commonly identified by Egyptologists as being of Canaanite (Semitic) descent, owing to the distinct origins of the names of some of their kings and princes. However, the dynasty rulers are not referred to as Hyksos in the Turin kings list.<ref>((cite journal|last=Ilin-Tomich|first=Alexander|title=Second Intermediate Period|journal=UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology|year=2016|page=3|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/72q561r2))</ref> It is here given according to Ryholt; however, this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Scarab Sekhaenre EA30511 Hall.jpg|100px]]
|[[Yakbim Sekhaenre|Sekhaenre]]
| [[Yakbim Sekhaenre|Yakbim]]
| Chronological position uncertain, here given according to Ryholt<ref name="ryholt"/>
| 1805–1780 BC
|-
| [[File:Scarab Nubwoserre UC16597.jpg|100px]]
| [[Ya'ammu Nubwoserre|Nubwoserre]]
| [[Ya'ammu Nubwoserre|Ya'ammu]]
| Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt<ref name="ryholt"/>
| 1780–1770 BC
|-
| [[File:QarehScarabPetrie.png|100px]]
| [[Qareh|Khawoserre]]<ref name="ryholt" />
| [[Qareh]]
| Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt<ref name="ryholt"/>
| 1770–1760 BC
|-
| [[File:AahotepreScarabPetrie.png|100px]]
| [[Aahotepre]]<ref name="ryholt" />
| [[Aahotepre|'Ammu]]
| Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt<ref name="ryholt"/>
| 1760–1745 BC
|-
| [[File:Canaanite - Scarab with Cartouche of King Sheshi - Walters 4217 - Bottom (2).jpg|100px]]
|Maaibre
| [[Sheshi]]<ref name="digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk">((Cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt//chronology/2interkings/kings2intermediateryholt.html|title=Kings of the 2nd Intermediate Period|website=www.ucl.ac.uk))</ref>
| Chronological position, duration of reign and extend of rule uncertain, here given according to Ryholt.<ref name="ryholt">[[Kim Ryholt|K.S.B. Ryholt]]: ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period'', c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997</ref> Alternatively, he could be an early Hyksos king, a Hyksos ruler of the second part of the 15th Dynasty or a vassal of the Hyksos.
| 1745–1705 BC
|-
| [[File:Aasehra obelisk Petrie.png|100px]]
|Aasehre
| [[Nehesy]]
| Short reign, perhaps a son of Sheshi<ref name="ryholt"/>
| Around 1705 BC
|-
| —
|[[Khakherewre]]
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
|[[Nebefawre]]
| —
| —
| Around 1704 BC
|-
| —
|[[Sehebre]]
| —
| Possibly identifiable with [[Wazad]] or [[Sheneh (pharaoh)|Sheneh]]<ref name="ryholt1997"/>
| Around 1704 to 1699 BC
|-
| [[File:Stele Merdjefare by Khruner.png|100px]]
|[[Merdjefare]]
| —
| Possibly identifiable with [[Wazad]] or [[Sheneh (pharaoh)|Sheneh]]<ref name="ryholt1997"/>
| Around 1699 BC
|-
| —
|[[Sewadjkare III]]
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
|[[Nebdjefare]]
| —
| —
| 1694 BC
|-
| —
|Webenre
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
|[...]djefare
|—
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
|[...]webenre
| —
| —
| Around 1690 BC
|-
| —
| Awibre II
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Heribre
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Jar Nebsenre by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
| —
| [[Nebsenre]]<ref name="ryholt"/>
| Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen
| At least 5 months of reign, some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| [...]re
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Scarab Sekheperenre by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sekheperenre]]<ref name="ryholt"/>
| —
| Attested by a single scarab seal
| 2 months, some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
|-
| —
| Djedkherewre
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Sankhibre II
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Nefertum[...]re
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Sekhem[...]re
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Kakemure
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Neferibre
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| —
| I[...]re
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Khakare
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Akare<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=12))</ref>
| —
| Only known from the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Semenenre
| Hapu
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Djedkare<ref name="ryholt" />
| Anati
| Only known from the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]
| Unknown
|-
| —
| —
| [[Bebnum]]<ref name="ryholt"/>
| Only known from the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]
| Some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| rowspan=8| Eight lines lost in the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Senefer[...]re
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Men[...]re
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Djed[...]re
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| rowspan=3| Three lines lost in the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
| —
| Ink[...]
| —
| —
| Unknown
|-
| —
| 'A[...]<ref name="Encyclo-p4">((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=4))</ref>
| —
| Only known from the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]. Name may be read as "Ineb" according to [[Alan Gardiner]].<ref name="Encyclo-p4"/>
| Unknown
|-
| —
| —
| [['Apepi]]<ref name="ryholt"/>
| Possibly attested as a king's son by 5 scarabs-seals
| c. 1650 BC
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| rowspan=5| Five lines lost in the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]]
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
| —
| colspan=2| ''Name lost''
| Unknown
|-
|}

The position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain:

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Khamure.png|100px]]
| —
|[[Khamure]]<ref name="ryholt1997" />
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Scarab Nuya by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
|—
| [[Nuya]]<ref name="ryholt1997"/>
| Attested by a scarab-seal
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Sheneh.png|100px]]
|—
| [[Sheneh (pharaoh)|Sheneh]]<ref name="ryholt1997" />
| May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Scarab Shenshek by Khruner.png|100px]]
|—
| [[Shenshek]]<ref name="ryholt1997" />
| Attested by a scarab-seal
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Wazad.png|100px]]
|—
| [[Wazad]]<ref name="ryholt1997"/>
| May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare
| Around 1700 BC ?
|-
| [[File:Yakareb scarab.png|100px]]
|—
| [[Yakareb]]<ref name="ryholt1997"/>
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:YaqubHar scarab Petrie 75.png|100px]]
| [[Meruserre]]
| [[Yaqub-Har]]<ref name="digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk"/>
| May belong to the [[Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt|14th dynasty]], the [[Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt|15th dynasty]] or be a vassal of the Hyksos.
| 17th–16th centuries BC
|}

The [[Turin King List]] provides additional names, none of which are attested beyond the list.

===Fifteenth Dynasty===
((Main|Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt|Fifteenth Dynasty]] arose from among the [[Hyksos]] people who emerged from the [[Fertile Crescent]] to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="10%" | Throne name
! width="10%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
|—
|colspan="2"|([[Salitis]])
|Ruled [[Lower Egypt]] and founded the [[15th Dynasty]]
|around 1650 BCE
|-
| [[File:SemqenScarabPetrie.png|100px]]
| —
| [[Semqen]]
| Chronological position uncertain.
| 1649 BC – Unknown
|-
| [[File:Aperanati scarab Petrie.png|100px]]
| —
| [[Aperanat|'Aper-'Anat]]
| Chronological position uncertain.
| Unknown
|-
| —
| —
| [[Sakir-Har]]
| —
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:YaqubHar_scarab_Petrie_75.png|100px]]
| [[Yaqub-Har|Yakub-Har]]
| [[Yakub]]
| From Turin papyrus.
| either 8 or 18 years
|-
| [[File:Khyan.jpg|100px]]
| [[Khyan|Seuserenre]]
| [[Khyan]]
| Apex of the Hyksos' power, conquered Thebes toward the end of his reign
| likely 30–35 years
|-
| [[File:ScarabBearingNameOfApophis MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|100px]]
| Nebkhepeshre / Aqenenre / Auserre
| [[Apepi (pharaoh)|Apepi]]
| —
| 1590 BC?
|-
| [[File:Cylinder Khondy Petrie.jpg|100px]]
| Nakhtyre / Hotepibre
| [[Khamudi]]
| —
| 1555–1544 BC
|}

===Abydos Dynasty===
((Main|Abydos Dynasty))
The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent [[Abydos Dynasty|dynasty reigning over Abydos]] from around 1650 BC until 1600 BC.<ref>[[Detlef Franke]]: "Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches. Teil II: Die sogenannte Zweite Zwischenzeit Altägyptens", In ''Orientalia'' 57 (1988), p. 259</ref><ref>((cite book | last =Ryholt | first =K. S. B. | title =The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800–1550 B.C.| publisher =Museum Tusculanum Press | year =1997 | page = 164| isbn =978-87-7289-421-8))</ref><ref>((cite web | url =http://www.penn.museum/press-releases/1032-pharaoh-senebkay-discovery-josef-wegner.html| title =Giant Sarcophagus Leads Penn Museum Team in Egypt To the Tomb of a Previously Unknown Pharaoh |publisher =[[Penn Museum]]|date=January 2014| access-date = 16 January 2014))</ref>

Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty, and they are given here without regard for their (unknown) chronological order:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Prenomen
! width="15%" | Nomen
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Cartouche Senebkay by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
|Woseribre
| [[Senebkay]]
| Tomb discovered in 2014. Perhaps identifiable with a ''Woser[...]re'' of the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]].
| Around 1650 BC
|-
| [[File:Snaaib.jpg|100px]]
|Menkhaure
| [[Snaaib]]
| May belong to the late [[Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt|13th Dynasty]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Jürgen von Beckerath: ''Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten'', Glückstadt, 1964</ref><ref name="beckerath1997" /><ref name="beckerath">Jürgen von Beckerath: ''Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen'', Münchner ägyptologische Studien 49, Mainz 1999.</ref>
| Uncertain
|-
| [[File:Stele Pantjeny Petrie.jpg|100px]]
|Sekhemrekhutawy
| [[Pantjeny]]
| May belong to the late 16th Dynasty<ref name="maree" />
| Uncertain
|-
| [[File:Wepwawetemsaf.png|100px]]
|Sekhemraneferkhau
| [[Wepwawetemsaf]]
| May belong to the late [[Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt|16th Dynasty]]<ref name="maree">Marcel Marée: ''A sculpture workshop at Abydos from the late Sixteenth or early Seventeenth Dynasty'', in: Marcel Marée (editor): ''The Second Intermediate period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties), Current Research, Future Prospects'', Leuven, Paris, Walpole, Massachusetts. 2010 ((ISBN|978-90-429-2228-0)). p. 247, 268</ref>
| Uncertain
|-
| —
| [...]hebre
| —
| Only known from the [[Turin King List|Turin Canon]]. Believed by [[Kim Ryholt]] to have been part of the Abydos dynasty.<ref>((cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC|last=Baker|first=Darrell D.|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|isbn=978-977-416-221-3|location=Egypt|page=111))</ref>
| Uncertain
|}

===Sixteenth Dynasty===
((Main|Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Sixteenth Dynasty]] was a native [[Thebes, Egypt|Theban]] dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty around 1650 BC. They were finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty around 1580 BC.

The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| —
|
| —
| Name of the first king is lost here in the [[Turin King List]] and cannot be recovered
| Unknown
|-
| [[File:Block Djehuti by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
|Sekhemresementawy
| [[Djehuti]]
| –
| 3 years
|-
| [[File:Stele Sekhemre Seusertawy by Khruner.png|100px]]
|Sekhemreseusertawy
| [[Sobekhotep VIII]]
| –
| 16 years
|-
| [[File:Stele JE 59635 by Khruner.png|100px]]
|Sekhemresankhtawy
| [[Neferhotep III]]
| –
| 1 year
|-
| [[File:Sphinx Seankhenre by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
|[[Seankhenre Mentuhotepi|Seankhenre]]
| [[Seankhenre Mentuhotepi|Mentuhotepi]]
| May be a king of the [[#Seventeenth Dynasty|17th Dynasty]]<ref name="beckerath1997" />
| <l1 year
|-
| [[File:Dagger Sewadjenre Petrie.png|50px]]
|Sewadjenre
| [[Nebiryraw I]]
| –
| 26 years
|-
| [[File:Statuette Harpocrates Mariette.jpg|100px]]
|Neferkare (?)
| [[Nebiryraw II]]
| –
| Around 1600 BC
|-
| [[File:Axehead Semenenre by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
|[[Semenre]]
|–
| –
| Around 1600 BC
|-
| [[File:Dagger Bebiankh by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
|Seuserenre
| [[Bebiankh]]
| –
| 12 years
|-
| [[File:Djedhotepre Dedumose stele.png|100px]]
|Djedhotepre
| [[Dedumose I]]
| May be a king of the [[#Thirteenth Dynasty|13th Dynasty]]<ref name="beckerath1997" />
| Around 1588–1582 BC
|-
| [[File:Djedneferre Dedumose.png|100px]]
|Djedneferre
| [[Dedumose II]]
| –
| Around 1588–1582 BC
|-
| [[File:DjedankhraScarabPetrie.png|100px]]
|[[Djedankhre Montemsaf|Djedankhre]]
|[[Djedankhre Montemsaf|Montemsaf]]
| –
| Around 1590 BC
|-
| [[File:Mentuhotep VI.jpg|100px]]
|[[Merankhre Mentuhotep|Merankhre]]
|[[Merankhre Mentuhotep|Mentuhotep VI]]
| –
| Short reign, around 1585 BC
|-
| [[File:Senusret IV.png|100px]]
|Seneferibre
| [[Senusret IV]]
| –
| Unknown
|-
| —
|[[Sekhemre Shedwast|Sekhemre]]
|[[Sekhemre Shedwast|Shedwast]]
| May be the same as [[Sobekemsaf II|Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II]]
| Unknown
|-
|}
The 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs [[Pepi III|Sneferankhre Pepi III]]<ref>Wolfgang Helck, Eberhard Otto, Wolfhart Westendorf, Stele – Zypresse: Volume 6 of Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1986, Page 1383</ref> and [[Nebmaatre]]. Their chronological position is uncertain.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="beckerath1997">Jürgen von Beckerath: ''Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens'', Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46. Mainz am Rhein, 1997</ref>

===Seventeenth Dynasty===
((Main|Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt|Seventeenth Dynasty]] was based in [[Upper Egypt]] and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Rahotep stele BM Budge.png|100px]]
| Sekhemrewahkhaw
| [[Rahotep]]
| —
| Around 1620 BC
|-
| [[File:RedGraniteStatueOfSobkemsafI(Detail)-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|100px]]
| Sekhemre Wadjkhaw
| [[Sobekemsaf I]]
| —
| At least 7 years
|-
| [[File:Statuette Sobekemsaf Petrie b.png|100px]]
| Sekhemre Shedtawy
| [[Sobekemsaf II]]
| His tomb was robbed and burned during the reign of [[Ramesses IX]].
| Unknown to around 1573 BC
|-
| [[File:Louvre 122006 050.jpg|100px]]
| [[Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef|Sekhemre-Wepmaat]]
| [[Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef|Intef V]]
| —
| Possibly around 1573-1571 BC
|-
| [[File:WoodenCoffinOfIntef-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg|100px]]
| [[Nubkheperre Intef|Nubkheperre]]
| [[Nubkheperre Intef|Intef VI]]
| Reigned more than 3 years
| Around 1571 to the mid-1560s BC
|-
| [[File:Coffin Sekhemre-Heruhermaat Intef closeup.jpg|100px]]
| [[Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef|Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat]]
| [[Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef|Intef VII]]
| —
| Late 1560s BC
|-
| [[File:Relief Senakhtenre by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
| [[Senakhtenre Ahmose|Senakhtenre]]
| [[Senakhtenre Ahmose|Ahmose]]
| —
| Around 1558 BC
|-
| [[File:Coffin Seqenenre Petrie.png|100px]]
| [[Seqenenre Tao|Seqenenre]]
| [[Seqenenre Tao|Tao]]
| Died in battle against the Hyksos.
| 1558–1554 BC
|-
| [[File:Sarcophage-Kamose.jpg|100px]]
| Wadjkheperre
| [[Kamose]]
| —
| 1554–1549 BC
|}

The early 17th Dynasty may also have included the reign of a pharaoh [[Nebmaatre]], whose chronological position is uncertain.<ref name="ryholt1997"/>

==New Kingdom==
((Main|New Kingdom of Egypt))
The [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] (1550–1077 BC) is the period covering the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|Eighteenth]], [[Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt|Nineteenth]], and [[Twentieth dynasty of Egypt]], from the 16th to the 11th century BC, between the [[Second Intermediate Period]], and the [[Third Intermediate Period]].

Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into [[Nubia]] in the south, and held wide territories in the [[Near East]]. Egyptian armies fought with [[Hittites|Hittite]] armies for control of modern-day [[Syria]].

Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are [[Akhenaten]], also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the [[Aten]] is often interpreted as the first instance of [[monotheism]], [[Tutankhamun]] known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, and [[Ramesses II]] who attempted to recover the territories in modern [[Israel/Palestine]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]] that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the [[Battle of Qadesh]], where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king [[Muwatalli II]].

=== Eighteenth Dynasty ===
((Main|Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|Eighteenth Dynasty]] ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| ((center|[[File:Head of Ahmose I MET DP140854.jpg|100px]]))
|Nebpehtire
| [[Ahmose I]] (''Ahmosis I'')
| Brother and successor to [[Kamose]], conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos.
| ((center|Around 1550–1525 BC; Radiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570–1544 BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BC<ref>Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1189395 Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt], ''Science'' 18 June 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5985, pp. 1554–1557.</ref>))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Cult statue of Amenhotep I, limestone - Museo Egizio Turin C 1372 p03.jpg|100px]]))
|Djeserkare
| [[Amenhotep I]]
| Son of [[Ahmose I]]. [[Amenhotep I]] led campaigns in nubia down to the 3rd [[Nile]] cataract.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 146">((cite book|author= Marc Van De Mieroop|date= 2021 |title= A History of Ancient Egypt|publisher= Wiley Blackwell |page= 146|isbn=978-1-119-62087-7))</ref> He also introduced the practice of having the tomb and funerary temple in separate locations rather than in the same location.<ref>((cite book|author= Marc Van De Mieroop|date= 2021 |title= A History of Ancient Egypt|publisher= Wiley Blackwell |page= 168|isbn=978-1-119-62087-7))</ref> It is possible that [[Amenhotep I]] and his mother Ahmose-Nefertari founded the tomb workers village of Deir-el-Medina, the two were honored as gods by later residents.<ref>((cite book|author= Marc Van De Mieroop|date= 2021 |title= A History of Ancient Egypt|publisher= Wiley Blackwell |page= 169|isbn=978-1-119-62087-7))</ref>
| ((center|1541–1520 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Bust of new kingdom pharaoh Thutmose I.jpg|100px]]))
|Aakheperkare
| [[Thutmose I]]
| Father unknown, though possibly [[Amenhotep I]]. His mother is known to be [[Senseneb]]. [[Thutmose I]] established family control over the Egyptian throne for the next 175 years.<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 146"/> [[Thutmose I]] defeated the [[Kingdom of Kush]] and destroyed Kerma in [[Nubia]], he campaigned in Syria as far as the [[Euphrates River]].<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 146"/> He is also the father of [[Thutmose II]] and [[Hatshepsut]].<ref name="Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 146"/>
| ((center|1520–1492 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Stone block with relief at Karnak Temple Thutmosis II.jpg|frameless|100px]]))
|Aakheperenre
| [[Thutmose II]]
| Son of [[Thutmose I]]. Grandson of [[Amenhotep I]] through his mother, [[Mutnofret]].
| ((center|1492–1479 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Seated Statue of Hatshepsut MET Hatshepsut2012.jpg|100px]]))
|Maatkare
| [[Hatshepsut]]
| The second known female ruler of Egypt. May have ruled jointly with her nephew [[Thutmose III]] during the early part of her reign. Famous for her expedition to [[Land of Punt|Punt]] documented on her famous [[Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut|Mortuary Temple]] at [[Deir el-Bahari]]. Built many temples and monuments. Ruled during the height of Egypt's power. Was the daughter of [[Thutmose I]] and the Great Wife of her brother [[Thutmose II]].
| ((center|1479–1458 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:TuthmosisIII-2.JPG|100px]]))
|Menkheperre
| [[Thutmose III]]
| Son of [[Thutmose II]]. May have ruled jointly with [[Hatshepsut]], his aunt and step-mother, during the early part of her reign. Famous for his territorial expansion into [[the Levant]] and [[Nubia]]. Under his reign, the Ancient Egyptian Empire was at its greatest extent. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. Before the end of his reign, he obliterated [[Hatshepsut|Hatshepsut's]] name and image from temples and monuments.
| ((center|1458–1425 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Amenophis II-E 10896-IMG 0085-gradient.jpg|100px]]))
|Aakheperrure
| [[Amenhotep II]]
| Son of [[Thutmose III]]. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power.
| ((center|1425–1400 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Thumtmoses IV-E 13889-IMG 0034-gradient.jpg|100px]]))
|Menkheperure
| [[Thutmose IV]]
| Famous for his [[Dream Stele]]. Son of [[Amenhotep II]]. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power.
| ((center|1400–1390 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Head of statue depicting new kingdom pharaoh Amenhotep III.jpg|100px]]))
|Nebmaatre
| [[Amenhotep III]]
| Father of [[Akhenaten]] and grandfather of [[Tutankhamun]]. Ruled Egypt at the height of its power. Built many temples and monuments, including his enormous [[Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III|Mortuary Temple]]. Was the son of [[Thutmose IV]].
| ((center|1390–1352 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:GD-EG-Caire-Musée061.JPG|100px]]))
|Neferkheperure Waenre
| Amenhotep IV / [[Akhenaten]] (''Achencheres'')
| Founder of the [[Amarna Period]] in which he changed the state religion from the [[polytheism|polytheistic]] [[Ancient Egyptian religion]] to the [[Monotheism|Monotheistic]] [[Atenism]], centered around the worship of the [[Aten]], an image of the sun disc. He moved the capital to [[Akhetaten]]. Was the second son of [[Amenhotep III]]. He changed his name from Amenhotep ([[Amun]] is pleased) to Akhenaten (Effective for the [[Aten]]) to reflect his religion change.
| ((center|1352–1336 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Spaziergang im Garten Amarna Berlin.jpg|120x120px]]))
|Ankhkheperure
| [[Smenkhkare]]
| Ruled jointly with [[Akhenaten]] during the later years of his reign. Unknown if Smenkhare ever ruled in his own right.
Identity and even the gender of Smenkhare is uncertain. Some suggest he may have been the son of Akhenaten, possibly the same person as [[Tutankhamun]]; others speculate Smenkhare may have been [[Nefertiti]] or [[Meritaten]]. May have been succeeded by or identical with a female Pharaoh named [[Neferneferuaten]].
| ((center|1335–1334 BC))
|-
|[[File:Amarna Neues 05.JPG|center|131x131px]]
|Ankhkheperure mery Neferkheperure
|[[Neferneferuaten]]
|A female Pharaoh, possibly the same ruler as [[Smenkhkare]]. Archaeological evidence relates to a woman who reigned as pharaoh toward the end of the [[Amarna Period]]. It is likely she was [[Nefertiti]].
| ((center|1334-1332 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg|100px]]))
|Nebkheperure
| Tutankhaten / [[Tutankhamun]]
| Commonly believed to be the son of [[Akhenaten]], most likely reinstated the [[Ancient Egyptian religion|polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion]]. His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the [[Monolatry|monolatristic]] [[Atenism]] to the classic religion, of which [[Amun]] is a major [[deity]]. He is thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen, giving him the nickname "The Boy King." Tutankhamun was a weak ruler suffering from multiple health issues. However, he became famous for being buried in a decorative tomb intended for someone else called [[KV62]].
| ((center|1332–1324 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Royal couple-MAHG 12440-IMG 9577-detail.JPG|100px]]))
|Kheperkheperure
| [[Ay II]]
| Was Grand Vizier to [[Tutankhamun]] and an important official during the reigns of [[Akhenaten]] and [[Smenkhkare]]. Possibly the brother of [[Tiye]], Great Wife of [[Amenhotep III]], and also possibly father of [[Nefertiti]], Great Wife of Akhenaten. Believed to have been born into nobility, but not royalty. Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir.
| ((center|1324–1320 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:StatueOfHoremhebAndTheGodHorus-DetailOfHoremheb01 KunsthistorischesMuseum Nov13-10.jpg|100px]]))
|Djeserkheperure Setpenre
| [[Horemheb]]
| Born a Commoner. Was a General during the [[Amarna Period]]. Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs and destroyed and vandalized buildings and monuments associated with them. Succeeded [[Ay (pharaoh)|Ay]] despite [[Nakhtmin]] being the intended heir.
| ((center|1320–1292 BC))
|}

=== Nineteenth Dynasty ===
((Main|Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt|Nineteenth Dynasty]] ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: [[Ramesses II]] the Great.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| ((center|[[File:StatueHeadOfParamessu-TitledFrontalView-RamessesI MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|100px]]))
|Menpehtire
| [[Ramesses I]]<ref>((cite web|title=Ramesses I Menpehtire|work=Digital Egypt|publisher=University College London|year=2001|access-date=2007-09-29|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/ramsesi.html))</ref>
| Already Grand Vizier, of non-royal birth. Succeeded [[Horemheb]] due to his lack of an heir.
| ((center|1292–1290 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:SetiI-KneelingStatueOfferingToOsiris-CloseUp MetropolitanMuseum.png|100px]]))
|Menmaatre
| [[Seti I]]
| Regained much of the territory that was lost under the reign of [[Akhenaten]].
| ((center|1290–1279 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:RamsesIIEgypt.jpg|100px]]))
|Usermaatre Setpenre (''Ozymandias'')
| [[Ramesses II]] the Great
| Continued expanding Egypt's territory until he reached a [[stalemate]] with the [[Hittite empire|Hittite Empire]] at the [[Battle of Kadesh]] in 1275 BC, after which the famous [[Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty]] was signed in 1258 BC. Had one of the longest Egyptian reigns. Known for his large scale construction projects, including many now famous monuments.
| ((center|1279–1213 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Merenptah Louxor-HeadAndShoulders-BackgroundKnockedOut.png|100px]]))
|Banenre
| [[Merneptah]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/merenptah.html|title=King Merenptah|work=Digital Egypt|publisher=University College London|year=2001|access-date=2007-09-29))</ref>
| Thirteenth son of [[Ramesses II]].
| ((center|1213–1203 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Amenmesses drawn by Rosellini.jpg|100px]]))
|Menmire Setpenre
| [[Amenmesse]]
| Most likely a usurper to the throne. Possibly ruled in opposition to [[Seti II]]. Suggested son of [[Merneptah]].
| ((center|1203–1200 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Turin statue of Seti II.jpg|100px]]))
|Userkheperure
| [[Seti II]]<ref>((cite web|title=Sety II|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/setyii.html|access-date=2007-10-27|work=Digital Egypt|publisher=University College London|year=2001))</ref>
| Son of [[Merneptah]]. May have had to overcome a contest by [[Amenmesse]] before he could solidify his claim to the throne.
| ((center|1203–1197 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Siptah.jpg|100px]]))
|Sekhaenre / Akhenre
| (Merenptah) [[Siptah]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/siptah.html|title=Siptah Sekhaenre/Akhenre|access-date=2007-10-27|work=Digital Egypt|publisher=University College London|year=2001))</ref>
| Possibly son of [[Seti II]] or [[Amenmesse]], ascended to throne at a young age.
| ((center|1197–1191 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Queen Tausret Émile Prisse d'Avennes.jpg|100px]]))
|Satre Merenamun
| [[Tausret]]
| Probably the wife of [[Seti II]]. Also known as Twosret or Tawosret.
| ((center|1191–1189 BC))
|}

=== Twentieth Dynasty ===
((Main|Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Twentieth dynasty of Egypt|Twentieth Dynasty]] ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC:

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| ((center|[[File:Sethnakht closeup Lepsius.png|100px]]))
|Userkhaure
| [[Setnakhte]]
| Not related to [[Seti II]], [[Siptah]], or [[Tausret]]. May have usurped the throne from [[Tausret]]. Did not recognize [[Siptah]] or [[Tausret]] as legitimate rulers. Possibly a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family. Also called Setnakt.
| ((center|1190–1186 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:KhonsuTemple-Karnak-RamessesIII-2.jpg|100px]]))
|Usermaatre Meryamun
| [[Ramesses III]]
| Son of [[Setnakhte]]. Fought the [[Sea Peoples]] in 1175 BC. Possibly assassinated ([[Harem conspiracy]]).
| ((center|1186–1155 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:M-Ramses IV.jpg|100px]]))
|Usermaatre / Heqamaatre Setpenamun
| [[Ramesses IV]]
| Son of [[Ramesses III]]. During his reign, Egyptian power started to decline.
| ((center|1155–1149 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Ramses V mummy head.png|100px]]))
|Usermaatre Sekheperenre
| [[Ramesses V]]
| Son of [[Ramesses IV]]
| ((center|1149–1145 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:RamassesVIFragmentarySarcophagusHead-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|frameless|100px]]))
|Nebmaatre Meryamun
| [[Ramesses VI]]
| Son of [[Ramesses III]]. Brother of [[Ramesses IV]]. Uncle of [[Ramesses V]].
| ((center|1145–1137 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Tomb KV1 Ramesses VII Lepsius.jpg|frameless|100px]]))
|Usermaatre Setpenre Meryamun
| [[Ramesses VII]]
| Son of [[Ramesses VI]].
| ((center|1137–1130 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:SFEC-MEDINETHABU-Sethiherkhepeshef II.jpg|100px]]))
|Usermaatre Akhenamun
| [[Ramesses VIII]]
| An obscure Pharaoh, who reigned only around a year. Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II. Son of [[Ramesses III]]. Brother of [[Ramesses IV]] and [[Ramesses VI]]. Uncle of [[Ramesses V]] and [[Ramesses VII]]. He is the sole Pharaoh of the [[Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt|Twentieth Dynasty]] whose tomb has not been found.
| ((center|1130–1129 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Ramesses9.jpg|frameless|100px]]))
|Neferkare Setpenre
| [[Ramesses IX]]
| Probably grandson of [[Ramesses III]] through his father, [[Montuherkhopshef (son of Ramesses III)|Montuherkhopshef]]. First cousin of [[Ramesses V]] and [[Ramesses VII]].
| ((center|1129–1111 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:RamsesXCrop.jpg|frameless|100px]]))
|Khepermaatre Setpenptah
| [[Ramesses X]]<ref>Grimal (1992) p.291</ref>
| A poorly documented Pharaoh, his reign was between 3 and 10 years long. His origins are completely uncertain.
| ((center|1111–1107 BC))
|-
| ((center|[[File:Temple Khonsu Ramesses XI Lepsius.jpg|100px]]))
|Menmaatre Setpenptah
| [[Ramesses XI]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/ramsesxi.html|title=Ramesses XI Menmaatre-setpenptah|access-date=2007-10-28))</ref>
| Possibly the son of [[Ramesses X]]. During the second half of his reign, [[High Priest of Amun]] [[Herihor]] ruled over the south from [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], limiting his power to [[Lower Egypt|Lower (Northern) Egypt]]. He was succeeded in the north by [[Smendes I|Smendes]].
| ((center|1107–1077 BC))
|}

==Third Intermediate Period==
((Main|Third Intermediate Period of Egypt))
The [[Third Intermediate Period]] (1077–664 BC) marked the end of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] after the collapse of the Egyptian empire at the end of the [[Bronze Age]]. Two dynasties of [[Ancient Libya|Libya]]n origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.

===Twenty-First Dynasty===
((Main|Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-First Dynasty]] was based at [[Tanis, Egypt|Tanis]] and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1077 to 943 BC.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Canopic Smendes Met.jpg|100px]]
|Hedjkheperre-Setpenre
| [[Nesbanebdjed I]]<ref>Cerny p.645</ref> (''Smendes I'')
| Married to [[Tentamun (21st dynasty)|Tentamun]], probable daughter of [[Ramesses XI]].
| 1077–1051 BC
|-
| [[File:Bowcap Amenemnesut Psusennes by Khruner.jpg|100px]]
|Neferkare
| [[Amenemnisu]]
| Obscure four-year reign.
| 1051–1047 BC
|-
| [[File:Golden Mask of Psusennes I.jpg|100px]]
|Aakheperre
| Pasebakhenniut I (''[[Psusennes I]]'')
| Son of [[Pinedjem I]], a [[Theban High Priests of Amun|High Priest of Amun]]. Ruled for 40 to 51 years. Famous for his intact tomb at [[Tanis]]. Known as "The Silver Pharaoh" due to the magnificent silver coffin he was buried in. One of the most powerful rulers of the Dynasty.
| 1047–1001 BC
|-
| [[File:Amenemope Mask Crop.jpg|alt=|150x150px]]
|Usermaatre
| [[Amenemope (pharaoh)|Amenemope]]
| Son of [[Psusennes I]].
| 1001–992 BC
|-
| [[File:Seal Aakheperre Osorkon Petrie.jpg|100px]]
|Aakheperre Setepenre
| [[Osorkon the Elder]]
| Son of [[Shoshenq A]], Great Chief of the [[Meshwesh]] (Libya). Also known as Osochor.
| 992–986 BC
|-
| [[File:Relief Siamun Petrie.jpg|alt=|150x150px]]
|Netjerikheperre-Setpenamun
| [[Siamun]]
| Unknown Origins. Built extensively for a third intermediate period Pharaoh. One of the most powerful rulers of the dynasty.
| 986–967 BC
|-
| [[File:Statue CG42192 legrain.jpg|100px]]
|Titkheperure
| Pasebakhenniut II (''[[Psusennes II]]'')
| Son of [[Pinedjem II]], a [[Theban High Priests of Amun|High Priest of Amun]].
| 967–943 BC
|}

====Theban High Priests of Amun====
((Main|Theban High Priests of Amun))
Though not officially pharaohs, the [[Theban High Priests of Amun|High Priests of Amun at Thebes]] were the ''de facto'' rulers of [[Upper Egypt]] during the [[Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-first dynasty]], writing their names in [[cartouches]] and being buried in royal tombs.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="10%" |Throne name
! width="10%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:KingHerihorAdoreOsiris.jpg|centre|frameless|100px]]
|Hemnetjertepenamun
|[[Herihor|Herihor Siamun]]
|Ruled in the south in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], while [[Ramesses XI]] ruled from the north in [[Pi-Ramesses]]. Some sources suggest he may have reigned after [[Piankh]].
| 1080–1074 BC
|-
| [[File:Payankh stele Mariette.jpg|centre|frameless|100px]]
|colspan="2"| [[Piankh]]
| Some sources suggest he may have reigned before [[Herihor]].
| 1074–1070 BC
|-
| [[File:Statue Pinedjem CG42191 Legrain.png|centre|frameless|100px]]
| Kheperkhawra Setepenamun
| [[Pinedjem I|Pinedjem I Meriamun]]
| Son of [[Piankh]]. Father of [[Psusennes I]].
| 1070–1032 BC
|-
| [[File:Mummy Masaherta Smith.JPG|centre|frameless|100px]]
| —
| [[Masaharta]]
| Son of [[Pinedjem I]].
| 1054–1045 BC
|-
| 
| —
| [[Djedkhonsuefankh]]
| Son of [[Pinedjem I]].
| 1046–1045 BC
|-
| [[File:Molded Faience Amuletic Tube with Throne Name of the High Priest of Amen Menkheperre LACMA M.80.198.107.jpg|centre|frameless|100px]]
| Hemnetjertepienamun
| [[Menkheperre]]
| Son of [[Pinedjem I]].
| 1045–992 BC
|-
| [[File:Nesbanebdjed II statuette Petrie.png|centre|frameless|100px]]
| —
| Nesbanebdjed II (''[[Smendes II]]'')
| Son of [[Menkheperre]].
| 992–990 BC
|-
| [[File:Pinudjem-II.jpg|centre|frameless|100px]]
| —
| [[Pinedjem II]]
| Son of [[Menkheperre]], Father of [[Psusennes II]].
| 990–976 BC
|-
| —
| Titkheprure
|Hemnetjertepienamun Pasebakhaennuit (''[[Psusennes III]]'')
|Possibly the same person as [[Psusennes II]]. Either he or [[Pinedjem II]] is generally considered to be the last [[Theban High Priests of Amun|High Priest of Amun]] to consider himself as a pharaoh-like figure.
| 976–943 BC
|}

===Twenty-Second Dynasty===
((Main|Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt))
The pharaohs of the [[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-Second Dynasty]] were [[Ancient Libya|Libya]]ns, ruling from around 943 to 728 BC.
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Karnak Sheshonq I.jpg|100px]]
|Hedjkheperre Setpenre
| [[Shoshenq I|Shoshenq I Meriamun]]
| Son of [[Nimlot A]], a brother of [[Osorkon the Elder]] and a Great Chief of the [[Meshwesh]] (Libyans). Possibly the biblical [[Shishaq]]
| 943–922 BC
|-
| [[File:Statue of Pharaoh Osorkon I-AO 9502-IMG 7653-gradient.jpg|100px]]
|Sekhemkheperre Setepenre
| [[Osorkon I|Osorkon I Meriamun]]
| Son of [[Shoshenq I]].
| 922–887 BC
|-
| [[File:Sheshonq II mask2004.jpg|100px]]
|Heqakheperre Setepenre
| [[Shoshenq II|Shoshenq II Meriamun]]
| Obscure pharaoh, possibly a usurper.
| 887–885 BC
|-
| —
|Tutkheperre
| [[Tutkheperre Shoshenq|Shoshenq IIb]]
| Obscure pharaoh, placement uncertain.
| 880s BC
|-
|[[File:Sarcophage Harsiesis.JPG|100px]]
|Hedjkheperre Setepenamun
|[[Harsiese A|Harsiese Meriamun A]]
| An obscure rebel, at Thebes.
| 880–860 BC
|-
| [[File:Takelot I a.jpg|100px]]
| Hedjkheperre Setepenre
| [[Takelot I|Takelot I Meriamun]]
| Son of [[Osorkon I]].
| 885–872 BC
|-
| [[File:Egypte louvre 066.jpg|100px]]
|Usermaatre Setpenamun
| [[Osorkon II|Osorkon II Meriamun]]
| Son of [[Takelot I]].
| 872–837 BC
|-
| [[File:Shoshenq III.jpg|100px]]
|Usermaatre Setpenre
| [[Shoshenq III|Shoshenq III Meriamun]]
| —
| 837–798 BC
|-
| [[File:Stele Shoshenq V Y8 Spiegelberg.png|100px]]
|Hedjkheperre Setepenre 
| [[Shoshenq IV|Shoshenq IV Meriamun Sabast Netjerheqaiunu]]
| —
| 798–785 BC
|-
| [[File:Louvre 122006 015.jpg|100px]]
|Usermaatre Setpenre
| [[Pami|Pami Meriamun]]
| —
| 785–778 BC
|-
| [[File:List of pharaohs, Louvre.jpg|100px]]
|Aakheperre
| [[Shoshenq V]]
| —
| 778–740 BC
|-
| [[File:Louvre egide tete lionne.JPG|100px]]
|Usermaatre
| [[Osorkon IV]]
| —
| 740–720 BC
|}

===Twenty-Third Dynasty===
((Main|Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-Third Dynasty]] was a local group, again of [[Ancient Libya|Libya]]n origin, based at [[Heracleopolis Magna|Herakleopolis]] and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c. 735 BC.
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="10%" | Throne name
! width="10%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Karnak Ptah 08.jpg|100px]]
|Hedjkheperre Setpenre
| [[Takelot II|Takelot II Siesemeriamun]]
| Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd.
| 837–813 BC
|-
| [[File:Torso of Pedubast I by Michael Martin.jpg|100px]]
|Usermaatre Setpenamun
| [[Pedubast I|Meriamun Pedubast I]]
| A rebel—seized [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] from Takelot II.
| 826–801 BC
|-
| —
|—
| [[Iuput I|Iuput I Meriamun]]
| Co-regent with Pedubast.
| 812–811 BC
|-
| —
|Usermaatre Meryamun
| [[Shoshenq VI|Shoshenq VI Meriamun]]
| Successor to Pedubast.
| 801–795 BC
|-
| [[File:Osorkon III.jpg|100px]]
|Usermaatre Setpenamun
| [[Osorkon III|Osorkon III Saisetmeriamun]]
| Son of Takelot II; recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king.
| 795–767 BC
|-
| [[File:Karnak Takelot III.jpg|100px]]
|Usermaatre-Setpenamun
| [[Takelot III|Takelot III Meriamun Saisetmeriamun]]
| Co-reign with his father Osorkon III for the first five years of his reign.
| 773–765 BC
|-
| [[File:Egypte louvre 054.jpg|100px]]
|Usermaatre-Setpenamun
| [[Rudamun|Meriamun Rudamun]]
| Younger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III.
| 765–762 BC
|-
|—
|Uasnetjerre/Hedjkheperre Setepenre
| [[Shoshenq VII|Shoshenq VII Saisetmeriamun]]
| A poorly attested king.
| —
|-
|}

Rudamun was succeeded in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] by a local ruler:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Louvre C100 stele Petrie.png|100px]]
|Menkheperre
| [[Ini (pharaoh)|Ini]]
| Reigned at Thebes only.
| 762–Unknown BC
|}

=== Twenty-Fourth Dynasty ===
((Main|Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-fourth Dynasty]] was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta ([[Sais, Egypt|Sais]]), with only two pharaohs ruling from 732 to 720 BC.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Tefnakht Athens stela (T. Efthimiadis) det.jpg|100px]]
|Shepsesre
| [[Tefnakhte]]
| —
| 732–725 BC
|-
| [[File:Apis Bakenranef 6 Mariette.jpg|100px]]
|Wahkare
| [[Bakenrenef]] (''Bocchoris'')
| —
| 725–720 BC
|}

=== Twenty-Fifth Dynasty ===
((Main|Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt))
[[Nubia]]ns invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under [[Piye]] although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye's reign. Piye's conquest of Lower Egypt established the [[Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-fifth Dynasty]] which ruled until 656 BC.
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Stele Piye submission Mariette.jpg|100px]]
|Usermaatre
| [[Piye]]
| King of [[Nubia]]; conquered Egypt in his 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years
| 744–714 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau<ref name=pay>F. Payraudeau, Retour sur la succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo, Nehet 1, 2014, p. 115–127</ref>
|-
| [[File:Stela Shebitqo Met.jpg|100px]]
|Djedkaure
| [[Shebitku]]
| Believed to be Shabaka's successor until the 2010s
| 714–705 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau<ref name=pay/>
|-
| [[File:Stela Shabaqo Met.jpg|100px]]
|Neferkare
| [[Shabaka]]
| Believed to be Shebitku's predecessor until the 2010s
| 705–690 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau<ref name=pay/>
|-
| [[File:SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg|100px]]
|Khuinefertemre
| [[Taharqa]]
| Died in 664 BC
| 690–664 BC<ref name="Stewart88">((Cite book|title=African States and Rulers|last=Stewart|first=John|publisher=McFarland|year=1989|isbn=0-89950-390-X|location=London|page=88))</ref>
|-
| [[File:Nubian head.JPG|100px]]
|Bakare
| [[Tantamani]]
| Lost control of [[Upper Egypt]] in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year.
| 664–653 BC
|}

They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at [[Napata]] (656–590), and, later, at [[Meroë]] (590 BC – AD 500).

== Late Period ==
((Main|Late Period of Ancient Egypt))
The [[Late Period of Ancient Egypt|Late Period]] runs from around 664 to 332 BC, and includes periods of rule by native [[Egyptians]] and [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]].

=== Twenty-Sixth Dynasty ===
((Main|Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-sixth Dynasty]] ruled from around 664 to 525 BC.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/lateperiodkings.html|title=Late Period Kings|access-date=2007-10-27))</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="10%" |Throne name
! width="10%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:MenibraScarabKS2670.png|100 px]]
|Menibre? Iribre?
| [[Tefnakht II]] (''Stephinates'')
| Manetho's Stephinates. May have been a descendant of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty. The father of [[Necho I]].
| 685–678 BC
|-
| —
|—
| [[Nekauba]] (''Nechepsos'')
| Manetho's Nechepsos. His existence has been questioned.
| 678–672 BC
|-
| [[File:Necho I Horus.png|100px]]
|[[Necho I|Menkheperre]]
| Nekau I (''[[Necho I]]'')
| Was killed by an invading [[Kushite]] force in 664 BC under [[Tantamani]]. Father of [[Psamtik I]].
| 672–664 BC
|}

The son and successor of Nekau I, [[Psamtik I]], managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Psammetique Ier TPabasa.jpg|100px]]
|Wahibre
| [[Psamtik I]] (''Psammetichus I'')
| Reunified [[Egypt]]. Son of [[Necho I]] and father of [[Necho II]].
| 664–610 BC<ref name="Stewart83">((Cite book|title=African States and Rulers|last=Stewart|first=John|publisher=McFarland|year=2006|edition=Third|isbn=0-7864-2562-8|location=London|page=83))</ref>
|-
| [[File:Necho-KnellingStatue BrooklynMuseum.png|100px]]
|Wehemibre
| Nekau II (''[[Necho II]]'')
| Most likely the pharaoh mentioned in several books of the [[Bible]] and the death of [[Josiah]]. Son of [[Psamtik I]] and father of [[Psamtik II]].
| 610–595 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Sphinx Psammetique II 1104.jpg|100px]]
|Neferibre
| [[Psamtik II]] (''Psammetichus II'')
| Son of [[Necho II]] and father of [[Apries]].
| 595–589 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Apries.jpg|100px]]
|Haaibre
| Wahibre (''[[Apries]]'')
| Fled Egypt after [[Amasis II]] (who was a general at the time) declared himself pharaoh following a civil war. Son of [[Psamtik II]].
| 589–570 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Farao Amasis.JPG|100px]]
|Khnemibre
| Ahmose II (''[[Amasis II]]'')
| He was the last great ruler of [[Egypt]] before the Persian conquest. According to the Greek historian [[Herodotus]], he was of common origins. Father of [[Psamtik III]].
| 570–526 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Karnak Psammetichus III.jpg|150x150px]]
|Ankhkaenre
| [[Psamtik III]] (''Psammetichus III'')
| Son of [[Amasis II]]. Ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians in the [[Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)|Battle of Pelusium]] and subsequently executed for attempting to revolt.
| 526–525 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|}

===Twenty-Seventh Dynasty===
((Main|Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt))
Egypt was conquered by the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] in 525 BC and constituted a [[satrapy]] as part of this empire until 404 BC. The [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenid]] [[Shahanshahs]] were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the [[Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt|27th Dynasty]]:

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="10%" | Throne name
! width="10%" | Name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Stela Cambyses Apis closeup.jpg|100px]]
| Mesutre
| Kembydjet (''[[Cambyses II]]'')
| Defeated [[Psamtik III]] at the [[Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)|Battle of Pelusium]] at 525 BC.
| 525–1 July 522 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| —
| —
| [[Bardiya]] (''Smerdis'') / Gaumata
| Son of [[Cyrus the Great]].
| 522 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Flickr - isawnyu - Hibis, Temple Decorations (III).jpg|100px]]
| Seteture
| Deriush (''[[Darius I]]'')
|Ascended throne by overthrowing [[Bardiya|Gaumata]]((Citation needed|date=November 2023))
| 522–November 486 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Xerxes Image.png|100px]]
| —
| Kheshayarusha (''[[Xerxes I]]'')
| Assassinated by [[Artabanus of Persia]].
| November 486–December 465 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| —
| —
| [[Artabanus of Persia|Artabanus]] the [[Hyrcania]]n
| —
| 465-464 BC
|-
| [[File:Artaxerxes I at Naqsh-e Rostam.jpg|100px]]
| —
| Arutakhshashas (''[[Artaxerxes I]]'')
| Died in 424 BC
| 464–424 BC
|-
| —
| —
| [[Xerxes II]]
| A claimant.
| 424–423 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| —
| —
| [[Sogdianus]]
| A claimant.
| 423–July 423 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Darius II (reduced shadow).jpg|100px]]
| —
| [[Darius II of Persia|Darius II]]
| Died in 404 BC
| July 423–March 404 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|}
Several native rebellions took place during the 27th dynasty:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
!Image
!Throne name
!Personal name
!Comments
!Dates
|-
| [[File:Ignota prov., pannello decorativo del re sehibra, xxiii dinastia, 823-716 ac..JPG|100px]]
| Seheruibre
| [[Petubastis III]]<ref name="Chronological">Placed in this dynasty only for chronological reasons, as he was not related to the Achaemenids.</ref>
| A native Egyptian rebel in the [[Nile Delta|Delta]].
| 522/21–520 BC
|-
|—
|Ahmose? Nebkaenre?
|[[Psammetichus IV]]<ref name="Chronological" />
|A proposed native Egyptian rebel leader. Exact date uncertain.
|Possibly in the 480s BC
|}

===Twenty-Eighth Dynasty===
((Main|Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Twenty-eighth dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-eighth Dynasty]] lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one pharaoh:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
! width="15%" | Name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
|[[File:Amyrtaios aramaic papyrus Sachau.png|100px]]
| Amunirdisu (''[[Amyrtaeus]]'')
|width=400| Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians.
| 404–398 BC
|}

===Twenty-Ninth Dynasty===
((Main|Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-ninth Dynasty]] ruled from 398 to 380 BC:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Nefaarud I Crop.jpg|260x260px]]
|Baenre Merynetjeru
| Nefaarud I (''[[Nepherites I]]'')
| Also known as Nepherites. Defeated Amyrtaeus in open battle and had him executed.
| 398–393 BC
|-
| [[File:Statue Achoris Petrie 01.jpg|100px]]
|Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu
| [[Hakor]] (''Achoris'')
| Son of Nefaarud I.
| Around 392–around 391 BC
|-
| [[File:Statue of 29th Dynasty King Psamuthis LACMA M.71.73.57.jpg|250x250px]]
|Userre Setepenptah
| Pasherienmut (''[[Psammuthes]]'')
| Possibly dethroned Hakor for a year.
| Around 391 BC
|-
| [[File:Statue Achoris Petrie 01.jpg|100px]]
|Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu
| [[Hakor]] (''Achoris'')
| Retook the throne from Psammuthes.
| Around 390–around 379 BC
|-
| —
|—
| Nefaarud II (''[[Nepherites II]]'')
| Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months. Son of Hakor.
| Around 379 BC
|-
|—
|—
|[[Muthis]]
|Possible pharaoh attested in Eusebius's epitome; not known archaeologically and his chronological placement is disputed.
|Possibly between 393 and 380 BC
|}

===Thirtieth Dynasty===
((Main|Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt))
The [[Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt|Thirtieth Dynasty]] ruled from 379/8 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule ((c.)) 340 BC:((sfn|Lloyd|1994|p=358))((sfn|Depuydt|2006|pp=269–270))
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Nectanebo I with khepresh crown.jpg|100px]]
|Kheperkare
| Nekhtnebef (''[[Nectanebo I]]'')
| Also known as Nekhtnebef. Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II, starting the last dynasty of native Egyptians. Father of Teos.
| 379/8–361/0 BC
|-
| [[File:Fragment of a faience saucer inscribed with the name of King Teos (Djedhor). 30th Dynasty. From the Palace of Apries at Memphis, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|100px]]
|Irimaatenre
| Djedher ([[Teos of Egypt|''Teos'']])
| Co-regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC. Was overthrown by Nectanebo II with the aid of [[Agesilaus II]] of [[Sparta]].
| 361/0–359/8 BC
|-
| [[File:Head of Nectanebo II-MBA Lyon H1701-IMG 0204.jpg|100px]]
| Snedjemibre Setepenanhur
| Nakhthorhebyt Merihathor (''[[Nectanebo II]]'')
| Last native ruler of ancient [[Egypt]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/nakhthorbyt.html|title=Nakhthorhebyt|publisher=Digital Egypt for Universities|access-date=March 1, 2011))</ref> to be recognized by Manetho.
| 359/8–341/0 BC
|}

=== Thirty-First Dynasty ===
((Main|Thirty-first dynasty of Egypt))
Egypt again came under the control of the [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenid]] Persians. After the practice of [[Manetho]], the Persian rulers from 340 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the [[Thirty-first dynasty of Egypt|Thirty-first Dynasty]]:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
! width="15%" | Name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Artaxerxes III Pharao.jpg|100px]]
| [[Artaxerxes III]]
|[[Egypt]] came under Persian rule for the second time. Did not adopt any pharaonic titulary.
| ((c.)) 341/339 – 338 BC((sfn|Depuydt|2010|pp=192, 202))
|-
| [[File:Artaxerxes IV Arses.jpg|100px]]
| [[Artaxerxes IV Arses]]
| Only reigned in [[Lower Egypt]]. Did not adopt any pharaonic titulary.
| 338–336 BC
|-
| [[File:Darius III of Persia.jpg|100px]]
| [[Darius III of Persia|Darius III]]
|[[Upper Egypt]] returned to Persian control in 335 BC. His name, ''Deriush'', was written in a cartouche as a pharaonic ''nomen'' would be. 
| 336–332 BC
|}
Native rebellions again took place during the 31st dynasty:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
!Image
!Throne name
!Personal name
!Comments
!Dates
|-
| [[File:Stela Nastasen Kambasuten Lepsius.jpg|100px]]
|Senensetepuniptah
| [[Khababash]]
| Rebel pharaoh who led an invasion in [[Nubia]].
| 338–335 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|}

==Hellenistic period==
((Main|Hellenistic period))

===Argead Dynasty<!-- This section is linked from [[Alexander the Great]] -->===
((Main|Argead dynasty))
The [[Macedonian Greeks (ancient)|Macedonian Greeks]] under [[Alexander the Great]] ushered in the [[Hellenistic]] period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The [[Argead dynasty|Argeads]] ruled from 332 to 309 BC:

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Alexander III of Macedon.jpg|100px]]
| Setpenre Meryamun
| Aluksindres (''[[Alexander the Great]]'')
| Formally Alexander III of [[Macedon]] conquered [[Iran|Persia]] and [[Egypt]].
| 332–13 June 323 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Théodule Devéria (French) - (Close-up of a Sculpture (Profile of a Head), Karnak) - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]]
| Setpenre Meryamun
| Pelupuisa (''[[Philip III of Macedon|Philip Arrhidaeus]]'')
|width=400| Formally Philip III of Macedon. Mentally disabled half-brother of Alexander the Great.
| 323–317 BC
|-
| [[File:Alexandros IV Aigos Budge.png|100px]]
|Khaibre Setepenamun
| Aluksindres (''[[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]]'')
| Formally Alexander IV of Macedon. Son of Alexander the Great and [[Roxana]].
| 317–309 BC
|}

===Ptolemaic Dynasty===
((Main|Ptolemaic dynasty))
The second [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] dynasty, the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemies]], ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency). The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as [[Cleopatra]], who was successively the consort of [[Julius Caesar]] and, after Caesar's death, of [[Mark Antony]], having children with both of them.

Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome, but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans.((citation needed|date=March 2018))

[[Caesarion]] (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was the last king of the [[Ptolemaic Dynasty]] of Egypt, and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of [[Julius Caesar]], after whom he was named. Between the alleged death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own alleged death on August 23, 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. It is tradition that he was hunted down and killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the [[Roman emperor]] [[Augustus]], but the historical evidence does not exist.((citation needed|date=March 2018))

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
| [[File:Ptolemy I Soter Louvre Ma849.jpg|100px]]
|Setpenre Meryamun
| [[Ptolemy I of Egypt|Ptolemy I Soter]]
| Abdicated in 285 BC((citation needed|reason=Ptolemy I's wikipedia page makes no mention of his abdication, instead stating that from 285 BC onwards his son Ptolemy II became co-ruler|date=January 2021))
| 7 November 305 – January 282 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Oktadrachmon Ptolemaios II Arsinoe II.jpg|100px]]
|Weserkare Meryamun
| [[Ptolemy II of Egypt|Ptolemy II Philadelphos]]
| —
| 28 March 284 – 28 January 246 BC
|-
| [[File:ArsinoeII.jpg|100px]]
|Khenem(et)ibenmaat Mer(et)netjru
| [[Arsinoe II of Egypt|Arsinoe II]]
| Wife of [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus|Ptolemy II]]
| c. 277 – July 270 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Ptolemy III Euergetes.jpg|100px]]
|Iwaensenwinetjerwy Setepenre Sekhemankhenamun
| [[Ptolemy III of Egypt|Ptolemy III Euergetes]]
| —
| 28 January 246 – November/December 222 BC
|-
| [[File:BerenikeIIOnACoinOfPtolemyIII.jpg|100px]]
|Bereniket Meritnetjerou
| [[Berenice II of Egypt|Berenice II]]
| Wife of [[Ptolemy III Euergetes|Ptolemy III]]. Murdered.
| 244/243 – 222 BC
|-
| [[File:Octadrachm Ptolemy IV BM CMBMC33.jpg|100px]]
|Iwaennetjerwymenekhwy Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun
| [[Ptolemy IV of Egypt|Ptolemy IV Philopator]]
| Died in unclear circumstances, possibly by fire in the palace or murder.
| November/December 222 – July/August 204 BC
|-
| [[File:Oktadrachmon Arsinoe III.jpg|100px]]
|—
| [[Arsinoe III of Egypt|Arsinoe III]]
| Wife of [[Ptolemy IV Philopator|Ptolemy IV]]. Murdered.
| 220–204 BC
|-
| [[File:Tetradrachm Ptolemy V.jpg|100px]]
|Iwaennetjerwymer(wy)it Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun
| [[Ptolemy V of Egypt|Ptolemy V Epiphanes]]
|[[Upper Egypt]] in revolt 207–186 BC
| July/August 204 – September 180 BC
|-
| [[File:Cleopatra I.jpg|100px]]
|Hunu Zatheqa Iretenheqa Mereneterubaqet Kheqerenshenemu Tatetzat Huti Werpehti Sehertawi Redinesnebetirekhitenneferu Qenisinetnebzau Tenisiathoremmeruts
| [[Cleopatra I Syra]]
| Wife of [[Ptolemy V Epiphanes|Ptolemy V]], co-regent with [[Ptolemy VI Philometor|Ptolemy VI]] during his minority
| c. February 193 – 176 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|100px]]
|Iwaennetjerwyperu Setepenptahkheperi Irymaatamunre
| [[Ptolemy VI of Egypt|Ptolemy VI Philometor]]
| Lived under the control of [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII]] 164 BC–163 BC; restored 163 BC Died 145 BC
| c. May 180 – October 164 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>''and''

163 – c. July 145 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Cleopatra II.jpg|100px]]
|—
| [[Cleopatra II of Egypt|Cleopatra II]]
| Wife of [[Ptolemy VI Philometor|Ptolemy VI]]. Married [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII]] around 145 BC; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of [[Egypt]]. Later reconciled with [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII]]; co-ruled with [[Cleopatra III]] and [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII]] until 116 BC.
| 175 – October 164 BC
''and''

163–127 BC

''and''

124–116 BC
|-
| [[File:Ptolemy VIII - silver didrachma - líc.jpg|100px]]
|Iwaennetjerwyperwy Setepenptah Irymaatre Sekhemankhenamun
| [[Ptolemy VIII of Egypt|Ptolemy VIII Physcon]]
|width=400| Proclaimed king by [[Alexandria]]ns in 170 BC; ruled jointly with [[Ptolemy VI of Egypt|Ptolemy VI Philometor]] and [[Cleopatra II]] from 169 to 164 BC. Restored 145–131 BC and again in 127 BC. Died 116 BC
| 171–163 BC
''and''

144–131 BC

''and''

127–116 BC
|-
| [[File:Coin of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator.jpg|100 px]]
|—
| [[Ptolemy VII of Egypt|Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator]]
| Proclaimed co-ruler by his father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II
| 145–144 BC
|-
| [[File:Cleopatra III.jpg|100px]]
|Nebtaoui Kanekhet
| [[Cleopatra III of Egypt|Cleopatra III]]
| width="400" | Second wife of [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII]]. Restored with [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII]] in 127 BC; later co-regent with [[Ptolemy IX Soter|Ptolemy IX]] and [[Ptolemy X Alexander I|X]]. Murdered by her own son [[Ptolemy X Alexander I|Ptolemy X]].
| 142–131 BC
''and''

127–107 BC
|-
| [[File:Coin of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator.jpg|100px]]
|—
| [[Ptolemy Memphites]]
| Proclaimed King by [[Cleopatra II]]; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII
| 131 BC
|-
| [[File:Edfu29.JPG|100px]]
|Iwa(en)netjermenekhnetjeretmeretmutesnedjet(et) Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhemankhamun
| [[Ptolemy IX of Egypt|Ptolemy IX Soter]]
| Died 80 BC
| 28 June 116–October 110 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| —
| —
| [[Cleopatra IV of Egypt|Cleopatra IV]]
| Briefly married to [[Ptolemy IX Soter|Ptolemy IX]], but was pushed out by [[Cleopatra III]]. Later murdered.
| 28 June 116–115 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Ptolemy X Alexander I Louvre Ma970.jpg|100px]]
|Iwa(en)netjermenekhenetjeretmenkhetre Setepenptah Irimaatre Senenankhenamun
| [[Ptolemy X of Egypt|Ptolemy X Alexander]]
| Died 88 BC
| October 110–February 109 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Berenice III.jpg|100 px]]
|Kliapadrat Bereniket
| [[Berenice III of Egypt|Berenice III]]
| Forced to marry [[Ptolemy XI Alexander II|Ptolemy XI]]; murdered on his orders 19 days later
| 81–80 BC
|-
| [[File:Ptolemaeus XI.png|100px]]
|—
| [[Ptolemy XI of Egypt|Ptolemy XI Alexander]]
|width=400| Young son of [[Ptolemy X Alexander I|Ptolemy X Alexander]]; installed by [[Sulla]]; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing [[Berenice III]]
| 80 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|100px]]
|Iwaenpanetjernehem Setepenptah Irimaatenre Sekhemankhamen
| width="200" | [[Ptolemy XII of Egypt|Ptolemy XII Auletes]]
| Son of [[Ptolemy IX Soter|Ptolemy IX]]; deposed in 58 BC Reigned briefly with his daughter [[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII]] before his death in 51 BC
| 80–58 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
''and''

55–51 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Ra80-HDD-b.jpg|100px]]
|—
| [[Cleopatra V of Egypt|Cleopatra V Tryphaena]]
| Wife of [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|Ptolemy XII]], mother of [[Berenice IV]]
| 79–68 BC
|-
| [[File:Ra80-HDD-b.jpg|100px]]
|—
| [[Cleopatra VI of Egypt|Cleopatra VI]]
| Daughter of [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|Ptolemy XII]], but theorised by some Egyptologists to actually be the same person as [[Cleopatra V]].<ref>((citation | last=Tyldesley | first=Joyce | title=Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt | year=2006 | page=[https://archive.org/details/chronicleofqueen00tyld/page/200 200] | publisher=WW Norton | isbn=0-500-05145-3 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofqueen00tyld/page/200)).</ref>

| 58–57 BC
|-
| [[File:Berenice IV.jpg|100px]]
|—
| [[Berenice IV of Egypt|Berenice IV]]
|width=400| Daughter of [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|Ptolemy XII]]; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but had him strangled. Joint rule with [[Cleopatra VI]] until 57 BC.
| 58–55 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin1.jpg|100px]]
| Weretnebetneferu Akhetzeh
| [[Cleopatra VII]]
| width="400" | Ruled jointly with her father [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|Ptolemy XII]], her brother [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|Ptolemy XIII]], her brother-husband [[Ptolemy XIV Philopator|Ptolemy XIV]], and her son [[Caesarion|Ptolemy XV]]. In modern usage, the stand-alone use of "Cleopatra" with no ordinal number usually refers to [[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII]]. Committed suicide.
| 31 May 52<ref>((Cite book|title=Cleopatra: a Biography|last=Roller|first=Duane W.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-195-36553-5|page=27))</ref> – 12 August 30 BC<ref name="Stewart83"/>
|-
| [[File:Portrait of Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator.jpg|100px]]
| —
| [[Ptolemy XIII of Egypt|Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator]]
| Brother and first husband of [[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII]]
| 51–13 January 47 BC
|-
| [[File:Jacopo Tintoretto - The Liberation of Arsinoe - WGA22667.jpg|100 px]]
| —
| [[Arsinoe IV of Egypt|Arsinoe IV]]
| In opposition to [[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII]]
| December 48 – January 47 BC
|-
| [[File:Ptolemy XIV.jpg|100px]]
| —
| [[Ptolemy XIV of Egypt|Ptolemy XIV Philopator]]
| Younger brother of [[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII]] and [[Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator|Ptolemy XIII]]
| 13 January 47–26 July 44 BC
|-
| [[File:Denderah3 Cleopatra Cesarion.jpg|100px]]
|Iwapanetjernetynehem Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhem(ankh)enamun
| [[Caesarion|Ptolemy XV Caesar]]
| Infant son of [[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII]]; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient [[Egypt]] when [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] took over.
| 2 September 44 – August 30 BC
|}
Native rebellions also took place under Greek rule:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="15%" | Image
!Throne name
! width="15%" | Personal name
! width="50%" | Comments
! width="20%" | Dates
|-
|—
|—
|[[Hugronaphor]]
|Revolutionary pharaoh in the South
|205–199 BC
|-
|—
|—
|[[Ankhmakis]]
|Revolutionary pharaoh in the South
|199–185 BC
|-
|—
|—
|[[Harsiesi]]
|Revolutionary pharaoh in the South
|131–130 BC
|}

==Rome==
((Main|Roman pharaoh))
[[File:Luxor.Aswan & Qena 10.JPG|thumb|Egyptian relief depicting the Roman Emperor [[Trajan]] (right, reigned 98–117 AD) in full pharaonic style.]]
[[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII]] had [[affair]]s with Roman dictator [[Julius Caesar]] and Roman general [[Marcus Antonius|Mark Antony]], but it was not until after her suicide (after Mark Antony was defeated by [[Augustus|Octavian]], who would later be Emperor [[Augustus Caesar]]) that Egypt became a province of the [[Ancient Rome|Roman Republic]] in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh, although exclusively only while in Egypt.

Egypt was occupied by [[Zenobia]] of the [[Palmyrene Empire]] in 270, who procraimed herself ''Pharaoh''. The province was retaken by Aurelian along with the rest of the Palmyrene Empire in 273, restoring Roman Rule.

The last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was [[Maximinus Daza]] (reigned 311–313 AD).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">((Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780801440502|url-access=registration|quote=maximinus pharaoh.|title=The Book of the Pharaohs|last1=Vernus|first1=Pascal|last2=Yoyotte|first2=Jean|date=2003|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-4050-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780801440502/page/238 238]–256|language=en))</ref>

==See also==
((portal|Ancient Egypt|Monarchy))
* [[Egyptian chronology]]
* [[History of Egypt]]
* [[List of Ancient Egyptian Royal Consorts]]

==References==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
* [[James Henry Breasted|Breasted, J. H.]], ''History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest'', 1909
* Cerny, J. 'Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in: ''The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000 BC'', Cambridge University Press, 1975 ((ISBN|0-521-08691-4))
* ((Cite book |last1=Clayton |first1=Peter A. |title=Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt |edition=Reprinted |series=The Chronicles Series |year=1995 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-05074-3 |ref=Cla95 |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay ))
* ((cite book |last=Depuydt |year=2006 |first=Leo |section= Saite and Persian Egypt, 664 BC–332 BC |pages=265–283 |title=Ancient Egyptian Chronology |editor1=Erik Hornung |editor2=Rolf Krauss |editor3=David A. Warburton |publisher=Brill |place=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-11385-5 |url=https://ia802907.us.archive.org/32/items/AncientEgyptianChronology_201303/Ancient%20Egyptian%20chronology.pdf))
* ((cite journal |last=Depuydt |year=2010 |first=Leo |title=New Date for the Second Persian Conquest, End of Pharaonic and Manethonian Egypt: 340/39 B.C.E. |journal=[[Journal of Egyptian History]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=191–230 |doi=10.1163/187416610X541709 ))
* Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. ''The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson''. 2004. ((ISBN|0-500-05128-3))
* [[Alan Gardiner|Gardiner, Sir Alan]], ''Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs'', Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp.&nbsp;71–76.
* Grimal, Nicolas, ''A History of Ancient Egypt'', Blackwell Books: 1992
* ((cite book |last=Lloyd |year=1994 |first=Alan B. |section=Egypt, 404–332 B.C. |pages=337–360 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History VI: The Fourth Century B.C. |edition=2nd |editor=D.M. Lewis |editor2=John Boardman |editor3=Simon Hornblower |editor4=M. Ostwald |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-23348-8 |title-link=iarchive:iB Ca/06/page/n373 |name-list-style=amp |editor-link=David Malcolm Lewis |editor2-link=John Boardman (art historian) |editor3-link=Simon Hornblower |editor4-link=Martin Ostwald ))
* Murnane, William J. ''Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40.'' The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977
* Rice, Michael, ''Who's Who in Ancient Egypt'', Routledge 1999
* Ryholt, Kim & Bardrum, Steven, ''The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris.'' ''Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde'' '''127'''. 2000.
* Shaw, Garry. ''The Pharaoh, Life at Court and on Campaign'', Thames and Hudson, 2012.
* Wilkinson, Toby A. H., ''Early Dynastic Egypt'', Routledge 1999, ((ISBN|0-415-18633-1))
* Ventura Dr. R., ''Egypt, History & Civilisation'' Published by Osiris, PO Box 107 Cairo.
* [[Miroslav Verner|Verner, Miroslav]], ''The Pyramids – Their Archaeology and History'', Atlantic Books, 2001, ((ISBN|1-84354-171-8))

==External links==
* [http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/index.htm Egyptian Royal Genealogy (Old Broken Link)] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407043434/http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/index.htm |date=2009-04-07 ))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020106070609/http://www.egyptologyonline.com/manetho.htm Manetho and the King Lists] Review of different primary king lists
* [http://www.narmer.pl/dyn/00en.htm Chronology Table - 0 Dynasty]&[https://web.archive.org/web/20070630005736/http://www.narmer.pl/main/chr_his_en.htm History Period, by Dariusz Sitek] Multi-pages of list of pharaohs in different king lists, without the god kings, in Egyptian hieroglyphs and English
* [http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/egypt/history/00kinglists.html Egyptian Journey 2003: History: King Lists] Hyperlink texts of the Manetho, Abydos & Turin king lists, without the god-kings
* [https://pharaoh.se/comparing-the-kinglists Comparing the major Egyptian king lists] Compares the Karnak, Adydos and Saqqara king lists
* [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/Welcome.html Digital Egypt for Universities]
* [http://www.ancientnile.co.uk/pharaohs-women.php List of all female Pharaohs]

((Pharaohs))
((Ancient Egypt))

[[Category:Pharaohs|*]]
[[Category:Ancient Egypt-related lists|Pharaohs]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs|Pharaohs]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs in Africa|Pharaohs]]
[[Category:Lists of rulers of Egypt|Pharaohs]]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs"