The Malpighiales are divided into 32 to 42 families, depending upon which clades in the order are given the taxonomic rank of family.[5] In the APG III system, 35 families were recognized.[1] Medusagynaceae, Quiinaceae, Peraceae, Malesherbiaceae, Turneraceae, Samydaceae, and Scyphostegiaceae were consolidated into other families. The largest family, by far, is the Euphorbiaceae, with about 6300 species in about 245 genera.[6]
In a 2009 study of DNA sequences of 13 genes, 42 families were placed into 16 groups, ranging in size from one to 10 families. The relationships among these 16 groups remain poorly resolved.[5] Malpighiales and Lamiales are the two large orders whose phylogeny remains mostly unresolved.[7]
Some examples of notable species include cassava, a tuber that is a major staple food crop in much of the world; the stinking corpse lily, which produces that largest known flower of any plant; the willows; flaxseed, an important food and fiber crop; Saint John's wort, a herb with a long history of medicinal uses; castor bean, the source of the infamous poison ricin; passionfruit, which produces an edible fruit and psychoactive flowers with a history of traditional medicinal uses; poinsettia, a common ornamental plant; the mangosteen; manchineel tree, one of the most toxic trees in the world; poplars, aspens, and cottonwoods which are commonly used for timber—and many more.
Affinities
Malpighiales is a member of a supraordinal group called the COM clade, which consists of the orders Celastrales, Oxalidales, and Malpighiales.[8] Some describe it as containing a fourth order, Huales, separating the family Huaceae into its own order, separate from Oxalidales.[9]
Some recent studies have placed Malpighiales as sister to Oxalidales sensu lato (including Huaceae),[5][10] while others have found a different topology for the COM clade.[4][8][11]
The COM clade is part of an unranked group known as malvids (rosid II), though formally placed in Fabidae (rosid I).[12][13] These in turn are part of a group that has long been recognized, namely, the rosids.[3]
The family Malpighiaceae was the type family for one of the orders created by Jussieu in his 1789 work Genera Plantarum.[14]Friedrich von Berchtold and Jan Presl described such an order in 1820.[15] Unlike modern taxonomists, these authors did not use the suffix "ales" in naming their orders. The name "Malpighiales" is attributed by some to Carl von Martius.[3] In the 20th century, it was usually associated with John Hutchinson, who used it in all three editions of his book, The Families of Flowering Plants.[16] The name was not used by those who wrote later, in the 1970s, '80s, and '90s.
The taxon was largely presaged by Hans Hallier in 1912 in an article in the Archiv. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. titled "L'Origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes", in which his Passionales and Polygalinae were derived from Linaceae (in Guttales), with Passionales containing seven (of eight) families that also appear in the current Malpighiales, namely Passifloraceae, Salicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Achariaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Malesherbiaceae, and Turneraceae, and Polygalinae containing four (of 10) families that also appear in the current Malpighiales, namely Malpighiaceae, Violaceae, Dichapetalaceae, and Trigoniaceae.[17]
The molecular phylogenetic revolution led to a major restructuring of the order.[2] The first semblance of Malpighiales as now known came from a phylogeny of seed plants published in 1993 and based upon DNA sequences of the gene rbcL.[18] This study recovered a group of rosids unlike any group found in any previous system of plant classification. To make a clear break with classification systems being used at that time, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Groupresurrected Hutchinson's name, though his concept of Malpighiales included much of what is now in Celastrales and Oxalidales.[19]
Circumscription
Malpighiales is monophyletic and in molecular phylogenetic studies, it receives strong statistical support.[2] Since the APG II system was published in 2003, minor changes to the circumscription of the order have been made. The family Peridiscaceae has been expanded from two genera to three, and then to four, and transferred to Saxifragales.[5][20]
Some family delimitations have changed, as well, most notably, the segregation of Calophyllaceae from Clusiaceaesensu lato when it was shown that the latter is paraphyletic.[5] Some differences of opinion on family delimitation exist, as well. For example, Samydaceae and Scyphostegiaceae may be recognized as families or included in a large version of Salicaceae.[21]
The group is difficult to characterize phenotypically, due to sheer morphological diversity, ranging from tropical holoparasites with giant flowers and temperate trees and herbs with tiny, simple flowers.[2] Members often have dentate leaves, with the teeth having a single vein running into a congested and often deciduous apex (i.e., violoid, salicoid, or theoid).[22] Also, zeylanol has recently been discovered in Balanops and Dichapetalum[23] which are in the balanops clade (so-called Chrysobalanaceae s. l.). The so-called parietal suborder (the clusioid clade and Ochnaceae s. l. were also part of Parietales) corresponds with the traditional Violales as 8 (Achariaceae, Violaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Lacistemataceae, Scyphostegiaceae, Turneraceae, Malesherbiaceae, and Passifloraceae) of the order's 10 families along with Salicaceae, which have usually been assigned as a related order or suborder,[24] are in this most derived malpighian suborder, so that eight of the 10 families of this suborder are Violales. The family Flacourtiaceae has proven to be polyphyletic as the cyanogenic members have been placed in Achariaceae and the ones with salicoid teeth were transferred to Salicaceae.[22] Scyphostegiaceae, consisting of the single genus Scyphostegia has been merged into Salicaceae.[25]
Phylogeny
2009
The phylogeny of Malpighiales is, at its deepest level, an unresolved polytomy of 16 clades.[2] It has been estimated that complete resolution of the phylogeny will require at least 25000 base pairs of DNA sequence data per taxon.[26] A similar situation exists with Lamiales and it has been analyzed in some detail.[27] The phylogenetic tree shown below is from Wurdack and Davis (2009). The statistical support for each branch is 100% bootstrap percentage and 100% posterior probability, except where labeled, with bootstrap percentage followed by posterior probability.
In 2012, Xi et al. managed to obtain a more resolved phylogenetic tree than previous studies through the use of data from a large number of genes. They included analyses of 82 plastid genes from 58 species (they ignored the problematic Rafflesiaceae), using partitions identified a posteriori by applying a Bayesian mixture model. Xi et al. identified 12 additional clades and three major, basal clades.[28][29]
^ abSusana Magallón & Amanda Castillo (2009), "Angiosperm diversification through time", American Journal of Botany, 96 (1): 349–365, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800060, PMID21628193
^ abcdefKenneth J. Wurdack & Charles C. Davis (2009), "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life", American Journal of Botany, 96 (8): 1551–1570, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800207, PMID21628300, S2CID23284896
^Alan Radcliffe-Smith. 2001. Genera Euphorbiacearum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, England.
^ abHengchang Wang; Michael J. Moore; Pamela S. Soltis; Charles D. Bell; Samuel F. Brockington; Roolse Alexandre; Charles C. Davis; Maribeth Latvis; Steven R. Manchester & Douglas E. Soltis (10 March 2009), "Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (10): 3853–3858, Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3853W, doi:10.1073/pnas.0813376106, PMC2644257, PMID19223592
^Alexander B. Doweld. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta). Geos: Moscow, Russia.
^Li-Bing Zhang & Mark P. Simmons (2006), "Phylogeny and delimitation of the Celastrales inferred from nuclear and plastid genes", Systematic Botany, 31 (1): 122–137, doi:10.1600/036364406775971778, S2CID86095495
^J. Gordon Burleigh; Khidir W. Hilu & Douglas E. Soltis (2009), "Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9: 61, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-61, PMC2674047, PMID19292928
^John Hutchinson The Families of Flowering Plants 3rd edition. 1973. Oxford University Press.
^Lawrence, George. 1960. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, p. 132. Macmillan, New York
^Mark W. Chase et alii (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: An analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden80(3):528-580.
^Soltis, Douglas E.; Clayton, Joshua W.; Davis, Charles C.; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Cheek, Martin; Savolainen, Vincent; Amorim, André M.; Soltis, Pamela S. (2007). "Monophyly and relationships of the enigmatic family Peridiscaceae". Taxon. 56 (1): 65–73.
^Mac H. Alford. 2007. "SamydaceaeArchived 3 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine". Version 6 February 2007". In: The Tree of Life Web Project.
^Darbah, V. F.; Oppong, E. K.; Eminah, J. K. (2012). "Chemical investigation of the stem bark of Dichapetalum magascariennse Poir". International Journal of Applied Chemistry. 8 (3): 199–207.
^Brummitt, 1992. Vascular Plant Families and Genera. Kew.
^Shuguang Jian; Pamela S. Soltis; Matthew A. Gitzendanner; Michael J. Moore; Ruiqi Li; Tory A. Hendry; Yin-Long Qiu; Amit Dhingra; Charles D. Bell & Douglas E. Soltis (2008), "Resolving an Ancient, Rapid Radiation in Saxifragales", Systematic Biology, 57 (1): 38–57, doi:10.1080/10635150801888871, PMID18275001
^Wortley, Alexandra H.; Rudall, Paula J.; Harris, David J.; Scotland, Robert W. (2005). "How Much Data are Needed to Resolve a Difficult Phylogeny? Case Study in Lamiales". Systematic Biology. 54 (5): 697–709. CiteSeerX10.1.1.572.9568. doi:10.1080/10635150500221028. PMID16195214.
^Christenhusz, Maarten; Fay, Michael Francis; Chase, Mark Wayne (2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. Chicago, Illinois: Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press. pp. 302–341. ISBN978-0-226-52292-0.
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