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((short description|Aircraft class designed to attack ground targets with medium-size bomb loads over medium distances))
((Refimprove|date=July 2012))

[[File:B25B mitchell.jpg|thumb|250px|The USAAF [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25B Mitchell]], a medium bomber.]]
[[File:PZL-37 Los.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Polish [[PZL.37 Łoś]], a medium bomber.]]
[[File:G4M-49.jpg|thumb|250px|The Japanese [[Mitsubishi G4M]] "Betty", a medium bomber.]]

A '''medium bomber''' is a [[military]] [[bomber]] [[Fixed-wing aircraft|aircraft]] designed to operate with medium-sized [[Aerial bomb|bomb]]loads over medium [[Range (aeronautics)|range]] distances; the name serves to distinguish this type from larger [[heavy bomber]]s and smaller [[light bomber]]s. Mediums generally carried about two tons of bombs, compared to light bombers that carried one ton, and heavies that carried four or more.

The term was used prior to and during [[World War II]], based on available parameters of [[Aircraft engine|engine]] and [[Aerospace engineering|aeronautical technology]] for bomber aircraft designs at that time. After the war, medium bombers were replaced in world [[air force]]s by more advanced and capable aircraft.

==History==
In the early 1930s many air forces were looking to modernize their existing bomber aircraft fleets, which frequently consisted of older [[biplane]]s. The new designs were typically twin-engined [[monoplane]]s, often of all-metal construction, and optimized for high enough performance and speed to help evade rapidly evolving [[fighter aircraft]] designs of the time. Some of these bombers, such as the [[Heinkel He 111]], [[Junkers Ju 86]], [[Savoia-Marchetti SM.79]], [[Douglas B-18 Bolo|Douglas B-18]], and [[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] were developed from or in conjunction with existing [[airliner]]s or transport aircraft.

The World War II-era medium bomber was generally considered to be any [[High level bombing|level bomber]] design that delivered about ((Convert|4000|lb|kg)) of [[Aircraft ordnance|ordnance]] over ranges of about ((Convert|1500|to|2000|mi|km|abbr=on)). Typical [[heavy bomber]]s were those with a nominal load of ((Convert|8000|lb|kg)) or more((Citation needed|date=January 2011)), and light bombers carried up to 2,000&nbsp;lb (907&nbsp;kg)((Citation needed|date=January 2011)).

These distinctions were beginning to disappear by the middle of World War II, when the average [[fighter aircraft]] could now carry a 2,000&nbsp;lb (907&nbsp;kg) bombload. Advances in [[Aircraft engine|powerplant]]s and [[Aerospace engineering|designs]] eventually allowed [[light bomber]]s, [[tactical bombing|tactical bombers]], and later [[jet aircraft|jet]] [[fighter-bomber]]s to take over the roles performed by mediums.

After the war, use of the term generally vanished; some of this was due to mass demobilization of the participant air forces' existing equipment, and the fact that several of the most-produced medium bomber types were now technologically obsolescent. Although a number of later aircraft were designed in this performance and load-carrying range, they were henceforth referred to as [[Tactical bombing|tactical bomber]]s or [[Attack aircraft|strike aircraft]] instead. Examples of post-war mediums include the [[English Electric Canberra]] (along with its derived U.S. counterpart, the [[Martin B-57 Canberra|Martin B-57]]) and the Soviet [[Ilyushin Il-28]] "Beagle".

Subsequent to World War II, only the U.S. [[Strategic Air Command]] ever used the term "medium bomber" in the 1950s to distinguish its [[Boeing B-47 Stratojet]]s from somewhat larger contemporary [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress]] "heavy bombers" in bombardment wings (older [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] and [[Boeing B-50 Superfortress|B-50]] heavy bombers were also redesignated as "medium" during this period).<ref>[http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/196900/boeing-rb-47h-stratojet.aspx Boeing RB-47H Stratojet] – [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]]</ref><ref>[http://www.8af.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=4632&page=1 Eighth Air Force History: U.S. Air Force Fact Sheet] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221213923/http://www.8af.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=4632&page=1 |date=2013-02-21 ))</ref><ref>Strategic-Air-Command.com, [http://www.strategic-air-command.com/wings/0509bw.htm 509th Composite Group, 509th Bombardment Wing]</ref> This [[nomenclature]] was purely semantic and bureaucratic, however as both the B-47 and B-52 [[strategic bomber]]s were much larger and had far greater performance and load-carrying ability than any of the World War II-era heavy or medium bombers. Similarly, the [[Royal Air Force]] referred at times to its [[V bomber]] force as medium bombers,<ref>[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11340566 The National Archives]</ref> but this was in terms of range rather than load-carrying capacity.

Although the term is no longer used, development of aircraft that fulfil a 'medium bomber' mission in all but name continued and these have been employed in various post-World War II conflicts; examples include dedicated tactical bombers such as the [[Sukhoi Su-24|Su-24]], [[Sukhoi Su-34|Su-34]], [[General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark|F-111]], [[Shenyang J-16|J-16]]  and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15E]] which have greater [[payload]] and [[Range (aeronautics)|range]] capability than fighter-bombers, but less than heavier strategic bombers.

==Medium bombers==
;Introduced prior to World War II (September 1, 1939)
*[[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] — first of three British medium bombers
*[[Bloch MB.210]]
*[[CANT Z.1007]]
*[[Douglas B-18 Bolo]] — developed from the DC-2 airliner design
*[[Douglas B-23 Dragon]]
*[[Dornier Do 23]]
*[[Fiat BR.20 Cicogna]] — first all-metal Italian bomber
*[[Fokker T.V]] — Dutch army air force (''Luchtvaartafdeling'') bomber
*[[Handley Page Hampden]] — British medium bomber, almost as fast as the [[Bristol Blenheim]]
*[[Heinkel He 111]] — considered a heavy bomber by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' for some missions
*[[Ilyushin DB-3]] — precursor to the Il-4 (see below)
*[[Junkers Ju 52]] (briefly during the Spanish Civil War)
*[[Junkers Ju 86]]
*[[Lioré et Olivier LeO 45]] — fast French medium bomber
*[[Martin B-10]] — American bomber which was highly advanced at the time of its 1934 service introduction
*[[Mitsubishi G3M]] — known to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] as "Nell"
*[[Mitsubishi Ki-21]] — "Sally"; replaced some Fiat BR.20 bombers in the [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]]
*[[PZL.37 Łoś]] - the most advanced Polish aircraft at the time of the invasion of Poland
*[[Savoia-Marchetti SM.79]] — [[Trimotor|three-engined]] Italian medium bomber used successfully as a torpedo bomber early in World War II
*[[Vickers Wellington]] — most-produced British medium bomber, with a unique aluminum lattice airframe designed by [[Barnes Wallis]] and capable of 2,500 miles [[Range (aeronautics)|range]]

;World War II
*[[de Havilland Mosquito]] — considered a multi-role aircraft
*[[Dornier Do 217]] — considered a heavy bomber by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' for some missions
*[[Ilyushin Il-4]] — long ranged Soviet bomber
*[[Junkers Ju 88]] — versatile aircraft used in many different roles, including torpedo bomber, dive bomber, night fighter and reconnaissance
*[[Martin B-26 Marauder]] — had lowest mission loss rate of any [[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]] bomber in World War II
*[[Mitsubishi G4M]] — known to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] as "Betty"
*[[Mitsubishi Ki-67]] ''Hiryū'' — Allied reporting name "Peggy"; classified as heavy by the [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]]
*[[Nakajima Ki-49]] ''Donryu'' — "Helen"
*[[North American B-25 Mitchell]] — most-produced American medium bomber
*[[Savoia-Marchetti SM.84]] — less successful replacement for the SM.79, which instead remained in service even after this aircraft
*[[Tupolev Tu-2]] — used in multiple roles similar to the German Junkers Ju 88
*[[Yermolayev Yer-2]] - developed from the failed Bartini Stal-7; used both as long-range bomber and as heavy ground attacker, with the latter role resulting in heavy losses.
*[[Yokosuka P1Y]] ''Ginga'' — a medium bomber to the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]]; but in size, weight, speed etc. similar to Allied light bombers such as the [[Douglas A-26 Invader]]

;Post World War II
*[[English Electric Canberra]] - British jet bomber introduced in the 1950s
*[[Ilyushin Il-28]] — [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] jet bomber
*[[Martin B-57 Canberra]] — U.S. licence-built development of English Electric Canberra
*[[Douglas A-3 Skywarrior]] — U.S. [[Carrier-based aircraft|naval]] jet [[Attack aircraft|strike aircraft]]; a derivative was adopted by United States Air Force [[Tactical Air Command]] designated as the [[Douglas B-66 Destroyer|B-66]] "tactical light bomber"
*[[North American AJ Savage]] — U.S. [[Carrier-based aircraft|naval]] medium bomber powered by two piston engines and a turbojet buried in the rear fuselage.
*[[North American A-5 Vigilante]] — U.S. naval [[supersonic]] jet [[Attack aircraft|strike aircraft]]
*[[Dassault Mirage IV]] — [[France|French]] supersonic jet [[strategic bomber]]
*[[Grumman A-6 Intruder]] — U.S. [[Carrier-based aircraft|naval]] strike aircraft; approximate in size to a World War II medium with range and payload comparable to a World War II [[heavy bomber]]
*[[Blackburn Buccaneer]] — [[Royal Navy]] carrier-based maritime strike aircraft
*[[General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark|General Dynamics F-111]] — U.S. supersonic [[Variable-sweep wing|swing wing]] strike aircraft
*[[Sukhoi Su-24]] — [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] supersonic swing wing strike aircraft similar in role and configuration to the F-111

==See also==
*[[Dive bomber]]
*[[Fighter-bomber]]
*[[High level bombing]]
*[[Maritime patrol aircraft]]
*[[Strategic bomber]]
*[[Tactical bombing]]
*[[Torpedo bomber]]

==Notes and references==
((reflist))

((Military aircraft types (roles)))

((DEFAULTSORT:Medium Bomber))
[[Category:Bomber aircraft]]

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