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((short description|Space telescope))
((more citations needed|date=January 2015))
((Use American English|date=April 2014))
((Use mdy dates|date=April 2014))
((Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Midcourse Space Experiment
| names_list            = MSX

<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->
| image                 = [[File:Midcourse Space Experiment.png|250px]]
| image_caption         = Midcourse Space Experiment
| image_alt             = <!--image alt text-->
| image_size            = <!--include px/em; defaults to 220px-->

<!--Basic details-->
| mission_type          = <!--eg. Technology, Reconnaissance, ISS assembly, etc-->
| operator              = [[Ballistic Missile Defense Organization|BMDO]]
| Harvard_designation   = <!--spacecraft launched 1962 and earlier only (eg. 1957 Alpha 2)-->
| COSPAR_ID             = 1996-024A
| SATCAT                = 23851
| website               = [http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/Missions/msx.html MSX home page]
| mission_duration      = ((time interval|April 24, 1996|January 1, 1997|show=ymd))
| distance_travelled    = <!--How far the spacecraft travelled (if known)-->
| orbits_completed      = <!--number of times the spacecraft orbited the Earth - see below for spacecraft beyond Earth orbit-->
| suborbital_range      = <!--downrange distance reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->
| suborbital_apogee     = <!--altitude reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->

<!--Spacecraft properties-->
| spacecraft            = <!--Spacecraft name/serial number (eg. Space Shuttle ''Discovery'', Apollo CM-118), etc-->
| spacecraft_type       = <!--eg. GPS Block II, Kobalt-M, US-K, etc-->
| spacecraft_bus        = <!--eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc-->
| manufacturer          = <!--company or companies who built the satellite-->
| launch_mass           = ((convert|2700|kg|abbr=on))
| BOL_mass              = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit at beginning of operational life, after LEOP phase-->
| landing_mass          = <!--Mass after landing (recovered spacecraft only)-->
| dry_mass              = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit without fuel-->
| payload_mass          = <!--Mass of cargo carried by spacecraft (eg. for Space Shuttle), or total mass of instrumentation/equipment/experiments for mission-->
| dimensions            = <!--body dimensions and solar array span-->
| power                 = <!--end-of-life power, in watts-->

<!--Launch details-->
| launch_date           = ((start date|1996|04|24))
| launch_rocket         = [[Delta rocket#Delta 3000-Series|Delta 7920-10]]
| launch_site           = [[Vandenberg Air Force Base|Vandenberg AFB]] [[Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 2|SLC-2W]]
| launch_contractor     = <!--organisation(s) that conducted the launch (eg. United Launch Alliance, Arianespace, etc)-->
| deployment_from       = <!--place where deployed from-->
| deployment_date       = <!--date deployed-->
| entered_service       = <!--date on which the spacecraft entered service, if it did not do so immediately after launch-->
<!-- * - e.g. Proton-M/Briz-M not Proton-M, but Titan IV(401)A not Titan IV(401)A-Centaur-->

<!--end of mission-->
| disposal_type         = <!--Whether the spacecraft was deorbited, decommissioned, placed in a graveyard orbit, etc-->
| deactivated           = <!--when craft was decommissioned-->
| destroyed             = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| last_contact          = <!--when last signal received if not decommissioned-->
| recovery_by           = <!--recovered by-->
| recovery_date         = <!--recovery date-->
| decay_date            = <!--when craft re-entered the atmosphere, not needed if it landed-->
| landing_date          = <!--when the spacecraft made a controlled landing, not needed if it did not return intact-->
| landing_site          = <!--where the craft landed; site/runway or coordinates-->
<!--
    The following template should be used for ONE of the three above fields "end_of_mission", "decay" or "landing" if the spacecraft is no longer operational.
    If it landed intact, use it for the landing time, otherwise for the date it ceased operations, or the decay date if it was still operational when it re-entered.
    ((end date|YYYY|MM|DD|hh|mm|ss|TZ=Z)) (for Zulu/UTC) or ((end date|YYYY|MM|DD)) (if time unknown) 
-->

<!--orbit parameters-->
<!--as science-related articles, SI units should be the principal units of measurement, however we usually use ((convert)) to display imperial units in parentheses after the initial values-->
| orbit_reference       = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime          = <!--high, low, medium, molniya, GSO - please link (e.g. [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]] - please don't use acronyms-->
| orbit_longitude       = <!--geosynchronous satellites only-->
| orbit_slot            = <!--Designation of orbital position or slot, if not longitude (e.g plane and position of a GPS satellite)-->
| orbit_semimajor       = <!--semimajor axis-->
| orbit_eccentricity    = <!--orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_periapsis       = ((convert|898|km|abbr=on)) 
| orbit_apoapsis        = ((convert|903|km|abbr=on))
| orbit_inclination     = <!--orbital inclination--> 
| orbit_period          = 100 minutes
| orbit_RAAN            = <!--right ascension of the ascending node-->
| orbit_arg_periapsis   = <!--argument of perigee/periapsis-->
| orbit_mean_anomaly    = <!--mean anomaly at epoch, only use in conjunction with an epoch value-->
| orbit_mean_motion     = <!--mean motion of the satellite, usually measured in orbits per day-->
| orbit_repeat          = <!--repeat interval/revisit time-->
| orbit_velocity        = <!--speed at which the spacecraft was travelling at epoch - only use for spacecraft with low orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_epoch           = <!--the date at which the orbit parameters were correct-->
| orbit_rev_number      = <!--revolution number-->
| apsis                 = gee

<!--Telescope parameters-->
| instrument_type       = <!--converts telescope fields to suit a camera or other similar instrument-->
| telescope_name        = <!--name, if different to the satellite-->
| telescope_type        = <!--type of telescope, mirror arrangement, etc--> 
| telescope_diameter    = <!--diameter of telescope-->
| telescope_focal_length= <!--focal length of telescope-->
| telescope_area        = <!--collecting area-->
| telescope_wavelength  = <!--wavelengths at which the telescope operates--> 
| telescope_resolution  = <!--resolution of telescope-->
| instruments           = <!--a list of instruments on the satellite-->

<!--transponder parameters-->
| trans_band            = <!--Transponder frequency bands-->
| trans_frequency       = <!--specific frequencies-->
| trans_bandwidth       = <!--bandwidth-->
| trans_capacity        = <!--capacity of the transponders-->
| trans_coverage        = <!--area covered-->
| trans_TWTA            = <!--TWTA output power-->
| trans_EIRP            = <!--equivalent isotropic power-->
| trans_HPBW            = <!--half-power beam width-->

<!--mission insignia or patch-->
| insignia              = <!--omit the "file" prefix-->
| insignia_caption      = <!--image caption-->
| insignia_alt          = <!--image alt text-->
| insignia_size         = <!--include px/em; defaults to 180px-->
))

The '''Midcourse Space Experiment''' ('''MSX''') is a [[Ballistic Missile Defense Organization]] (BMDO) satellite experiment ([[unmanned space mission]]) to map bright [[infrared]] sources in space.  MSX offered the first system demonstration of technology in space to identify and track ballistic missiles during their midcourse flight phase.<ref>Williams, Frank. "Space-Based Surveillance Operations Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration," Space Tactics Bulletin, Vol 6, Issue 4</ref>

==History==
On 24 April 1996, the [[Ballistic Missile Defense Organization|BMDO]] launched the MSX satellite on a Delta II booster from [[Vandenberg AFB]], [[California]].  MSX was placed in a [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] at 898&nbsp;km and an inclination of 99.16 degrees.  MSX's mission was to gather data in three spectral bands (long wavelength infrared, visible, and ultraviolet).

From 13 May 1998, MSX became a contributing sensor to the [[Space Surveillance Network]].

==Launch debris incident==
Lottie Williams was exercising in a park in Tulsa on January 22, 1997, when she was hit in the shoulder by a ((convert|6|in|cm|order=flip|adj=on)) piece of blackened metallic material. U.S., Space Command confirmed that a used Delta II rocket from the April 1996 launch of the Midcourse Space Experiment had crashed into the atmosphere 30 minutes earlier. The object tapped her on the shoulder and fell off harmlessly onto the ground. Williams collected the item and NASA tests later showed that the fragment was consistent with the materials of the rocket, and Nicholas Johnson, the agency's chief scientist for orbital debris, believes that she was indeed hit by a piece of the rocket.<ref>((cite news|title=Space Junk Survivor|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=98700&page=1|access-date=2 January 2018|date=3 March 2017)); ((cite news|last1=Long|first1=Tony|title=Jan. 22, 1997: Heads Up, Lottie! It's Space Junk!|url=https://www.wired.com/2009/01/jan-22-1997-heads-up-lottie-its-space-junk/|access-date=2 January 2018|date=22 January 1997))</ref>

==Operations==
Operational from 1996 to 1997, MSX mapped the [[Galactic coordinate system|galactic plane]] and areas either missed or identified as particularly bright by the [[IRAS|Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS)]] at wavelengths of 4.29 [[μm]], 4.35&nbsp;μm, 8.28&nbsp;μm, 12.13&nbsp;μm, 14.65&nbsp;μm, and 21.3&nbsp;μm.

It carried the 33-cm SPIRIT III infrared telescope and interferometer–spectrometer with solid hydrogen-cooled five line-scanned infrared focal plane arrays.<ref name=SPIRIT-III>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040106150259/http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td1702/bartschi.pdf The Spatial Infrared Imaging Telescope III (SPIRIT III)]</ref>
[[File:Alpha Centauri MSX.jpg|thumb|left|Alpha Centauri by MSX]]

[[Calibration]] of MSX posed a challenge for designers of the experiment, as baselines did not exist for the bands it would be observing under.  Engineers solved the problem by having MSX fire projectiles of known composition in front of the detector, and calibrating the instruments to the known black-body curves of the objects.  The MSX calibration serves as the basis for other satellites working in the same wavelength range, including [[AKARI]] (2006-2011) and the [[Spitzer Space Telescope|Spitzer Space Telescope (SST)]].

MSX data is currently available in the Infrared Science Archive (IRSA) provided by [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC)]]. Collaborative efforts between the [[Air Force Research Laboratory]] and IPAC has resulted in an archive containing images for about 15 percent of the sky, including the entire Galactic Plane, the Large Magellanic Cloud, and regions of the sky missed by IRAS.<ref name=ipac-sst>[http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/project/14 Spitzer Space Telescope at IPAC]</ref>

((Clear))

==See also==
((Portal|Spaceflight))
*[[List of largest infrared telescopes]]

==Notes==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
((commons category|Midcourse Space Experiment))
* [http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/ftp/cats/V/114/guide.ps.gz The Midcourse Space Experiment Point Source Catalog Version 2.3 Explanatory Guide] From VizieR Catalogue Service
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040106150259/http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td1702/bartschi.pdf The Spatial Infrared Imaging Telescope III (SPIRIT III)], an instrument for MSX
*[http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/image_galleries/MSX/ Welcome to the MSX Showcase] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909034421/http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/image_galleries/MSX/ |date=September 9, 2013 ))

((Space observatories))
((Orbital launches in 1996))

[[Category:Space telescopes]]
[[Category:Infrared telescopes]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1996]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets]]

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