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((Use dmy dates|date=June 2023))
((Short description|Traditional Mongolian festival))
[[Image:Naadamceremony2006.jpg|thumb|270px|2006 Naadam ceremony at the [[National Sports Stadium (Mongolia)|National Sports Stadium]] in 2006.]]
'''Naadam''' (Mongolian Naadam Festival) (((lang-mn|Наадам)), classical Mongolian: ((MongolUnicode|ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠮ))''Naɣadum'', ((IPA-mn|ˈnaːdəm|)), ''literally "games"'') is a traditional festival celebrated in [[Mongolia]], [[Inner Mongolia]] and [[Tuva]]. The festival is also locally termed "eriin gurvan naadam" (((lang|mn|эрийн гурван наадам))), "the three games of men". 

The games are [[Mongolian wrestling]], [[horse racing]], and [[archery]], and are held throughout the country during midsummer. Women have started participating in the archery and girls in the horse-racing games, but not in Mongolian wrestling.

In 2010, Naadam was inscribed on the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] of [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]].<ref name="airag">((cite web |title=Airag: Mongolia's Popular Milk Beverage |url=https://www.cheese.com/airag/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102010707/https://www.cheese.com/blog/airag-mongolias-popular-milk-beverage/ |archive-date=Nov 2, 2023 |access-date=22 February 2018))</ref><ref name="khuushuur">((cite web |title=Khuushuur |url=http://www.mongolfood.info/en/recipes/khuushuur.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075841/https://www.mongolfood.info/en/recipes/khuushuur.html |archive-date=Jan 17, 2024 |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=mongolfood.info))</ref><ref name="Biyelgee dance">((cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title=The Biyelgee – Mongolian Folk Dance or Modern Dance Form? |url=https://dancehistorydevelopment.wordpress.com/2013/05/13/the-biyelgee-mongolian-folk-dance-or-modern-dance-form/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510175220/https://dancehistorydevelopment.wordpress.com/2013/05/13/the-biyelgee-mongolian-folk-dance-or-modern-dance-form/ |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |access-date=22 February 2018))</ref>

==Overview==
((more citations needed|section|date=July 2017))

=== Origins ===
Naadam is the most widely watched festival among Mongols and is believed to have existed for centuries in one fashion or another. It has its origin in the activities, such as military parades and sporting competitions such as archery, horse riding and wrestling, that followed the celebration of various occasions, including weddings or spiritual gatherings. It later served as a way to train soldiers for battle and was also connected to Mongols' nomadic lifestyle. Mongolians practice their unwritten holiday rules that include a long song to start the holiday, then a ''[[Biyelgee]]'' dance. Traditional cuisine, or ''[[Khuushuur]]'', is served around the Sports Stadium along with a special drink made of fermented horse milk (''[[Kumis|airag]]''). The three games of wrestling, horse racing, and archery are recorded in the 13th-century book ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]''. During the [[Mongolia under Qing rule|Qing dynasty's rule]], Naadam became a festival officially held by [[Sum (administrative division)|sums]].

It began to be held annually in 1639 with a dance festival dedicated to the High Saint Zanabazar. In this festival of Shireet White Lake, Bokh Lama won in wrestling, and Bonkhor Donir's horse won the championship.

In 1772, a great festival was held to worship Khentii mountain. It is called the Festival of Ten Governments. In 1912, the Ten Government Games, which used to be played with losing points, became an annual state game. Until the death of Bogd Khan in 1925, the Ten Government Festival became a state festival. Ten Government Games have been held 125 times.

=== Communist era ===
Naadam during the period of the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] was associated with the [[Mongolian Revolution of 1921]]. The first official military parade in Communist Mongolia took place in 1921 in honor of the victories of [[Damdin Sükhbaatar]] in the revolution. It was celebrated as a Buddhist/shaman holiday until secularization in the 1930s under the Communist influence of the Soviet Union.

The anniversary parades of the [[Mongolian People's Army]] on [[Sükhbaatar Square]] were generally held on jubilee years (specifically in 1946, 1951, 1956, 1961, 1966, 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986 and 1991<ref>((cite book|last=Sanders|first=Alan J K|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&pg=PR62|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8108-7452-7|edition=3rd|page=62|oclc=939933261))</ref>), alongside the [[International Workers Day]] and [[October Revolution Day]] parades.<ref>((cite web |title=Rare Images of the People's Revolution |url=https://www.tolgoilogch.mn/_c863obv6vd/mt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321165602/https://www.tolgoilogch.mn/_c863obv6vd/mt |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=2019-08-10 |website=tolgoilogch.mn |language=mn))</ref> General T. Galsan was the longtime commander these parades.<ref>((Cite web|last=n24.mn|title=Г.Махбариад: Цол өгөөд л байсан, би ч аваад л байсан. Цэргийнхний 16 жилд авдаг цолыг би таван жилд зүүсэн|url=https://www.n24.mn/a/3334|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.n24.mn)) ((dead link|date=February 2024))</ref> During these events, party and government leaders viewed the events from the top of [[Sükhbaatar's Mausoleum]].<ref name=":0">((Cite web |title=История Улан-Батора: Мавзолей Сухэ-Батора и центральная площадь |url=https://asiarussia.ru/articles/16662/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225021123/https://asiarussia.ru/articles/16662/ |archive-date=Feb 25, 2023))</ref> After 1991, the communist practice was abandoned with the exception of 1996 when a parade in the [[National Sports Stadium (Mongolia)|National Sports Stadium]] commemorated the 790th anniversary of the founding of Mongolia and the 75th anniversary of the revolution. 

Many of the celebrations were celebrated with the participation of foreign communists who visited the country, including [[Mikhail Suslov]], [[Józef Cyrankiewicz]], and [[Władysław Gomułka]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Фильм Праздник в народной Монголии.. (1961) |url=https://www.net-film.ru/film-5557/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201165143/https://www.net-film.ru/film-5557/ |archive-date=Feb 1, 2024 |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=www.net-film.ru))</ref>

=== Modern celebrations and traditions ===
The two largest Naadams held in Mongolia today are the Danshig Naadam and the National Naadam. The former was only instituted as an annual event in 2015, having previously been held irregularly and commemorates Mongolia's [[Mongolian Revolution of 1911|independence]] from the Qing dynasty, and also coincides with [[Mongolian State Flag Day]]. The latter formally commemorates the [[Mongolian Revolution of 1921|1921 Revolution]] a decade later, when communist invaded and deposed Bogd Khan, spillover from the [[Russian Civil War]]. Naadam also celebrates the achievements of the new state.<ref name="ReferenceA">Atwood Christopher Pratt, 1964–''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire,'' Facts On File, Ink</ref>[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi trying his hand on archery at Mini Naadam Festival, in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia on May 17, 2015.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at Naadam in Ulaanbaatar]]
Naadam is also celebrated in different regions of Mongolia and [[Inner Mongolia]] in July and August. In the [[Tuva Republic]], Naadam is on 15 August.

The three sports are called Danshig games. They became the great celebration of the new nation, where the nobility got together to dedicate to the [[Bogd Khan]] (Jabzundamba Khutugtu), the new head of state.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

[[Genghis Khan]]'s nine horse tails, representing the nine tribes of the Mongols, are still ceremonially transported from Sukhbaatar Square to the Stadium to open the Naadam festivities. At the opening and closing ceremonies, there are impressive parades of mounted cavalry, athletes and monks.

Another popular Naadam activity is the playing of games using ''[[shagai]],'' sheep anklebones that serve as game pieces and tokens of both [[divination]] and friendship. In the larger Naadam festivals, tournaments may take place in a separate venue. 

Recently, concerns have been raised about the perceived corruption of the festival and its ambiguous symbolism.<ref>((Cite web |last=Bayarlkhagva |first=Munkhnaran |date=21 October 2021 |title=What's Wrong With Mongolia's Naadam Festival? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/whats-wrong-with-mongolias-naadam-festival/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229022656/https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/whats-wrong-with-mongolias-naadam-festival/ |archive-date=Dec 29, 2023 |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US))</ref> 
[[File:Naadam 2023, Ulan Bator 01.jpg|thumb|Opening ceremony of Naadam festival in [[Ulaanbaatar|Ulan Bator]]]]
==== National Naadam Festival ====
Alongside the Danshig Naadam, the biggest festival is the National Naadam Festival, which is held in the Mongolian capital, [[Ulaanbaatar]], during the National Holiday from 11 to 13 July, in the [[National Sports Stadium (Mongolia)|National Sports Stadium]]. It begins with an elaborate introduction ceremony featuring dancers, athletes, horse riders, and musicians. After the ceremony, the competitions begin. The competitions are mainly horseback riding.

==Three games==

===Wrestling===
[[Image:Naadam 2023, Ulan Bator 08.jpg|thumb|230px|Wrestling in the 2023 Naadam festival in [[Ulaanbaatar|Ulan Bator]]]]
((Main|Mongolian wrestling))
A total of 512 or 1024 wrestlers meet in a [[single-elimination tournament]] that lasts nine or ten rounds.  Mongolian traditional wrestling is an untimed competition in which wrestlers lose if they touch the ground with any part of their body other than their feet or hands. When picking pairs, the wrestler with the greatest fame has the privilege to choose his opponent.  Wrestlers wear two-piece costumes consisting of a tight shoulder vest (''zodog'') and shorts (''shuudag''). Only men are allowed to participate.

Each wrestler has an "encourager" called a ''zasuul''.  The zasuul sings a song of praise for the winning wrestler after rounds 3, 5, and 7.  Winners of the 7th or 8th stage (depending on whether the competition features 512 or 1024 wrestlers) earn the title of ''zaan'', "elephant".  The winner of the 9th or 10th stage is called ''arslan'', "lion".<ref name=blackbelt>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o84DAAAAMBAJ&dq=ulan+bator&pg=PA22 "The Maulers of Mongolia"], ''[[Black Belt (magazine)|Black Belt]]'' magazine, July 1969, p. 22</ref> In the final competition, all the "zasuuls" drop in the wake of each wrestler as they take steps toward each other. Two-time arslans are called the titans / giants, or ''avraga''.<ref name=blackbelt/>

===Horse racing===
((See also|Mongol horse))
[[File:Young Mongolian Naadam Horse Racer - 2010.jpg|thumb|230px|One of the young winners of a Naadam horse race in Mandalgovi, Mongolia.]]
Unlike Western horse racing, which consists of short sprints generally not much longer than 2&nbsp;km, Mongolian horse racing as featured in Naadam is a cross-country event, with races 15–30&nbsp;km long. The length of each race is determined by age class.  For example, two-year-old horses race for ((convert|10|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on)) and seven-year-olds for ((convert|17|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on)). Up to 1000 horses from any part of Mongolia can be chosen to participate.  Race horses are fed a special diet.

Children from 5 to 13 are chosen as jockeys and train in the months preceding the races. While jockeys are an important component, the main purpose of the races is to test the skill of the horses.<ref name="csen.org">"Naadam Festival." The Center for the Study . 16 April 2008 http://www.csen.org/Mongol.Nadaam/Mongol.text.html</ref>

Before the races begin, the audience sings traditional songs and the jockeys sing a song called ''Gingo''.  Prizes are awarded to horses and jockeys. The top five horses in each class earn the title of ((transl|mn|airgiyn tav)) and the top three are given gold, silver, and bronze medals. The winning jockey is praised with the title of ((transl|mn|tumny ekh)) or leader of ten thousand.  The horse that finishes last in the Daaga race (two-year-old horses race) is called ((transl|mn|bayan khodood)) (meaning "full stomach"). A song is sung to the ((transl|mn|bayan khodood)) wishing him luck to be next year's winner.<ref name="csen.org"/>
<gallery class="center" widths="145px">
Naadam.jpg|Riders in Mongolia during the Naadam festival
Naadam rider Mongolia.jpg|Rider during Naadam festival
Nadaam Racers.jpg|Two young riders across the finish line.
Naadam 2023 - Horse racing 09.jpg|Rider during Naadam festival in [[Ulaanbaatar|Ulan Bator]]
</gallery>

===Archery===
((See also|Mongol bow))
[[Image:Naadam women archery.jpg|thumb|upright|A women's archery competition held during the 2005 Naadam festival]]
In this competition both men and women may participate. It is played by teams of ten. Each archer is given four arrows; the team must hit 33 ''"surs".'' Men shoot their arrows from 75 meters away while women shoot theirs from 65 meters away. Traditionally the archers wear their national clothing (''Deel'') during the competition. All the archers wear leather bracers up to the elbow on their outstretched arm, so that the ''deel's'' cuff does not interfere with shooting.
 
Mongolian archery is unique for having dozens of ''surs'' as targets. Each ''sur'' is a small woven or wooden cylinder. They are placed on top of each other forming a wall three-high, which is approximately 8 inches high by 5 feet wide. Knocking a ''sur'' out of the wall with an arrow counts as a hit, though knocking a ''sur'' out of the centre will bring a competitor more points.  When the archer hits the target, the judge says ''uuhai'' which means "hooray". After each hit, an official repairs the damaged wall and makes it ready for the next attempt. The winners of the contest are granted the titles of "national marksman" and "national markswoman".<ref>((Cite web |title=The Naadam Archery Competition |url=https://www.atarn.org/mongolian/mn_nat_arch/messenger.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922222311/https://atarn.org/mongolian/mn_nat_arch/messenger.htm |archive-date=Sep 22, 2023 |website=www.atarn.org))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tsagaan Sar]] (English "White Moon"), the Mongolian Lunar New Year (the first most important Mongolian holiday before Naadam).
* [[Great Kurultáj]]
* [[Kurultai]]
* [[Sabantuy]]
* [[The World Qoroltai of the Bashkirs]]
* [[Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People]]
* [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
((commons|Naadam|Naadam))
*''Chinggis Khaan's Mongolia''. S. Uranbileg and E. Amarbilig. Ulaanbaatar, 2006, 156 p.&nbsp;((ISBN|99929-65-08-8)). In English.
*[http://naadamfestival.com/ Naadam Festival], Official Website
*[http://www.csen.org/Mongol.Nadaam/Mongol.text.html Naadam Festival], The Center for the Study of Eurasian Nomads 
*[https://www.amicusmongolia.com/mongolia-naadam-festival.html Naadam Festival Blog]- Mongolia Naadam Festival 
*[https://www.amicusmongolia.com/mongolia-naadam-festival-tours Mongolia Naadam Festival Tours]- Mongolia Naadam FestivalTours
*[http://www.samarmagictours.com/festivals_and_events.php Mongolia Naadam Festival and Events]- Mongolia Naadam Festival and Events 
*[https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=112514153 Audio coverage] of horse racing
((Mongolia topics)) 
((International multi-sport events))

[[Category:Multi-sport events in Mongolia]]
[[Category:Buryat culture]]
[[Category:Tuvan culture]]
[[Category:National holidays]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Mongolia]]
[[Category:Cultural festivals in Mongolia]]
[[Category:July observances]]
[[Category:Summer traditions]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]]
[[Category:National multi-sport events]]
[[Category:Equestrian festivals]]
[[Category:Sports festivals in Mongolia]]
[[Category:Summer events in Mongolia]]

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