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((About||the American television version|1984 (1953 TV program)|the American unrelated television series|1984 (TV series)))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2016))
((Use British English|date=October 2016))
((Infobox television
| image                = Nineteen Eighty-Four (British TV programme).jpg
| caption              = Opening title
| alt_name             =
| genre                = [[Drama]]
| creator              =
| developer            =
| writer               = [[Nigel Kneale]]
| based_on             = ((based on|''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''|[[George Orwell]]))
| director             = [[Rudolph Cartier]]
| creative_director    =
| presenter            =
| starring             = ((Plainlist|
* [[Peter Cushing]]
* [[André Morell]]
* [[Yvonne Mitchell]]
* [[Donald Pleasence]]))
| judges               =
| voices               =
| narrated             = Richard Williams
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme            =
| endtheme             =
| composer             = [[John Hotchkis]]
| country              = United Kingdom
| language             = English
| num_series           = <!-- or num_series -->
| num_episodes         = 1
| list_episodes        =
| executive_producer   =
| producer             = Rudolph Cartier
| editor               =
| location             =
| cinematography       =
| camera               =
| runtime              = 105&ndash;107 minutes
| company              =
| channel              = [[BBC]]
| first_aired          = ((Start date|1954|12|12|df=y)) (see text)
| last_aired           =
| related              =
))
'''''Nineteen Eighty-Four''''' is a [[British television]] adaptation of the 1949 [[Nineteen Eighty-Four|novel of the same name]] by [[George Orwell]], originally broadcast on [[BBC One|BBC Television]] in December 1954. The production proved to be hugely [[controversy|controversial]], with questions asked in [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] and many viewer complaints over its supposed subversive nature and horrific content. It starred [[Peter Cushing]] (as [[Winston Smith (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Winston Smith]]), [[Yvonne Mitchell]], [[Donald Pleasence]] and [[André Morell]].<ref>((cite news |title=Nineteen Eighty-Four (Dual Format Edition) |url=https://shop.bfi.org.uk/nineteen-eighty-four-dual-format-edition.html |access-date=7 November 2023 |agency=BFI))</ref>

In a 2000 poll of industry experts conducted by the [[British Film Institute]] to determine the [[100 Greatest British Television Programmes]] of the 20th century, ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' was ranked in seventy-third position.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/tv/100/list/list.php|title=BFI - Features - TV 100 List of Lists|date=11 September 2011|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911083558/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/tv/100/list/list.php|archive-date=11 September 2011|df=dmy-all))</ref>

==Background==
((More citations needed|section|date=June 2023))
Orwell's novel was adapted for television by [[Nigel Kneale]], one of the most prolific television scriptwriters of the time.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458926/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Kneale, Nigel (1922-2006) Biography|website=www.screenonline.org.uk))</ref> The previous year he had created the character of Professor [[Bernard Quatermass]] for the science-fiction serial ''[[The Quatermass Experiment]]''.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/471469/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Quatermass Experiment, The (1953)|website=www.screenonline.org.uk))</ref> The adaptation was produced and directed by the equally respected [[Rudolph Cartier]], perhaps the [[BBC]]'s best producer-director of the 1950s who was always adventurous artistically and technically.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/1181098/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Cartier, Rudolph (1904-94) Biography|website=www.screenonline.org.uk))</ref> Cartier, a veteran of the [[Universum Film AG|UFA]] film studios in 1930s [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] who had fled the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] regime for Britain in 1936, had worked with Kneale the previous year on ''The Quatermass Experiment'' and was a veteran of many television drama productions.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nigel-kneale-422541.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nigel-kneale-422541.html |archive-date=21 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Nigel Kneale|website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=2 November 2006))</ref>

It was his work on Quatermass that had prompted the BBC's [[BBC television drama|Head of Drama]], [[Michael Barry (television producer)|Michael Barry]], to ask Cartier to work on an adaptation of the novel, having shown his abilities with literary sources in a version of ''[[Wuthering Heights (1953 film)|Wuthering Heights]]'', again with Kneale handling the scripting.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1203222/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Wuthering Heights (1962)|website=www.screenonline.org.uk))</ref> The BBC had purchased the rights to a television version of ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' soon after its publication in 1949, with [[Kenneth Tynan]] having apparently originally been keen on adapting the work. The first version of the script, produced in late 1953, was written by [[Hugh Faulks]], in consultation with Orwell's widow [[Sonia Brownell]], but when Cartier joined in January 1954 he demanded that Kneale be allowed to handle the adaptation. This and other complexities of production meant that the April airdate &ndash; which would have been about 30 years before the novel was set &ndash; had to be postponed.

==Cast and crew==
The role of [[Winston Smith (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Winston Smith]] was taken by [[Peter Cushing]], one of his first major roles.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Cushing|title=Peter Wilton Cushing - British actor))</ref> Cartier cast him after having been impressed with his performance in a BBC production of ''Anastasia'' the previous year.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7ebe2414|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817072815/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7ebe2414|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 August 2016|title=Anastasia (1953)))</ref> Cushing went on to become a film star, as would his co-star [[Donald Pleasence]], who played Syme. Pleasence was the only member of the cast present in the [[1984 (1956 film)|1956 feature film]] adaptation of the story, playing an amalgamation of Syme and Parsons with the latter's name.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b1935dd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117135756/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b1935dd|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2018|title=1984 (1956)))</ref>

Other cast members included [[Yvonne Mitchell]], who had starred in the Kneale/Cartier ''Wuthering Heights'', as Julia, and [[André Morell]] as [[O'Brien (book character)|O'Brien]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6bff2fd5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117134230/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6bff2fd5|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2018|title=Nineteen Eighty-four (1954)))</ref> [[Wilfrid Brambell]], later known for his roles in ''[[Steptoe and Son]]'' and as [[Paul McCartney]]'s grandfather in ''[[A Hard Day's Night (film)|A Hard Day's Night]]'', appeared in two roles, as the old man Winston speaks with in the pub and as a prisoner later on when Winston is incarcerated.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba72121e4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724000157/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba72121e4|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 July 2016|title=Wilfrid Brambell))</ref> Nigel Kneale who had briefly acted in the 1940s before turning to scriptwriting, had a small voice-over role as an announcer. The face of [[Big Brother (1984)|Big Brother]] was [[Roy Oxley]], a member of the BBC design department whose inclusion was something of an in-joke on the part of the production team.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba94c602c|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312010437/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba94c602c|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2016|title=Roy Oxley))</ref>

The composer of the incidental music for the programme was John Hotchkis, who insisted on a larger than usual orchestra to perform the piece.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9fdd2a4b|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028171435/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9fdd2a4b|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2017|title=John Hotchkis))</ref>

==Production==
((More citations needed|section|date=June 2023))
Until the early 1960s, the vast majority of the BBC's television was performed live.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/438460/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Nineteen Eighty-Four (1954)|website=www.screenonline.org.uk))</ref> Nonetheless, there was a certain degree of pre-shooting in the form of [[Insert (filmmaking)|inserts]] on film, which could be played into the studio and broadcast as part of the play to cover changes of scene or show location material which would have been impossible to mount live in the studio. Initial filming for ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' took place on 10 November 1954 in Studio B of [[Alexandra Palace]] (even by then all but abandoned as a venue for shooting drama, although it housed the news and later the [[Open University]] for the next thirty years), with footage of the Two Minutes' Hate and some of the canteen scenes being filmed there.

Further location shooting took place on 18 November which were exterior scenes featuring Smith's travels in the proletarian sector. According to Peter Cushing, speaking on ''[[Late Night Line-Up]]'' in 1965, these scenes were filmed on the demolition site that became [[BBC Television Centre]].<ref>((cite episode
| series        = Late Night Line-Up
| station      = [[BBC Two|BBC 2]]
| airdate      = 27 November 1965))</ref> Following the filming, rehearsals for the cast began at Mary Ward Settlement, [[Tavistock Place]] from 22 November (moving to [[Paddington Street|60 Paddington Street]] from 29 November). During these rehearsals, the cast memorised their lines and cues as important in a live television production as in a stage play.

The cast and crew moved to Studio D at the BBC's [[Lime Grove Studios]] on Saturday 11 December 1954 for a full camera rehearsal and run-through. Rehearsals continued the following day until shortly before transmission, which began at 20:37 Sunday 12 December and continued for the best part of two hours.

Kneale's script was a largely faithful adaptation of the novel as far as was practical. The writer made some small additions, the most notable being the creation of a sequence in which O'Brien observes Julia at work in PornoSec and reads a small segment from one of the erotic novels being written by the machines.

==Reaction==
The play provoked something of an upset.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNwzDwAAQBAJ&q=bbc+tv+nineteen+eighty-four+horrified+viewers&pg=PT322|title=George Orwell: The Politics of Literary Reputation|first=John|last=Rodden|date=4 September 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351517652|via=Google Books))</ref> There were complaints about the "horrific" content (particularly the [[Room 101]] scene where Smith is threatened with torture by rats) and the "subversive" nature of the play. Most were worried by the depiction of a totalitarian regime controlling the population's freedom of thought. There was also a report in the ''[[Daily Express]]'' newspaper of 42-year-old Beryl Merfin of [[Herne Bay, Kent|Herne Bay]] collapsing and dying as she watched the production, under the headline "Wife dies as she watches", allegedly from the shock of what she had seen. An anonymous reviewer in ''[[The Times]]'' wrote: "Inevitably, in a dramatic presentation of the book much of the irony is lost; and the weakness of this television version was that concentrating on the action it reduced the ideological explanation so drastically that it robbed the story of at least half its power". It was a "pictorial simplification" of "Orwell's vision". The writer, however, admired the performances of Cushing, Mitchell and Morell.<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/archive/article/1954-12-13/11/4.html|title=Nineteen Eighty-Four|work=The Times|location=London|date=13 December 1954|access-date=19 June 2016|page=11)) ((subscription required))</ref> ''[[The Manchester Guardian]]'' reviewer defended the BBC for screening the drama, while ''[[The Daily Worker (UK)|The Daily Worker]]'', a communist newspaper, described it as a "Tory guttersnipe’s view of socialism".<ref name="Telegraph2022">((cite news|last=Fordy|first=Tom|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/unadulterated-horror-peter-cushings-nineteen-eighty-four-broke/|title=How the 'unadulterated horror' of Peter Cushing's Nineteen Eighty-Four broke the BBC|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=4 May 2022|access-date=4 May 2022))</ref>

Political reaction was divided, with several [[early day motion]]s and amendments tabled in the Parliament. One motion, signed by five MPs, deplored "the tendency, evident in recent British Broadcasting Corporation television programmes, notably on Sunday evenings, to pander to sexual and sadistic tastes".<ref name="mps1">The MPs were [[Sir Kenneth Thompson, 1st Baronet|Kenneth Thompson]], [[Eveline Hill]], [[Rolf Dudley-Williams|Dudley Williams]], [[William Steward (UK politician)|William Steward]] and [[Austen Hudson]] (all Conservative). ((cite news|date=15 December 1954|title=Controversy Over <!-- Rendering used. -->"1984"|page=5|work=[[The Times]]|issue=53115|location=London|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/archive/article/1954-12-15/5/10.html|access-date=19 June 2016)) ((subscription required))</ref> An amendment was tabled which sought to make the motion now deplore "the tendency of honourable members to attack the courage and enterprise of the British Broadcasting Corporation in presenting plays and programmes capable of appreciation by adult minds, on Sunday evenings and other occasions." It was signed by five MPs.<ref name="mps2">The MPs were [[Arthur Palmer (politician)|Arthur Palmer]], [[Maurice Edelman]], [[Leslie Plummer]] [[Anthony Greenwood, Baron Greenwood of Rossendale|Anthony Greenwood]] (all Labour) and [[Beverley Baxter]] (Conservative). (As for the last citation: ''[[The Times]]'', 15 December 1954)</ref> Another amendment added "but is thankful that the freedom of the individual still permits viewers to switch off and, due to the foresight of her Majesty's Government, will soon permit a switch-over to be made to more appropriate programmes."<ref name="mps3">Tabled by [[Charles Taylor (MP for Eastbourne)|Charles Taylor]], [[Walter Robert Dempster Perkins]] (both Conservatives) and others (as before).</ref> A second motion signed by six MPs, applauded "the sincere attempts of the BBC. to bring home to the British people the logical and soul-destroying consequences of the surrender of their freedom" and calling attention to the fact that "many of the inhuman practices depicted in the play ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' are already in common use under totalitarian régimes.",<ref>Signed by [[Harry Legge-Bourke]] and five other Conservatives (as before).</ref> Even [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|the Queen]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]] made it known that they had watched and enjoyed the play.<ref name="Telegraph2022" />

Amidst objections the BBC went ahead with a complete live restaging on Thursday 16 December. This was introduced live on camera by Head of Drama [[Michael Barry (television producer)|Michael Barry]], who had already appeared on the topical news programme ''[[Panorama (TV series)|Panorama]]'' on 15 December to defend the production.<ref name="Telegraph2022" /> The seven million viewers who watched the Thursday performance was the largest television audience in the UK since the [[Coronation of the British monarch|Coronation]] the previous year.

At the time, television images could only be preserved on [[film]] by using a special recording apparatus (known as "[[telerecording]]" in the UK and "[[kinescope|kinescoping]]" in the [[United States|USA]]) but was used sparingly in Britain for preservation and not for pre-recording. It is thus the second performance, one of the earliest surviving British television dramas, that is preserved in the archives.

==''The Goon Show'' parody==
((More citations needed|section|date=June 2023))
[[Spike Milligan]] wrote a [[parody]] of ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' for ''[[The Goon Show]]'' entitled ''1985'', broadcast on 4 January 1955.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00q9xrg|title=1985, The Goon Show - BBC Radio 4 Extra|website=BBC))</ref> The cast of characters included Worker 846 Winston Seagoon ([[Harry Secombe]]), Miss Sfnut ([[Peter Sellers]]) and Worker 213 Eccles (Milligan); Big Brother was replaced by the Big Brother Corporation (i.e. the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]) and Goldstein's revolution by [[Maurice Winnick|Horace Minikstein's]] Independent Television Army (i.e. the [[Independent Television Authority]]). Jokes included such stabs at the BBC as:

Announcer (Sellers): ''"Attention BBC workers! Lunch is now being served in the BBC Canteen. Doctors are standing by."''

Seagoon is tortured in Room 101 by being forced to listen to clips from ''[[Ray's a Laugh]]'', ''[[Life with the Lyons]]'' and the singing of [[Harry Secombe]]. Unlike the original script, Seagoon is freed from Room 101 and the ITA overthrows the BBC after a three-day phone call and a £10 bribe. However, when Seagoon hears the ITA's output, he wants the BBC brought back.

The programme was such a success that the script was performed again on 8 February 1955. This was not a repeat &ndash; it was a new broadcast of the same script with minor changes. One change was the recorded addition of [[John Snagge]] as the BBC announcer previously portrayed by Sellers.

The first version exists in pristine form in the BBC archives, the second performance only as a lower-quality off-air recording, which excludes the first five minutes of the programme and both musical interludes, preserving about 18 minutes of material.

==Legacy==
It was twenty-three years before the 35mm telerecording of the 16 December performance received a repeat broadcast in 1977. Another proposed repeat as part of the BBC's fiftieth anniversary of television celebrations in 1986 was overruled by the producers of the 1984 [[John Hurt]]/[[Richard Burton]] [[Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)|feature film]], who felt that earlier versions would affect income for their film. The BBC was permitted to show the play again in 1994 on [[BBC Two]], as a tribute to the recently deceased Cartier and again in June 2003 on digital station [[BBC Four]] as part of the [[George Orwell]] centenary celebrations.

Kneale's adaptation was produced again by the BBC, with some modifications in 1965. Starring [[David Buck]], [[Joseph O'Conor]], [[Jane Merrow]] and [[Cyril Shaps]], it was broadcast in [[BBC Two|BBC2]]'s ''[[Theatre 625]]'' anthology series as part of a season of Orwell adaptations sub-titled ''The World of George Orwell'', on 28 November 1965.<ref>((cite web|url=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/c49fe1d606cb41b0bdd8fbf4bf643892|title=Theatre 625: The World Of George Orwell: 1984|date=25 November 1965|issue=2194|pages=19|via=BBC Genome))</ref> Long believed lost, on 12 September 2010 it was announced that a copy had been located at the American [[Library of Congress]], although an approximately seven-minute segment in the middle was unrecoverable from the [[NTSC]] video tape recording.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1413212/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: 1984 (1965)|website=www.screenonline.org.uk))</ref> It was recovered amongst a hoard of over 80 lost British television episodes dating from 1957 to 1970. In 1965, a radio adaptation was broadcast on the [[BBC Home Service]] with [[Patrick Troughton]], soon to become the [[Second Doctor]] in ''[[Doctor Who]]''. This radio version was properly archived and has survived.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.suttonelms.org.uk/eric-ewens.html|title=radio plays drama, bbc, Eric Ewens, DIVERSITY website|first=Alison Deacon, Nigel|last=Deacon|website=www.suttonelms.org.uk))</ref>

Scenes from ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'', along with the [[Animal Farm (1954 film)|1954 adaptation of ''Animal Farm'']], were featured in "The Two Winstons", the final episode of [[Simon Schama]]'s program ''[[A History of Britain (TV series)|A History of Britain]]''.

==Broadcast history==
* [[BBC One|BBC Television]], 12 December 1954, live &ndash; not recorded.
* BBC Television, 16 December 1954, live &ndash; exists as a [[35mm movie film|35mm film]] [[Kinescope|telerecording]].
* [[BBC Two|BBC2]], 28 November 1965, new production of an updated version of the 1954 script. Exists as an NTSC videotape copy, although 7 minutes is missing.
* BBC2, 3 August 1977, repeat of 16 December 1954 telerecording.
* BBC Two, 1 July 1994, repeat of 16 December 1954 telerecording, commemorating the death of Rudolph Cartier.
* [[BBC Four]], 14 June 2003, repeat of 16 December 1954 telerecording.

==Home media==
In March 2014, the play was included in a "Classic Horror Volume 1" DVD release alongside ''[[Nosferatu]]'', ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923 film)|Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' and ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (1925 film)|The Phantom of the Opera]]''.

In April 2022, the [[BFI]] released a standalone Blu-ray + DVD combo containing a Standard Definition and a new High Definition transfer of the play.

==Bibliography==

===Books===
*Fulton, Roger (1997). ''The Encyclopedia of TV Science Fiction'' (2nd ed.). London: Boxtree Books. ((ISBN|0-7522-1150-1)).
*Jacobs, Jason (2000). ''The Intimate Screen: Early British Television Drama'' (1st ed.). [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]]. ((ISBN|0-19-874233-9)).

===Magazines===
*Pixley, Andrew (Jan. 2003). Nineteen Eighty-Four: Big Brother is Watching You. ''[[TV Zone]]'', p.&nbsp;50-54.

==See also==
* ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four (1953 TV program)|Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', 1953 American television adaptation

==References==
((Reflist|2))

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0174444/ 1984 (1954 version)] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0059510/ 1984 (1965 version)] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120716213020/http://www.625.org.uk/1984/sb181984.htm Analysis and Production History at the 625Online site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316053542/http://www.the-mausoleum-club.org.uk/Index/Compendium/Nineteen%20Eighty-Four.pdf Pictorial Compendium entry from the Mausoleum Club website] (PDF file)
*[http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/438460/index.html British Film Institute Screen Online]

((Nineteen Eighty-Four))
((Nigel Kneale))

((DEFAULTSORT:Nineteen Eighty-Four (Tv Programme)))
[[Category:1954 television plays]]
[[Category:1965 television plays]]
[[Category:BBC television dramas]]
[[Category:British television plays]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rudolph Cartier]]
[[Category:Films about freedom of expression]]
[[Category:Films based on Nineteen Eighty-Four]]
[[Category:Television shows based on British novels]]

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Return to Nineteen Eighty-Four (British TV programme).

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