In 1962, Belgium received its first nuclear reactor – an 11 MWe pressurized water reactor — from the United States. The country’s first commercial nuclear reactor began operating in 1974. Currently, Belgium has seven nuclear reactors operating in the country with a net MWe of 5,761. Electricity consumption in Belgium has increased slowly since 1990 and nuclear energy provides 54%, 45 billion kWh per year, of the country’s energy.^[1]

On the 2012 anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Belgian group Stop Nuclear Kernenergie organised an event in Brussels calling for an end to the use of nuclear power and the shutting down of Belgium’s nuclear facilities. Protesters insisted that nuclear power is unsafe.^[2] Austrian Chancellor Werner Faymann expects anti-nuclear petition drives to start in at least six European Union countries in 2012 with the goal of having the EU abandon nuclear power. Under the EU's Lisbon Treaty, petitions that attract at least one million signatures can seek legislative proposals from the European Commission.^[3]

Sites

There are two commercial power plants operational:

• Doel Nuclear Power Station along the Scheldt river, near the port of Antwerp
• Tihange Nuclear Power Station along the Meuse river

Besides those two, there is a test reactor at the SCK•CEN site in Mol, which is used for research.

Waste

A national agency is responsible for radioactive waste management, including transport, treatment, conditioning, storage, and disposal. The main disposal facility is the SCK•CEN site close to the towns Mol and Dessel, which stores short-lived intermediate-level waste and high-level waste. Several shipments of reprocessed Belgian spent fuel, from France, have also arrived at the Mol-Dessel site.^[1]

Government policy

In the year 2000, a government appointed commission reported that nuclear energy was important to Belgium and recommended further development. However, in 2003 Belgium's Government, then a coalition which included the Green party Groen!, passed legislation which stipulated that no new reactors would be built and that Belgium's seven reactors would close between 2015–2025.^[4][5] When the law was being passed, there was speculation it would be overturned again as soon as an administration without Groen! was in power.^{[citation needed]} A report published in 2005 by the Federal Planning Bureau noted that in many parts of Belgium nuclear power makes up more than 50% of the electricity generated.^[6] It would therefore be difficult for Belgium to adhere to the emissions targets of the Kyoto Protocols without nuclear power.^[7] In 2007, the Belgian Commission on Energy said that the use of nuclear energy is imperative to meet CO
₂ requirements and maintain economic stability. Furthermore, the commission believed that energy prices would double without the use of nuclear energy. The commission finally recommended that the operating lives of the seven nuclear reactors should be extended.^[1] In 2009, the government decided to extend the lifetimes of the three oldest reactors until 2025. In exchange, the owners will be charged an extra €215–245 million (about US$340 million) per year.^[8] However this was not yet finalized into law when in 2010 the government resigned over unrelated issues. ^[9] This was considered to be a formality, that would be taken care of when a new government was formed. However a prolonged period of political instability without a government being formed followed. This continued until in March 2011 the Fukushima I nuclear accidents happened. At which time the caretaker government decided to postpone any debate or decision in the matter until after the results of an European stress-test of the facilities are known.^[10]