Members of the 1935 New Hampshire Wildcats football team, whose positions were listed in their college yearbook simply as backs (four, standing) and linemen (seven, kneeling).

The one-platoon system, also known as iron man football, is a platoon system in American football where players play on both offense and defense. It was the result of smaller roster sizes in the early days of the game and rules that limited player substitutions, rules that are also standard procedure in many other sports but were eliminated in the 1940s as free substitution was legalized. The alternative system is the two-platoon system (or simply the platoon system), which uses separate offensive and defensive units (three platoons if special teams is also counted).

Each system was used at different times in American college football and in the National Football League. One-platoon football is seen currently mostly on lower-end and smaller teams at the high school and semi-pro levels, where player shortages and talent disparities require it; the system allows teams to play with a smaller roster than a two-platoon or multiple-platoon team, but because players are on the field the entire game with no rest between series, players slow down and become fatigued more quickly in the later stages of a game. As a result, players were required to take breaks between play blocks. Current teams with sufficient numbers of talented players no longer use the one-platoon system.

History

Before 1941, virtually all football players saw action on "both sides of the ball," playing in both offensive and defensive roles. From 1941 to 1952, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) allowed unlimited substitution.[citation needed] This change was originally made because of the difficulty in fielding highly skilled players during the years of the Second World War, in which many able-bodied college-age men volunteered for or were drafted into military service.[1] The National Football League followed suit abolishing its substitution restrictions in 1943, for similar reasons.

For the 1953 season, the NCAA emplaced a set of new rules requiring the use of a one-platoon system, primarily due to financial reasons.[2] One source indicated that only one player was allowed to be substituted between plays;[3] however, according to the NCAA, the actual rule allowed a player to enter the game only once in each quarter.[4] More precisely, a player leaving the game in the first or third quarter could not return until the beginning of the next quarter, and a player leaving the game in the second or fourth quarter could not return until the final four minutes of that quarter.[5] Tennessee head coach "General" Robert Neyland praised the change as the end of "chickenshit football".[1]

The one-platoon rules were gradually liberalized over the next 11 seasons; by 1958, Louisiana State had developed a three-platoon system (a two-way platoon, an offensive platoon, and a defensive platoon known as the Chinese Bandits).[6] O. J. Simpson said after retiring from the NFL in 1979 that when he began playing football the best players played both ways, with the weakest only on defense and stronger players on offense.[7]

For the 1964 season,[4] the NCAA repealed the rules enforcing its use and allowed an unlimited number of player substitutions.[4][8] This allowed, starting with the 1964 season,[9] teams to form separate offensive and defensive units as well as "special teams" which would be employed in kicking situations. By the early 1970s, however, some university administrators, coaches and others were calling for a return to the days of one-platoon football.[10]

The sport of arena football used a limited one-platoon system (from which quarterbacks, kickers and one "specialist" were exempt) from its inception until 2007.

Noteworthy professional one-platoon players

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Douglas S. Looney, One Is More Like It, Sports Illustrated, 3 September 1990, retrieved 20 January 2009.
  2. ^ Clarence Munn, Thumbs Down On The One Platoon, Sports Illustrated, 29 November 1954, retrieved 20 January 2009.
  3. ^ K. Adam Powell, Woody Durham, "An Era of Change (1963-1968) (Google Books cache), Border Wars: The First Fifty Years of Atlantic Coast Conference Football, Scarecrow Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8108-4839-2, ISBN 978-0-8108-4839-9.
  4. ^ a b c "College Football Rules Changes" (PDF). 2016 NCAA Football Records: Football Bowl Subdivision Records. p. 188. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
  5. ^ Grothe, Peter (January 20, 1953). "Punts and Pitches". The Stanford Daily. p. 3. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  6. ^ Miller, Bryce (November 20, 1958). "Gambled On Untried Men". The Times-Picayune. UPI. p. 42.
  7. ^ O.J. Simpson - Tonight Show - 1979 (YouTube). NBC. 2017-12-23 [1979]. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15.
  8. ^ 17 Reasons Why Knute Rockne Wouldn't Recognize This Game, Athlon Sports, retrieved 20 January 2009.
  9. ^ Robert C. Gallagher, The Express: The Ernie Davis Story, p. 63, Random House, 2008, ISBN 0-345-51086-0.
  10. ^ One-platoon football seen as a money saver, The Free-Lance Star, November 22, 1974.
  11. ^ Sammy Baugh, Pro Football Hall of Fame, retrieved 20 January 2009.
  12. ^ "Chuck "Concrete Charlie" Bednarik". College Football Hall of Fame. Football Foundation. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
  13. ^ Bednarik wants Eagles to lose Super Bowl, The Washington Post, 4 February 2005, retrieved 20 January 2009.
  14. ^ Bednarik Showing His Bitter Side, The Los Angeles Times, p. D-13, 6 February 2005, retrieved 20 January 2009.
  15. ^ "AFL All Stars," Sports All Stars 1963 Pro Football, pp. 65-66.
  16. ^ American Heroes, Football Historian, retrieved 20 January 2009.
  17. ^ Mustangs recall memorable ride: Omaha semipro football team found a special time, place by Rich Kaipust, Omaha World-Herald, December 25, 2017
  18. ^ "Mike Furrey". ESPN. Retrieved 11 May 2010.

Further reading

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