Orthodox Church of Ukraine
Православна церква України
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
LanguageUkrainian
TerritoryUkraine
Independence6 January 2019
RecognitionOrthodox

The Orthodox Church of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Православна церква України; Greek: Αυτοκέφαλη Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία της Ουκρανίας)[1][2] ("Ukrainian Orthodox Church" is allowed) is a local orthodox church on the territory of Ukraine.

The church was created in a local council on December 15, 2018, by uniting existing Ukrainian Orthodox churches (UOC-KP, UAOC and parts of UOC-MP) through their representatives, on the basis of complete canonical independence. The head of the local Orthodox Church of Ukraine is Metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine. For this post, the Unity Council elected Metropolitan Epiphanius.

The Orthodox Church of Ukraine is guided by the Holy Scriptures and Sacred Tradition, in accordance with the Patriarchal and Synodal Tomos and the Statute. The canonical territory of the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine is the territory of the Ukrainian state. Orthodox Ukrainians in the diaspora, according to the draft charter, are subject to the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.

Unification council

First failure of an union

The idea of a single local Ukrainian church under the Ecumenical Patriarchate's jurisdiction, which would be the result of the union between the UAOC and the UOC-KP, had already been formulated on October 2009 by bishop Makariy at a time where he was not yet the head of the UAOC,[3] and Filaret supported of a united autocephalous Ukrainian church on October 2011.[4][5] Preparations for a unification between the UAOC and the UOC-KP took place in 2011 between the episcopates of both churches.[6] An attempt of unification between the UAOC and the OUC-KP had already taken place between both parties in 2015 but failed.[7][8][9][10][11] In the end, the unification council between the two churches, which was scheduled to take place on 14 September 2015 between the UAOC and the UOC-KP, never took place as both churches could not agree on the future statutes of the united Ukrainian church.[8][10][12] Before this, according to Filaret in 2015, the UAOC and the UOC-KP already had four attempts of negotiations in the past 20 years, the 2015 negotiation being the fifth.[12] In 2018, Makariy declared in an interview to the channel NEWSONE that the UOC-KP and the UAOC could have been united "years ago" and blamed the UOC-KP for the fact that this union never happened.[13][14]

After the October 2018 decision of the Ecumenical Patriarchate

After the 11 October 2018 decision of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, a unification council to create a united Ukrainian Church was planned to take place between the UOC-KP, the UAOC, and some members of the UOC-MP who were willing to join an autocephalous Ukrainian Church[15][16] to form a single local church in Ukraine.[17][18] The date of this unification council is unknown and its convocation "depends on the Patriarch of Constantinople",[19] but Filaret, head of the UOC-KP, hopes that thanks to his Church's efforts this council could take place before the end of the year 2018.[20] Filaret declared that the question of which parishes would join a united Ukrainian Church will be decided by vote of the congregation of each parish.[21] It is believed that a united Ukrainian Church is a compulsory step before Ukraine can be granted its tomos (autocephaly) from the Patriarch of Constantinople.[16][22]

On 12 October 2018, the UOC-KP declared in a communiqué that this decision from the Ecumenical Patriarchate had restored the canonical recognition of the episcopate and clergy of the Kiev Patriarchate.[23][24] However, it was later clarified that Filaret was considered by the Ecumenical Patriarchate only as "the former metropolitan of Kiev",[25] and Makariy as "the former [Metropolitan] of Lvlv"[26] and, on 2 November, that the Ecumenical Patriarchate did not recognize neither the UAOC nor the UOC-KP as legitimate and that their respective leaders were not recognized as primates of their churches.[27][28] The synod was viewed as a key step towards those two organizations merging into a single church independent from Moscow.[29] The Russian Orthodox Church is linked to 12,000 parishes in Ukraine while the Kiev Patriarchate and UAOC control about 6,000; however, it is believed that many of the Russian-controlled Ukrainian parishes may defect to the Kiev organizations.[30][31]

Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko, Philaret and Maletych, 14 October 2018

According to Filaret, he would undoubtedly be the winner in case of an election of the leader of a united Ukrainian Church "because Moscow will do everything to destroy the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. And therefore, in order to preserve the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and brring [sic] the cause to the end, [he] ha[s] to work to the end".[32] Filaret declared he was ready to take the role of head of a united Ukrainian Church.[33]

On 20 October 2018, in an interview with Espreso.TV,[34] the head of the UAOC, Makariy, declared that there was no negotiations in the direction of a united Ukrainian church and that after his last meeting with Filaret, at which Filaret said that only his statute would be used,[35] Makariy began to question the success of the union.[36] On 27 October Makariy told Zik TV he would not nominate his candidacy during the future council and would instead "support the one to be offered by the Ecumenical Patriarch[.]"[37][38]

In an interview to the BBC on 2 November, Archbishop Job of the Ecumenical Patriarchate declared the united Ukrainian Church would be called "the Orthodox Church in Ukraine"[39][40] However, Filaret, head of the UOC-KP, declared on 2 November to RadioLiberty that the united Ukrainian church would be called "Ukrainian Orthodox Church" with "Kiev Patriarchate" as the church's second name.[41][42]

On 3 November 2018, Ukrainian President Poroshenko, in visit in Turkey, signed a cooperation agreement with the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew.[43] According to Poroshenko, this agreement "creates all the conditions for the preparation process for a unification assembly and the process of providing a tomos to be brought into clear correspondence with the canons of the Orthodox Church."[44] This agreement led to protests by hierarchs of the UOC-MP and the ROC.[45][46][47] The text of the agreement is unknown.

On 10 November, the website Vesti-Ukr alledgedly revealed the heads of the UAOC and the UOC-KP, respectively Makariy and Filaret, had individually sent a letter to the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Makariy declared the same thing as in his interview to Zik TV: that, according to Vesti-Ukr, he would not run for the position of head of the united Ukrainian Orthodox church. The real surprise was the fact that Filaret also declared he accepted not to run for this position either.[48][49][50] In the letter attributed to Filaret, Filaret allegedly asked the Ecumenical Patriarch to support the election of the member of the UOC-KP Epiphany (Dumenko), currently officing as "Metropolitan" and "patriarchal deputy" in the UOC-KP and protégé of Filaret, as head of the united Ukrainian Orthodox church. On 16 November, Filaret's supposed letter was published by ZNAJ.ua; in this supposed letter, Filaret allegedly declares that he withdrew his candidacy at the request of the Ecumenical Patriarch.[48][50][51]

On 13 November, at the initiative of President Poroshenko, a meeting between the episcopate of UOC-MP and President Poroshenko was scheduled to take place in Kiev.[a] The UOC-MP refused to meet Poroshenko at the Ukrainian House, preferring to meet Poroshenko at the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, and immediatly notified Poroshenko of it; Poroshenko refused to hold the meeting at the Pechersk Lavra, preferring to meet members of the UOC-MP at the Ukrainian House. The same day, the UOC-MP issued an official statement in which the UOC-MP confirmed "its readiness to meet with the President of Ukraine, but on church territory." Nevertheless, in the evening, some representatives of the Council arrived at the Ukrainian House and met with Poroshenko. According to a BBC source from the president's administration, their number did not exceed 10 people, but they represented a much larger number of UOC-MP hierarchs supporting the creation of an autocephalous church.[61][62] According to other sources, two metropolitans and the archbishop were present at the meeting with Poroshenko. In addition, Metropolitan Simeon had the letter of attorney to participate in a meeting with the president from 15 hierarchs of the UOC-MP. It was assumed that the voting of the hierarchs of the of the UOC-MP at the planned Council of the "Orthodox Local Church of Ukraine" will be carried out in a similar way (by the letter of attorney).[63]

On 14 November, GolosUA reported that on 15 November Metropolitan of France Emmanuel of the Ecumenical Patriarchate would come to Ukraine in order to organize the future unification council, he would also be the one leading said council. Allegedly, still according to GolosUA, the unification council would take place on 22 November 2018 and at that time the statute of the united Orthodox church of Ukraine and the text of the Tomos on autocephaly would be ready.[64][65][66] The UOC-KP officially denied that the unification council's date had been officially released.[67] On 15 November, UNN reported that Metropolitan Emmanuel had arrived in Kiev to prepare the unification process; UNN also reported the unification council would allegedly take place on 22 November 2018.[68][69]

On 19 November, the Ecumenical Patriarchate issued an official communiqué, stating that it "reiterates its sacred decision to grant the Tomos of Autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine" and that the date for the Ukrainian unification council "will be presented within December 2018" by the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[70] On the same day, Filaret issued an official communiqué "[i]n connection with the proliferation of a number of publications whose explicit purpose is to sow confusion in the Ukrainian Church and in society"In said communiqué he declared: "Self-nomination for candidacy in the Church is not allowed by the canons. Earlier it was reported that the bishops of the UOC-Kiev Patriarchate would offer my candidacy for election as the Primate. I thank the bishops for expressing my trust in me, as well as thanking for the strong support from the fullness of the Kyiv Patriarchate and the whole society." He added that if he was chosen as candidate by the UOC-KP, he would inform the unification council of his decision and explain it.[71][72][73]

The publication Levyy Bereg cited sources of ecclesiastical circles saying that the probable date of the unification council would be on December 9–10.[74]

President Poroshenko declared on 23 November that the decision on the approval of the tomos to Ukraine should be taken on November 27–29 during the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, and that Rostyslav Pavlenko, presidential advisor, would go to Istanbul to attend at the synod.[75] Rostyslav Pavlenko went to Istanbul and 26 November, before the Synod, he was received by the Ecumenical Patriarch and had a conversation with him concerning "events in Ukraine and final steps toward the granting of the tomos of autocephaly (full independence) of the Orthodox Church in Ukraine"[76] On 27 November Pavlenko told Interfax that the Ecumenical Patriarchate's communiqué concerning the granting of the tomos and the date of the unification council should be issued on 29 November. He said that at the unification council "the primate of this [united Ukrainian] Church will be elected, and he will go to Istanbul to receive [the Tomos]", he added that the arrival of the Ecumenical Patriarch in Kiev was "not scheduled."[77][78][79][80]

It is planned that the newly elected head of the united Ukrainian Orthodox church will go to Istanbul, accompanied with President Poroshenko,[81][82] to receive the church tomos and lead a mass with the Ecumenical Patriarch.[83]

On 3 December, parliament speaker Andriy Parubiy said the Ecumenical Patriarchate had approved the date of the unification council and that this council would be held in Kiev, but Parubiy did not say on which date this council would be held.[84][85]

On 4 December, the Greek website ROMFEA published the first page of the draft statute of the autocephalous church in Ukraine.[86][87]

Convocation of the council

On 5 December, President Poroshenko declard the unification council would be held on 15 December.[81] BBC News reported that the council would last one day and that, according to sources in Constantinople, said council would effectively be held on 15 December.[88][89] On the same day, archbishop Clement, head of the UOC-MP, declard that the UOC-MP would not participate in this unification council.[90][91] Also on 5 December, counselor of Proshencko, Rostislav Pavlenko, declared that the "Ukrainian Autocephalous church will be completely independent and equal amongst other canonically recognized Orthodox churches". He added: "The Ukrainian Church will be introduced into the diptych, that is, the list of independent Churches. She will become one of the fifteen, already fifteenth, universally recognized, independent Churches. And in this there is a fundamental difference". He also said the charter of the united Ukrainian Orthodox church would be approved by the bishops present at the unification council.[92][93] Still on 5 December, Archbishop Herman of Chernivtsi and Khotyn of the UAOC said no candidate for the position of Primate of the future united Ukrainian Orthodox church will be submitted by the UAOC.[94][95]

On 6 December, the website ROMFEA published the letter of convocation to the unification council which was sent to the Orthodox hierarchs of Ukraine.[96] This letter contained aconvocation to the unification council with the procedure of election of the primate of the future church. The letter said that any bishop can bring with him a priest and either a monk or a member of the laity to the unification council, and that the monks/priest/laypersons brought this way, as well as the bishops, would have the right to vote during the council for the elaboration of the charter of the new church and the election of its primate. The vote will be secret and by ballot. Moreover, the President Poroshenko would be an observer during the council.[96][97][98][99] On the same day, Metropolitan Oleksandr of Pereislav-Khmelnytskyi and Vishnevsky published on his Facebook page a letter, in Greek, sent by the Ecumenical Patriarchate to Metropolitan Onuphriy; Oleksandr also gave an unofficial Ukrainian translation of said letter in his post. In the letter to Onuphriy, the Ecumenical Patriarchate declared it still allowed him to be bishop "in a form of oikonomia and condescension" but that if he refused to take part in the unification council he would cease to be the Metropolitan of Kiev.[100][101][102] The letter to Onuphriy was published on 7 December, in Greek, on the Greek website ROMFEA.[103]

Disagreement with the UOC-KP

On 6 December, press secretary of the UOC-KP, Archbishop Yevstratiy Zorya, wrote on his Facebook page, in response to the allegations of a religious expert who claimed that Filaret would not run for the post of primate of the unified Ukrainian church, that on 19 November Filaret had already expressed his official position.[104][105][106] In the same post, he linked to the previous official statement made on 19 November.[72] Still on 6 December, the UOC-KP held a synod.[107] The synod ended the same day and issued a communiqué. Among the decisions taken by the synod, one was to support the 19 November statement of Filaret. The communiqué also mentioned the UOC-KP would elect its candidate for the post of primate of the united Ukrainian church on 13 December 2018, two days before the unification council; the communiqué also also mentioned that considering all the circumstances, the UOC-KP "is ready, if necessary, to postpone for some time the request to recognize it in a dignity of patriarchate, retaining that name within its boundaries and for domestic use". The council of the UOC-KP also decided that only the hierarchs (bishops) would have the right to vote during the unification coucil and that the vote be open and public.[108][109][110][111] The UOC-KP synod's last two demands - that the voters of the unification council be only bishops, and that the vote to elect the new church's primate be open (not secret) - were opposed to the ones the Ecumenical Patriarchate had previously specified in its letter.[99][112][113][114]

On 7 December, Filaret of the UOC-KP declared "[Moscow] is spreading rumors that the patriarch will resign and will not run. This is not true. I will be patriarch to death, because the enthronement was in 1995. And no one will remove this grace" and that during the unification council the UOC-KP will "reject everything inappropriate if it is demanded from us"[115][116] On the same day, Metropolitan Onufriy decided not to answer the Ecumenical Patriarchate's invitation to the unification council and sent back to the Ecumenical Patriariarch the letter of convocation he had received,[117][118] and the UOC-MP synod declared the unification council unlawful.[119][120][121][122][123]

On 7 December, bishop Dimitry (uk) of the UOC-MP, who is in favor of an autocephalous church in Ukraine, said in an interview that if Filaret was elected by the unification council almost no one from the UOC-MP would join the autocephalouse Ukrainian church.[124]

Allegedly, on 8 December 2018 presidential advisor Rostislav Pavlenko met with Filaret and three of Filaret's bishops behind closed doors. It remains unknown what they were talking about behind closed doors.[125][126]

On 10 December, Filaret declared the UOC-KP might not participate at the unification council because of the disagreement with the Ecumenical Patriarchate concerning the procedure of vote of said council.[127][128] The same day, the press secretary of the UOC-KP, Zorya, issued an official communiqué which states that "[t]he fact that the Kyiv Patriarchate has proposals as for the procedure of the Council or the election of the church's head does not mean that a common vision will not be agreed in the end".[113][114][129]

On 11 December, Makariy, head of the UAOC, declared the UAOC would come to the unification coulcil at the invitation of the Ecumenical Patriarch. He also responded to the UOC-KP's previous decisions by saying: "How can the council be the Council of Bishops, if one priest and one layman with a bishop are invited?"[130][131]

On 12 December, in an interview given to the BBC, Zorya declared that if the UOC-KP took part in the unification council, it "will really get something bigger and better than now". He added that if the UOC-KP did not take part in the unification council their situation would worsen and their parishes would leave the UOC-KP. He explained: "If we want to achieve success, we must deal with the real situation, rather than the ideal one, which we’d like to have."[132][133]

On 13 December, as planned on 6 December, all bishops of the UOC-KP held a council chaired by Filaret. This council of the UOC-KP decided that the UOC-KP would participate in the unification council and allow representatives of the clergy, laity and monks to vote, according to the directives of the Ecumenical Patriarch.[134][135] Press secretary of the UOC-KP, Zorya, declared the same day in an interview to BBC Ukraine that, during said council, the UOC-KP had elected its only candidate for the unification council but that his idendity was secret, and that the tomos would be given on 6 January 2019 by the Ecumenical Patriarch to the elected primate of the new united Ukrainian church. He also added that each of the UOC-KP bishops are expected to bring one priest and one monk or layman to the unification council, and that the vote during the unification council would be secret.[136][137][138][139][140]

Beginning of the unification council

On 12 December, Metropolitan Emmanuel of France of the Ecumenical Patriarchate arrived in Kiev to prepare the unification council.[141][142] On 14 December, Marakiy, head of the UAOC, declared in an interview to Radio Liberty[143] that at the demand of the Ecumenical Patriarch he (Makariy) would not run for the post of head of the new united Ukrainian church. Makariy added that he belived the Ecumenical Patriarch had demanded the same thing to Filaret, head of the UOC-KP.[144][145] As of 13 December, out of the 97 bishops of the UOC-MP more than 50 of them had returned the invitation for the unification council they had received.[146]

On 15 December, the unification council took place at St. Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev, with thousands people waiting outside the cathedral, in the St Sofia Square.[147][148] The same day, the Ukrainian website Pravda published online the project of charter of the united Ukrainian church that the council would have to approve.[149][150] During the council, the Ukrainian President Poroshenko made a speech to the participants of the unification council.[151]

The ROC had called its bishops to boycott the unification council.[152][153] President Poroshenko had promised Patriarch Bartholomew the participation of 10-15 bishops of UOC-MP at the council,[154] but only two members of the UOC-MP took part part in it: Metropolitan Simeon (ru) and Metropolitan-vicar Alexander (ru).[154][155] At the council, Filaret appeared with the headgear of a Metropolitan and indicated he recognized the Ecumenical Patriarch's authority over the new church which would be created.[153]

Election of Metropolitan Epiphany

His Beatitude Epiphany, Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine

Metropolitan Epiphany of the UOC-KP, who had been chosen on 13 December by the UOC-KP as its only candidate, and was considered as Filaret's right arm,[156] was elected Metropolitan of Ukraine by the unification council on 15 December 2018 after the second round of voting.[157][158] In his speech to the faithfuls after the election, Metropolitan Epiphany thanked President Poroshenko as well as Filaret, and said Filaret was "the spiritual father of all Ukrainians" and "will continue to be an active life-long [mentor], helping us to jointly build our united local Ukrainian Orthodox church".[159][156] The Ecumenical Patriarch congratulated and blessed the newly elected Metropolitan on the day of his election.[160][161][162]

The official name of the united Ukrainian church is the "Orthodox Church of Ukraine" ("Ukrainian Orthodox Church" is allowed) and the name of its primate is "His Beatitude (name), Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine".[163]

Poroshenko also made a speech in which he said the autocephalous church would be "without Putin, without Kirill", but "with God and with Ukraine".[156] Poroshenko also confirmed his plan to go to Istanbul with the now elected primate of the autocephalous Ukrainian church, on 6 January, to be present when said primate will receive the church's tomos.[164]

Russian sources claim that a minority of the UOC-KP bishops had its own candidate for the council: Metropolitan Mikhail (Zinkevich) of Lutsk and Volyn (uk).[165] According to BBC Ukraine, Metropolitan Mikhail of Lutsk and Volyn withdrew his candidacy during the council before the final vote, which allowed Epiphany to win against Metropolitan Simeon by 20 votes[166][167] (there was 192 voters in total).[157]

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    I say:
    - Your Holiness, we have no statute to convene the Council.
    "I've got the statute," replies Filaret.
    - I also have, but two of them have to become one.
    - No, we'll take mine.
    2015 is repeating itself," Metropolitan Makariy summarizes.
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    Тож прошу послуговуватися першоджерелом, а не коментарями чуток, поширення яких лише перешкоджає досягненню рішень, прийнятних для всіх учасників процесу. В чому, власне, на моє переконання, і є мета поширення таких чуток. Чим особливо зараз перейнялися засоби московської масової дезинформації.

    P.S. З наближенням Собору число «релігієзнавців» та коментаторів теми росте в кубічній прогресії. «Каждый мнит себя стратегом, видя бой со стороны». Хоча є низка речей, які коментувати ще не час, бо праця триває, і шум навколо них зчиняється не для її успіху, а якраз навпаки.
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