| Pisorisporiales | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Division: | Ascomycota
|
| Subdivision: | Pezizomycotina
|
| Class: | Sordariomycetes
|
| Subclass: | Pisorisporiomycetidae Bundhun, Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 11 (1): 355 (2020)[1]
|
| Order: | Pisorisporiales Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 43 (2014)[2]
|
| Family: | Pisorisporiaceae Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 43 (2014)[2]
|
Pisorisporiales is an order of fungi within the phylum of Ascomycota and in the class Sordariomycetes and subdivision of Pezizomycotina and also its own subclass Pisorisporiomycetidae.[3][4]
It contains the monotypic family Pisorisporiaceae and 2 genera; Achroceratosphaeria (2 species) and Pisorisporium (2 species).
The order of Pisorisporiales was once considered part of the subclass Lulworthiomycetidae Dayarathne et al.[5]
Pisorisporiales Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 43 (2014)
MycoBank number: MB 810338; Index Fungorum number: IF 810338; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06530;
Phylogenetic analyses of strains from an aquatic environment, including LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data, grouped them in a monophyletic clade with Achroceratosphaeria species (Réblová et al. 2015a).[2] The new taxa were placed in the novel genus, Pisorisporium and a new family, Pisorisporiaceae was erected to accommodate Pisorisporium and Achroceratosphaeria. The latter genus was, upon its introduction, initially placed in Sordariomycetes incertae sedis (Réblová et al. 2010).[6] This new family Pisorisporiaceae was, in turn, accommodated in Pisorisporiales based on its distinct taxonomy and phylogeny at the ordinal level (Réblová et al. 2015a).[2] Pisorisporiales forms a moderately-supported sister clade with Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales in Lulworthiomycetidae (Hongsanan et al. 2017).[7] The order has been reported to have a stem age which falls between 250–300 MYA (million years ago), thereby placing it at a subclass level (Hyde et al. 2017a,[8] Hongsanan et al. 2017,[7]). In this study, therefore Pisorisporiales is raised to the subclass Pisorisporiomycetidae. Currently there is one family and two genera in this order.[9]
Pisorisporiomycetidae Bundhun, Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, subclass nov.
MycoBank number: MB 556880; Index Fungorum number: IF 556880; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06688;
Saprobic on submerged wood or driftwood. Sexual morph: Ascomata astromatic, perithecial, solitary or aggregated in small groups, immersed, semi-immersed to superficial, ostiolate. Ostiole periphysate. Peridium 2-layered, leathery to fragile, partly carbonaceous. Paraphyses abundant,hyaline, persistent. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, pedicellate, persistent, with a J+ or J-, apical ring. Ascospores hyaline, multi-septate, often guttulate, lacking any mucilaginous sheath or appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined.[10]
Type order – Pisorisporiales Réblová & J. Fourn.
Notes – Pisorisporiales was reported to form a sister clade with Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales in Lulworthiomycetidae with a stem age of 266 MYA (Hongsanan et al. 2017, Hyde et al. 2017a). This is congruent to the results obtained in the present study (257 MYA). Since this stem age falls within the subclass status range (250–300 MYA), Pisorisporiomycetidae is proposed here as a new subclass. This subclass contains Pisorisporiales, family Pisorisporiaceae and the two genera Achroceratosphaeria and Pisorisporium (Réblová et al. 2015a).[10][2]
Four specimens of an unidentified fungus were collected on deciduous wood submerged in fresh water in France and Belgium during the years 2006–2014.[2]
Members of the Pisorisporiaceae family are: Ascomata non-stromatic, immersed to superficial, papillate or with a long neck, venter subglobose to conical, upright or lying obliquely or horizontally, neck central rarely eccentric. Ostiole periphysate. Ascomatal wall leathery to fragile, partly carbonaceous in the outer layers, pigmented dark brown, opaque to light brown to subhyaline, comprising two layers. Paraphyses abundant, persistent, cylindrical. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, with a pronounced amyloid or non-amyloid apical annulus, cylindrical-clavate, persistently attached to the ascogenous hyphae at maturity. Ascospores fusiform, cylindrical to cymbiform slightly tapering towards the ends, hyaline, transversely multiseptate, lacking a mucilaginous sheath or appendages, often with numerous guttules. Asexual morph unknown.[2]
It contains the family Pisorisporiaceae and 2 genera;
It has a cosmopolitan distribution across the globe.[13] They have been found in South America, Europe, China,[14] Thailand,[14] Australia and New Zealand,[15] as well as parts of North America, Europe and Africa.
Such as Achroceratosphaeria potamia Réblová, Fourn. and Hyde has been found in the Mediterranean Sea in Italy, on a piece of submerged wood of Platanus sp.[16] Also Pisorisporium cymbiforme and Achroceratosphaeria potamia has both been found on decayed woody twigs and branches submerged in freshwater streams in forests in Yunnan Province, China, as well as Satun and Songkhla provinces in Thailand.[14]