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((Other uses))
((multiple issues|((More citations needed|date=April 2013))
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((technical|date=April 2022))))

[[File:Salus, front - Getty Museum (71.AA.338).jpg|thumb|3rd-century statue of Salus in the [[Getty Villa]]]]
'''Salus''' (((lang-la|salus)), "safety", "salvation", "welfare")<ref>M. De Vaan ''Etymological Dictionary of Latin'' Leyden 2010 s.v.; ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary'' 4th ed. London & New York 2012 s.v.</ref> was the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] goddess of safety and well-being (welfare, health and prosperity) of both the individual and the state. She is sometimes [[interpretatio graeca|equated with]] the Greek goddess [[Hygieia]], though their functions differ considerably.

Salus is one of the oldest Roman goddesses: she has also been referred to as ''Salus Semonia'',<ref>Köhler 1965, citing CIL VI 30975.</ref> a fact that might hint at her belonging to the category of the ''Semones'' (gods such as ''Semo [[Sancus]] Dius Fidius''). The two gods had temples in Rome on the ''Collis Salutaris'' and ''Mucialis'' respectively,<ref>Varro ''De Lingua latina'' V 53.</ref> two adjacent hilltops of the [[Quirinal]] located in the ''regio'' ''Alta Semita''. The temple of Salus, as ''Salus Publica Populi Romani'', was voted in 304 BC, during the [[Samnite Wars]], by dictator [[Gaius Junius Bubulcus Brutus]],<ref>Köhler 1965, citing [[Livy]] ''[[Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)|Ab Urbe Condita]]'' IX 43.</ref> dedicated on 5 August 302, and adorned with frescos at the order of [[Gaius Fabius Pictor]].<ref>Köhler 1965, citing Valerius Maximum VIII 14, 6.</ref>

The high antiquity and importance of the cult of Salus is testified by the little-known ceremony of the ''Augurium Salutis'', held every year on August 5 for the preservation of the Roman state.<ref>Köhler 1965, citing Tacit ''Annales'' XII 23.</ref> Her cult was spread over all Italy.<ref>Köhler 1965 citing inscriptions from Orte (''salutes pocolom'' Diehl ''Alt lat. Inschrit.'' 3, 192) and Pompei (''salutei sacrum'' Dessau 3822).</ref> Literary sources record relationships with [[Fortuna]]<ref>Köhler 1965, who cites Plautus ''Asin.'' 712.</ref> and [[Spes]].<ref>Köhler 1965, who cites Plautus ''Merc.'' 867.</ref> She started to be increasingly associated with Valetudo, the Goddess of Personal Health and the romanized name of [[Hygieia]].

Later Salus also become a protector of personal health. Around 180 BCE sacrificial rites in honor of [[Apollo]], Aesculapius, and Salus took place (Livius XL, 37). There was a statue to Salus in the temple of [[Concordia (mythology)|Concordia]]. She is first known to be associated with the snake of Aesculapius from a coin of 55 BC minted by M. Acilius.<ref>Köhler 1965.</ref>
Her festival was celebrated on March 30.

==Salus and Sancus==
[[File:NERO-RIC I 59-711403 SALUS.jpg|thumb|Salus, seated and holding a [[patera]] (libation bowl), on  an ''[[aureus]]'' issued under [[Nero]]]]
The two deities were related in several ways. Their shrines (''aedes'') were very close to each other on the Quirinal (see above).<ref>Varro ''Lingua Latina'' V 53.</ref> Some scholars also claim some inscriptions to Sancus have been found on the ''Collis Salutaris''.<ref>Jesse B. Carter in ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics'' vol. 13 s.v. ''Salus''.</ref> Moreover, Salus is the first in the series of deities mentioned by Macrobius as related in their sacrality: ''Salus'', ''Semonia'', ''Seia'', ''Segetia'', ''[[Tutelina (mythology)|Tutilina]]'',<ref>Macrobius ''Saturnalia'' I 16,8</ref> who required the observance of a ''dies feriatus'' of the person who happened to utter their name. These deities were connected to the ancient agrarian cults of the valley of the [[Circus Maximus]] that remain mysterious.<ref>G. Dumezil ''ARR'' Paris 1974, I. Chirassi Colombo in ''ANRW'' 1981 p.405; Tertullian ''De Spectculis'' VIII 3.</ref>

German scholars [[Georg Wissowa]], Eduard Norden and [[Kurt Latte]] write of a deity named ''Salus Semonia,''<ref>G. Wissowa ''Roschers Lexicon'' s.v. Sancus, ''Religion und Kultus der Roemer'' Munich 1912 p. 139 ff.; E. Norden ''Aus der altrömischen Priesterbüchern'' Lund 1939 p. 205 ff.; K. Latte  ''Rom. Religionsgeschichte'' Munich 1960 p. 49-51.</ref> who is attested to only in one inscription of year 1 A.D., mentioning a ''Salus Semonia'' in its last line (seventeen). Scholars agree that this line is a later addition of uncertain date.<ref>''Salus Semonia posuit populi Victoria''; cf. R. E. A.Palmer: "Studies of the Northern Campus Martius in Ancient Rome" ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'' 1990 80.2. p. 19 and n.21 citing M. A. Cavallaro "Un liberto 'prega' per Augusto  e per le ''gentes'': CIL VI 30975 (con inediti di Th. Mommsen)" in ''Helikon'' 15-16 (1975-1976) pp 146-186.</ref> In other inscriptions, Salus is never connected to Semonia.<ref>''Ara Salutus'' from a slab of an altar from Praeneste; ''Salutes pocolom'' on a pitcher from Horta; ''Salus Ma[gn]a'' on a ''cippus'' from Bagnacavallo; ''Salus'' on a ''cippus'' from the sacred grove of Pisaurum; ''Salus Publica'' from [[Ferentinum]]; ''salutei sacrum'' from Pompei.</ref>

==Representation ==
[[File:Statuette of Salus.jpg|thumb|A marble statuette of Salus made during the Roman Imperial Period (c. 69–192 A.D.)]]
Salus was often shown seated with her legs crossed (a common position for [[Securitas]]), leaning her elbow on the arm of her throne. Often, her right hand holds out a [[patera]] (shallow dish used in religious ceremonies) to feed a snake which is coiled round an [[altar]]. The snake is reared up and dips its head to the patera.

Sometimes her hand is open and empty, making a gesture. Sometimes the snake directs its gaze along with hers. Sometimes there is no altar; the snake is coiled around the arm of her throne instead.

Occasionally, Salus has a tall staff in her left hand with a snake twined around it; sometimes her right hand raises a smaller female figure. Later, Salus is shown standing, feeding her snake. This became the most common pose: she is standing and grasping the wriggling snake firmly under her arm, directing it to the food she holds out on a dish in her other hand. Rarely, Salus is holding a steering oar in her left hand indicating her role in guiding the emperor through a healthy life. This really belongs to [[Fortuna]].

== Bibliography ==
#W. Köhler in ''Enciclopedia dell' Arte Antica'' Roma Istituto Treccani 1965 (online) s.v.
#''The Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania'' (IRT), eds. J.M. Reynolds and Ward Perkins, Rome & London 1952, nos 918-919.
#[[René Rebuffat]]: "Les Centurions du Gholaia", ''Africa  Romana'' II (1984), pp 233– 238.
#René Rebuffat: "Le poème de Q.Avidius Quintianus à la Déesse Salus", Karthago XXI, 1986-7, pp 95– 105.
#Omran (Ragab Salaam): ''The Limes Numidiae et Tripolitanus Under the Emperor Septimius Severus AD193-211'', Unpublished PhD dissertation, Vienna University- Austria 2003, pp 76–79.
#Adams(J.N.) and Iasucthan (M. Porcius): "The Poets of Bu Njem: Language, Culture and the Centurionate", ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' (JRS), Vol. 89 (1999), pp.&nbsp;109–134.

== See also ==
*[[Hygieia]], the Greek goddess of health
*[[Salus populi suprema lex esto]]
*[[Sirona (goddess)|Sirona]], a goddess of health worshiped in East Central Gaul

== References ==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
* ((cite EB9 |wstitle = Salus |volume= XXI | page=235 |short=1 ))

((Roman religion))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Roman deities]]
[[Category:Personifications in Roman mythology]]

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