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((Short description|Discipline in social science))
((For|social engineering in the context of information security|social engineering (security)))
((More citations needed|date=June 2011))
((Nudge Theory))
'''Social engineering''' is a term which has been used to mean top-down efforts to influence particular [[Attitude (psychology)|attitude]]s and [[social behavior]]s on a large scale—most often undertaken by [[government]]s, but also carried out by [[mass media|media]], [[academia]] or private groups—in order to produce desired characteristics in a target population.

==History==
((singlesource|section|date=August 2023)) 
The Dutch industrialist J.C. Van Marken ([[:nl:Jacques van Marken|nl]]) used the term ''sociale ingenieurs'' ("social engineers") in an essay in 1894. The idea was that modern employers needed the assistance of specialists in handling the ''human'' challenges, just as they needed technical expertise (traditional engineers) to deal with non-human challenges (materials, machines, processes). "Social engineering" was the title of a small journal in 1899 (renamed "Social Service" from 1900), and in 1909 it was the title of a book by the journal's former editor, [[William H. Tolman]] (translated into French in 1910). With the [[Social Gospel]] sociologist Edwin L. Earp's ''The Social Engineer'', published during the "efficiency craze" of 1911 in the U.S., a new usage of the term was launched that has since then become standard: "Social engineering" came to refer to an approach of treating social relations as "machineries",<ref name="Knower and Friend">((cite journal |title=A knower and friend of human beings, not machines: The business career of the terminology of social engineering, 1894–1910 |journal=Ideas in History |year=2007 |last=Östlund |first=David |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=43–82 |issn=1890-1832 |url=http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A182548&dswid=5876 |access-date=2016-09-05 ))</ref> to be dealt with in the manner of the technical engineer.<ref name="Knower and Friend"/>

==Examples of use==
In the 1920s the government of the [[Soviet Union]] embarked on a campaign to fundamentally alter the behavior and ideals of Soviet citizens, to replace the old social frameworks of the [[Russian Empire]] with a new [[Soviet culture]], and to develop the [[New Soviet man]]. [[Commissar]]s became agents of social engineering.<ref>
((cite book
 |last1                = Kort
 |first1               = Michael G.
 |author-link1         = Michael Kort
 |orig-date            = 1985
 |chapter              = Into the Fire: The Civil War
 |title                = The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath
 |date = 17 April 2019
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ms-SDwAAQBAJ
 |edition              = 8
 |location             = New York
 |publisher            = Routledge
 |publication-date     = 2019
 |isbn                 = 9781351171861
 |access-date          = 18 November 2021
 |quote                = [...] class war [...] was a fundamental part of Bolshevik social engineering and the party's mission to build a new socialist world. [...] along with victory in the civil war came the rise to prominence of a new type of party cadre: the tough, utterly ruthless functionary [...] these cadres fit the popular image of the gruff, leather-jacketed commissar rushing from emergency to emergency on his motorcycle.
)) 
</ref>

In [[India]], social engineering was effectively done((by whom|date= June 2016)) in the state of Bihar, on a grand scale, to unify different castes after 2005.<ref>((cite web|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-polls-2015-bjp-banks-on-pm-narendra-modis-popularity-and-its-social-engineering-experiment/articleshow/49315429.cms | title= Bihar polls 2015: BJP banks on PM Narendra Modi's popularity and its social engineering experiment | publisher= The Economic Times | website= Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date= 2015-10-12 |access-date= 2016-04-01))</ref><ref>((cite news|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/bihar-after-delhi/ | title= Bihar, after Delhi | newspaper= [[The Indian Express]] |access-date= 2016-04-01))</ref><ref>((cite web |url= http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nitish-kumar-bihar-lok-sabha-poll-results-jdu/1/362138.html |title= Nitish's dismal show a case of monumental miscalculation | publisher=Bihar, News – India Today | website= Indiatoday.intoday.in |date= 2014-05-16 |access-date= 2016-04-01))
</ref><ref>
((cite news
 | url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/social-engineering-bharatiya-janata-party-s-bihar-formula-to-swing-a-vote-115071100835_1.html 
 | title= Social engineering: Bharatiya Janata Party's Bihar formula to swing a vote?
 | publisher= Business Standard News 
 | newspaper= Business Standard India |date= 2015-07-11 |access-date= 2016-04-01
 | last1= Mishra |first1= Mayank
))
</ref>

In his political science book, ''[[The Open Society and Its Enemies]]'', volume I, ''The Spell of Plato'' (1945), [[Karl Popper]] made a distinction between the principles of 'what he called "piecemeal social engineering" and ''Utopian'' social engineering. <ref name="Popper">[[Karl Popper|Popper, K.]] 1971 ''The Open Society and Its Enemies'' Princeton, New Jersey: [[Princeton University Press]]</ref>

==See also==
((div col|colwidth=24em))
*[[Demographic engineering]]
* [[Engineers of the human soul]]
* [[Eugenics]]
* [[Media manipulation]]
* [[Nudge theory]]
* [[Paternalism]]
* [[Political engineering]]
* [[Social control]]
* [[Social technology]]
* [[Total institution]]
((div col end))

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

==Further reading==
((wikiquote))
*''"[https://books.google.com/books?id=kOeq0yP5lXkC&q=%22social+engineering%22 The Best That Money Can’t Buy: Beyond Politics, Poverty, and War]", [[Jacque Fresco]], 2002.
* [[Peter Swirski]]. ''American Utopia and Social Engineering in Literature, Social Thought, and Political History''. New York, Routledge, 2011.
* [[Charles Arthur Willard]]. ''Liberalism and the Social Grounds of Knowledge''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
* ''[[Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media]]''. [[Noam Chomsky]]. 1998.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=W0seMALXWcQC&q=%22social+engineering%22 Seeing Like a State]''. James C. Scott. 1999.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ep-lRoFJFY4C Social Engineering]''. Adam Podgórecki. 1996.

((Authoritarian types of rule))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Social engineering (political science)| ]]
[[Category:Social influence]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Linguistic controversies]]

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