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((Use dmy dates|date=May 2016))

((Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Thyroid cancer
| image           = Thyroid papillary carcinoma histopathology (4).jpg
| caption         = [[Micrograph]] of a [[papillary thyroid carcinoma]] demonstrating diagnostic features ([[cell nucleus|nuclear]] clearing and overlapping nuclei).
| field           = [[Oncology]]
| symptoms        = Swelling or lump in the [[neck]]<ref name=NCI2017Pt/>
| complications   =
| onset           =
| duration        =
| types           =
| causes          =
| risks           = [[Radiation]] exposure, [[goiter|enlarged thyroid]], family history,<ref name=NCI2017Pt/><ref name=Carl2014/> [[obesity]]<ref name=Shin2022/>
| diagnosis       = [[Ultrasound]], [[fine needle aspiration]]<ref name=NCI2017Pt/>
| differential    = [[Thyroid nodule]], [[metastatic]] disease<ref name=NCI2017Pt/><ref name=NCI2017Pro/>
| prevention      =
| treatment       = Surgery, [[radiation therapy]], [[chemotherapy]], [[thyroid hormone]], [[targeted therapy]], [[watchful waiting]]<ref name=NCI2017Pt/>
| medication      =
| prognosis       = [[Five year survival rates]] 98% (US)<ref name=SEER2017/>
| frequency       = 3.2 million (2015)<!-- prevalence --><ref name=GBD2015Pre/>
| deaths          = 31,900 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>
))
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
'''Thyroid cancer''' is [[cancer]] that develops from the [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]]s of the [[thyroid gland]].<ref name=NCI2017Pt>((cite web|title=Thyroid Cancer Treatment|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/thyroid/patient/thyroid-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en|date=27 Apr 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715100404/https://www.cancer.gov/types/thyroid/patient/thyroid-treatment-pdq#section/all|archive-date=15 July 2017|df=dmy-all))</ref> It is a disease in which [[cell (biology)|cells]] grow abnormally and have the potential to [[metastasize|spread to other parts of the body]].<ref name=WHO2014>((cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=10 June 2014|date=February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229092321/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|archive-date=29 December 2010|df=dmy-all))</ref><ref name=NCI2014>((cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=10 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|archive-date=25 June 2014|df=dmy-all|date=2007-09-17))</ref> Symptoms can include swelling or a lump in the [[neck]].<ref name=NCI2017Pt/> Cancer can also occur in the thyroid after spread from other locations, in which case it is not classified as thyroid cancer.<ref name=NCI2017Pro/>

<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
Risk factors include [[radiation]] exposure at a young age, having an [[goiter|enlarged thyroid]], family history and [[obesity]].<ref name=NCI2017Pt/><ref name=Carl2014>((cite journal | vauthors = Carling T, Udelsman R | title = Thyroid cancer | journal = Annual Review of Medicine | volume = 65 | pages = 125–137 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24274180 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-med-061512-105739 | doi-access = free ))</ref><ref name=Shin2022>((cite journal | vauthors = Shin A et al. | title = Body Mass Index and Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis of Half a Million Men and Women in the Asia Cohort Consortium | journal = Thyroid | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | pages = 306–314 | year = 2022 | pmid = 34915752 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2021.0445 | pmc = 8971972 | doi-access = free ))</ref> The four main types are [[papillary thyroid cancer]], [[follicular thyroid cancer]], [[medullary thyroid cancer]], and [[anaplastic thyroid cancer]].<ref name=NCI2017Pro>((cite web|title=Thyroid Cancer Treatment|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/thyroid/hp/thyroid-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en|date=12 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716054817/https://www.cancer.gov/types/thyroid/hp/thyroid-treatment-pdq#section/all|archive-date=16 July 2017|df=dmy-all))</ref> Diagnosis is often based on [[ultrasound]] and [[fine needle aspiration]].<ref name=NCI2017Pt/> Screening people without symptoms and at normal risk for the disease is not recommended as of 2017.<ref name=USPSTF2017>((cite journal | vauthors = Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Siu AL, Tseng CW | display-authors = 6 | title = Screening for Thyroid Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 317 | issue = 18 | pages = 1882–1887 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28492905 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2017.4011 | author2-link = Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo | s2cid = 205091526 ))</ref>

<!-- Treatment -->
Treatment options may include [[surgery]], [[radiation therapy]] including [[radioactive iodine]], [[chemotherapy]], [[thyroid hormone]], [[targeted therapy]], and [[watchful waiting]].<ref name=NCI2017Pt/> Surgery may involve removing part or all of the thyroid.<ref name=NCI2017Pro/> [[Five-year survival rates]] are 98% in the United States.<ref name=SEER2017>((cite web|title=Cancer of the Thyroid - Cancer Stat Facts|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html|website=seer.cancer.gov|access-date=18 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715175910/https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html|archive-date=15 July 2017|df=dmy-all))</ref>

<!-- Epidemiology -->
Globally as of 2015, 3.2 million people have thyroid cancer.<ref name=GBD2015Pre>((cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 | last1 = Vos | first1 = Theo | last2 = Allen | first2 = Christine | last3 = Arora | first3 = Megha | last4 = Barber | first4 = Ryan M. | last5 = Bhutta | first5 = Zulfiqar A. | last6 = Brown | first6 = Alexandria | last7 = Carter | first7 = Austin | last8 = Casey | first8 = Daniel C. | last9 = Charlson | first9 = Fiona J. | last10 = Chen | first10 = Alan Z. | last11 = Coggeshall | first11 = Megan | last12 = Cornaby | first12 = Leslie | last13 = Dandona | first13 = Lalit | last14 = Dicker | first14 = Daniel J. | last15 = Dilegge | first15 = Tina | last16 = Erskine | first16 = Holly E. | last17 = Ferrari | first17 = Alize J. | last18 = Fitzmaurice | first18 = Christina | last19 = Fleming | first19 = Tom | last20 = Forouzanfar | first20 = Mohammad H. | last21 = Fullman | first21 = Nancy | last22 = Gething | first22 = Peter W. | last23 = Goldberg | first23 = Ellen M. | last24 = Graetz | first24 = Nicholas | last25 = Haagsma | first25 = Juanita A. | last26 = Hay | first26 = Simon I. | last27 = Johnson | first27 = Catherine O. | last28 = Kassebaum | first28 = Nicholas J. | last29 = Kawashima | first29 = Toana | last30 = Kemmer | first30 = Laura | display-authors = 1 ))</ref> In 2012, 298,000 new cases occurred.<ref name=WCR2014/> It most commonly is diagnosed between the ages of 35 and 65.<ref name=SEER2017/> Women are affected more often than men.<ref name=SEER2017/> Those of [[Asian people|Asian]] descent are more commonly affected;<ref name=NCI2017Pro/> with a higher rate of mortality among [[Filipino people|Filipino]] females.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Paz-Pacheco |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Juan |first2=Mari Des San |date=2 March 2023 |title=Incidence, Recurrence and Mortality Among Filipinos With Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review |journal=Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=100–107 |doi=10.15605/jafes.038.01.14 |pmid=37252408 |pmc=10213166 ))<br/>((cite journal |first1=Michelle Linh T. |last1=Nguyen |first2=Jiaqi |last2=Hu |first3=Kattherine G. |last3=Hastings |first4=Eric J |last4=Daza |first5=Mark R. |last5=Cullen |first6=Lisa A. |last6=Orloff |first7=Latha P. |last7=Palaniappan |date=7 September 2017 |title=Thyroid cancer mortality higher in Filipinos in United States: an analysis using national mortality records from 2003–2012 |journal=Cancer |volume=123 |issue=24 |pages=4860–4867 |doi=10.1002/cncr.30958 |pmid=28881423 |pmc=5716919 ))<br/>((cite journal |first1=Alice W. |last1=Lee |first2=Roy A. |last2=Mendoza |first3=Shehla |last3=Aman |first4=Robert |last4=Jsu |first5=Lihua |last5=Liu |date=February 2022 |title=Thyroid cancer incidence disparities among ethnic Asian American populations, 1990–2014 |journal=Annals of Epidemiology |volume=66 |issue= |pages=28–36 |doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.11.002 |pmid=34774744 |s2cid=244033542 |doi-access=free ))</ref> Rates have increased in the last few decades, which is believed to be due to better detection.<ref name=WCR2014>((cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|pages=Chapter 5.15))</ref> In 2015, it resulted in 31,900 deaths.<ref name=GBD2015De>((cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 | last1 = Wang | first1 = Haidong | last2 = Naghavi | first2 = Mohsen | last3 = Allen | first3 = Christine | last4 = Barber | first4 = Ryan M. | last5 = Bhutta | first5 = Zulfiqar A. | last6 = Carter | first6 = Austin | last7 = Casey | first7 = Daniel C. | last8 = Charlson | first8 = Fiona J. | last9 = Chen | first9 = Alan Zian | last10 = Coates | first10 = Matthew M. | last11 = Coggeshall | first11 = Megan | last12 = Dandona | first12 = Lalit | last13 = Dicker | first13 = Daniel J. | last14 = Erskine | first14 = Holly E. | last15 = Ferrari | first15 = Alize J. | last16 = Fitzmaurice | first16 = Christina | last17 = Foreman | first17 = Kyle | last18 = Forouzanfar | first18 = Mohammad H. | last19 = Fraser | first19 = Maya S. | last20 = Fullman | first20 = Nancy | last21 = Gething | first21 = Peter W. | last22 = Goldberg | first22 = Ellen M. | last23 = Graetz | first23 = Nicholas | last24 = Haagsma | first24 = Juanita A. | last25 = Hay | first25 = Simon I. | last26 = Huynh | first26 = Chantal | last27 = Johnson | first27 = Catherine O. | last28 = Kassebaum | first28 = Nicholas J. | last29 = Kinfu | first29 = Yohannes | last30 = Kulikoff | first30 = Xie Rachel | display-authors = 1 ))</ref>

==Signs and symptoms==

Most often, the first symptom of thyroid cancer is a nodule in the thyroid region of the neck.<ref name="hu" /> However, up to 65% of adults have small nodules in their thyroids, but typically under 10% of these nodules are found to be cancerous.<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Durante C, Grani G, Lamartina L, Filetti S, Mandel SJ, Cooper DS | title = The Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules: A Review | journal = JAMA | volume = 319 | issue = 9 | pages = 914–924 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29509871 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2018.0898 | s2cid = 5042725 ))</ref> Sometimes, the first sign is an enlarged lymph node. Later symptoms that can be present are pain in the anterior region of the neck and changes in voice due to an involvement of the [[recurrent laryngeal nerve]].<ref>((Cite web |date=2021-02-01 |title=Thyroid Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.columbia.edu/cancer-types-care/types/thyroid-cancer/about-thyroid-cancer |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (HICCC) - New York |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205115020/https://www.cancer.columbia.edu/cancer-types-care/types/thyroid-cancer/about-thyroid-cancer |url-status=live ))</ref>

Thyroid cancer is usually found in a [[euthyroid]] patient, but symptoms of [[hyperthyroidism]] or [[hypothyroidism]] may be associated with a large or metastatic, well-differentiated tumor. [[Thyroid nodules]] are of particular concern when they are found in those under the age of 20. The presentation of benign nodules at this age is less likely, thus the potential for malignancy is far greater.((citation needed|date=August 2020))

==Causes==
Thyroid cancers are thought to be related to a number of environmental and genetic predisposing factors, but significant uncertainty remains regarding their causes.<ref>((Cite web |title=Thyroid Cancer Overview - Signaling Pathway. Diagnosis. Targeted Therapy - Creative Biolabs |url=https://www.creativebiolabs.net/thyroid-cancer-overview-signaling-pathway-diagnosis-targeted-therapy.htm |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=www.creativebiolabs.net |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205123156/https://www.creativebiolabs.net/thyroid-cancer-overview-signaling-pathway-diagnosis-targeted-therapy.htm |url-status=live ))</ref>

Environmental exposure to [[ionizing radiation]] from both natural background sources and artificial sources is suspected to play a significant role, and significantly increased rates of thyroid cancer occur in those exposed to mantlefield radiation for [[lymphoma]], and those exposed to [[iodine-131]] following the [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl]],<ref>((cite web|title=Radioactive I-131 from Fallout|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes/i131|publisher=National Cancer Institute|access-date=9 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519094306/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes/i131/|archive-date=19 May 2014|df=dmy-all))</ref> [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Fukushima]], [[Kyshtym disaster|Kyshtym]], and [[Windscale fire|Windscale]]<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">((cite journal | vauthors = dos Santos Silva I, Swerdlow AJ | title = Thyroid cancer epidemiology in England and Wales: time trends and geographical distribution | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 330–340 | date = February 1993 | pmid = 8431362 | pmc = 1968194 | doi = 10.1038/bjc.1993.61 | df = dmy-all ))</ref> nuclear disasters.<ref>((cite web|title = Experts link higher incidence of children's cancer to Fukushima radiation|url = http://www.sciencealert.com/experts-link-higher-incidence-of-children-s-cancer-to-fukushima-radiation|website = ScienceAlert| date=12 October 2015 |access-date = 15 January 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160119111805/http://www.sciencealert.com/experts-link-higher-incidence-of-children-s-cancer-to-fukushima-radiation|archive-date = 19 January 2016|df = dmy-all))</ref> [[Thyroiditis]] and other thyroid diseases also predispose to thyroid cancer.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/><ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Pacini F, Castagna MG, Brilli L, Pentheroudakis G | title = Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up | journal = Annals of Oncology | volume = 21 | issue = Suppl 5 | pages = v214–v219 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20555084 | doi = 10.1093/annonc/mdq190 | doi-access = free ))</ref>

Genetic causes include [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2]], which markedly increases rates, particularly of the rarer medullary form of the disease.<ref>((cite web|title=Genetics of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Neoplasias|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/medullarythyroid/HealthProfessional|publisher=National Cancer Institute|access-date=9 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704184559/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/medullarythyroid/HealthProfessional|archive-date=4 July 2014|df=dmy-all|date=1980-01-01))</ref>

==Diagnosis==
((Further|Thyroid nodule))
[[Image:Lymph node with papillary thyroid carcinoma.jpg|thumb|Micrograph of a [[lymph node]] with [[papillary thyroid carcinoma]]]]
After a [[thyroid nodule]] is found during a physical examination, a referral to an [[endocrinologist]] or a [[thyroidologist]] may occur. Most commonly, an [[Medical ultrasound|ultrasound]] is performed to confirm the presence of a nodule and assess the status of the whole gland. Some ultrasound results may report a TI-RADS or TIRADS score to categorize the risk of malignancy.<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Floridi C, Cellina M, Buccimazza G, Arrichiello A, Sacrini A, Arrigoni F, Pompili G, Barile A, Carrafiello G | display-authors = 6 | title = Ultrasound imaging classifications of thyroid nodules for malignancy risk stratification and clinical management: state of the art | journal = Gland Surgery | volume = 8 | issue = Suppl 3 | pages = S233–S244 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31559190 | pmc = 6755949 | doi = 10.21037/gs.2019.07.01 | doi-access = free ))</ref> Measurement of [[thyroid stimulating hormone]],  free and/or total [[triiodothyronine]] (T3) and [[Thyroid hormones|thyroxine]] (T4) levels, and antithyroid antibodies will help decide if a functional thyroid disease such as [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]] is present, a known cause of a benign nodular goiter.<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Bennedbaek FN, Perrild H, Hegedüs L | title = Diagnosis and treatment of the solitary thyroid nodule. Results of a European survey | journal = Clinical Endocrinology | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 357–363 | date = March 1999 | pmid = 10435062 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00663.x | s2cid = 21514672 | doi-access = free ))</ref> a thyroid scan, performed often in conjunction with a radioactive iodine uptake test may be used to determine whether a nodule is "hot" or "cold"<ref>((Cite web|title=Thyroid scan: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003829.htm|access-date=2021-02-05|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127145251/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003829.htm|url-status=live))</ref> which may help to make a decision whether to perform a biopsy of the nodule.<ref>((Cite web|title=Vol 7 Issue 6 p.3-4|url=https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/vol-7-issue-6/vol-7-issue-6-p-3-4/|access-date=2021-02-05|website=American Thyroid Association|language=en-US|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204112745/https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/vol-7-issue-6/vol-7-issue-6-p-3-4/|url-status=live))</ref> Measurement of [[calcitonin]] is necessary to exclude the presence of [[medullary thyroid cancer]]. Finally, to achieve a definitive diagnosis before deciding on treatment, a [[fine needle aspiration cytology]] test may be performed and reported according to the [[Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology|Bethesda system]].<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Renuka IV, Saila Bala G, Aparna C, Kumari R, Sumalatha K | title = The bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology: interpretation and guidelines in surgical treatment | journal = Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery | volume = 64 | issue = 4 | pages = 305–311 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 24294568 | pmc = 3477437 | doi = 10.1007/s12070-011-0289-4 ))</ref>

After diagnosis, to understand potential for spread of disease, or for follow up monitoring after surgery, a whole body I-131 or I-123 radioactive iodine scan may be performed.<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Gerard SK, Cavalieri RR | title = I-123 diagnostic thyroid tumor whole-body scanning with imaging at 6, 24, and 48 hours | journal = Clinical Nuclear Medicine | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–8 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11805475 | doi = 10.1097/00003072-200201000-00001 | s2cid = 22871325 ))</ref>

In adults without symptoms, screening for thyroid cancer is not recommended.<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Siu AL, Tseng CW | display-authors = 6 | title = Screening for Thyroid Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 317 | issue = 18 | pages = 1882–1887 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28492905 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2017.4011 | s2cid = 205091526 ))</ref>

===Classification===
[[File:Pie chart of relative incidences of thyroid cancers.png|thumb|250px|Pie chart of thyroid cancer types by incidence.<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Malith V, Bombil I, Harran N, Luvhengo TE | title = Demographic and histological subtypes of Hurthle cell tumours of the thyroid in a South African setting | journal = South African Journal of Surgery. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Chirurgie | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 20–23 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30264938 | doi = 10.17159/2078-5151/2018/v56n3a2557 | doi-broken-date = 10 February 2024 | doi-access = free ))</ref>]]
Thyroid cancers can be classified according to their [[histopathological]] characteristics.<ref name="titleThyroid Cancer Treatment - National Cancer Institute">((cite web |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/thyroid/HealthProfessional/page2 |title=Thyroid Cancer Treatment |publisher=National Cancer Institute |access-date=22 December 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421064232/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/thyroid/HealthProfessional/page2 |archive-date=21 April 2008 |df=dmy-all |date=1980-01-01 ))</ref><ref name="titleThyroid cancer">((cite web |url=http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cancernet/101252.html#2_CELLULARCLASSIFICATION |title=Thyroid cancer |publisher=National Cancer Institute |access-date=22 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220230200/http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cancernet/101252.html |archive-date=20 December 2007))</ref> These variants can be distinguished (distribution over various subtypes may show regional variation):
* [[Papillary thyroid cancer]] (75 to 85% of cases<ref name=Kumar20>Chapter 20 in: ((cite book | vauthors = Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N |title=Robbins Basic Pathology|publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1 |year=2007 )) 8th edition.</ref>) – is more often diagnosed in young females compared to other types of thyroid cancer and has an excellent prognosis. It may occur in women with [[familial adenomatous polyposis]] and in patients with [[Cowden syndrome]]. A follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer also exists.<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Yu XM, Schneider DF, Leverson G, Chen H, Sippel RS | title = Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is a unique clinical entity: a population-based study of 10,740 cases | journal = Thyroid | volume = 23 | issue = 10 | pages = 1263–1268 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23477346 | pmc = 3787730 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2012.0453 ))</ref>
* Newly reclassified variant: [[Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary like nuclear features|noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features]] is considered an indolent tumor of limited biologic potential.
* [[Follicular thyroid cancer]] (10 to 20% of cases<ref name=Kumar20/>) – occasionally seen in people with Cowden syndrome. Some include [[Hürthle cell carcinoma]] as a variant and others list it as a separate type.<ref name=NCI2017Pro/><ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Grani G, Lamartina L, Durante C, Filetti S, Cooper DS | title = Follicular thyroid cancer and Hürthle cell carcinoma: challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and clinical management | journal = The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = 500–514 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29102432 | doi = 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30325-X | s2cid = 24129533 ))</ref>
* [[Medullary thyroid cancer]] (5<ref name=Kumar20/> to 8% of cases) – cancer of the parafollicular cells, often part of [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2]].<ref name="pmid18084343">((cite journal | vauthors = Schlumberger M, Carlomagno F, Baudin E, Bidart JM, Santoro M | title = New therapeutic approaches to treat medullary thyroid carcinoma | journal = Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–32 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18084343 | doi = 10.1038/ncpendmet0717 | s2cid = 25818628 ))</ref>
* [[Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer]]
* [[Anaplastic thyroid cancer]] (1 to 2%<ref>((cite web|url=https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/anaplastic-thyroid-cancer|title=Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer|website=Columbia Thyroid Center|access-date=2020-03-30|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223061317/https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/anaplastic-thyroid-cancer|url-status=live))</ref>) is not responsive to treatment and can cause pressure symptoms.
* Others
** [[Thyroid lymphoma]]
** [[Squamous cell thyroid carcinoma]]
** [[Sarcoma]] of thyroid
** [[Hürthle cell carcinoma]]

The follicular and papillary types together can be classified as "differentiated thyroid cancer".<ref name="pmid16351679">((cite journal | vauthors = Nix P, Nicolaides A, Coatesworth AP | title = Thyroid cancer review 2: management of differentiated thyroid cancers | journal = International Journal of Clinical Practice | volume = 59 | issue = 12 | pages = 1459–1463 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16351679 | doi = 10.1111/j.1368-5031.2005.00672.x | url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/518396 | url-status = live | s2cid = 7912705 | df = dmy-all | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130520113010/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/518396 | archive-date = 20 May 2013 | doi-access = free ))</ref> These types have a more favorable prognosis than the medullary and undifferentiated types.<ref name="pmid16409432">((cite journal | vauthors = Nix PA, Nicolaides A, Coatesworth AP | title = Thyroid cancer review 3: management of medullary and undifferentiated thyroid cancer | journal = International Journal of Clinical Practice | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 80–84 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16409432 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2005.00673.x | s2cid = 11825588 ))</ref>
* Papillary microcarcinoma is a subset of papillary thyroid cancer defined as a nodule measuring less than or equal to 1&nbsp;cm.<ref name="pmid17308849">((cite journal | vauthors = Shaha AR | title = TNM classification of thyroid carcinoma | journal = World Journal of Surgery | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 879–887 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17308849 | doi = 10.1007/s00268-006-0864-0 | s2cid = 23121159 ))</ref> 43% of all thyroid cancers and 50% of new cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma are papillary microcarcinoma.<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Dideban S, Abdollahi A, Meysamie A, Sedghi S, Shahriari M | title = Thyroid Papillary Microcarcinoma: Etiology, Clinical Manifestations,Diagnosis, Follow-up, Histopathology and Prognosis | journal = Iranian Journal of Pathology | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–19 | date = 2016 | pmid = 26870138 | pmc = 4749190 ))</ref><ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Hughes DT, Haymart MR, Miller BS, Gauger PG, Doherty GM | title = The most commonly occurring papillary thyroid cancer in the United States is now a microcarcinoma in a patient older than 45 years | journal = Thyroid | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 231–236 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21268762 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2010.0137 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 2027.42/90466 ))</ref> Management strategies for incidental papillary microcarcinoma on ultrasound (and confirmed on FNAB) range from total thyroidectomy with radioactive iodine ablation to lobectomy or observation alone. Harach et al. suggest using the term "occult papillary tumor" to avoid giving patients distress over having cancer.  Woolner ''et al.''  first arbitrarily coined the term "occult papillary carcinoma", in 1960, to describe papillary carcinomas ≤ 1.5&nbsp;cm in diameter.<ref name="pmid13845950">((cite journal | vauthors = Woolner LB, Lemmon ML, Beahrs OH, Black BM, Keating FR | title = Occult papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland: a study of 140 cases observed in a 30-year period | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 20 | pages = 89–105 | date = January 1960 | pmid = 13845950 | doi = 10.1210/jcem-20-1-89 ))</ref>

====Staging====
[[Cancer staging]] is the process of determining the extent of the development of a cancer. The [[TNM staging system]] is usually used to classify stages of cancers, but not of the brain.<ref>((Cite web |date=2015-03-09 |title=Cancer Staging - NCI |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=www.cancer.gov |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319151821/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/detection/staging |url-status=live ))</ref>

<gallery>
File:Diagram showing stage M1 thyroid cancer CRUK 241.svg|Stage M1 thyroid cancer
File:Diagram showing stage N1a thyroid cancer CRUK 242.svg|Stage N1a thyroid cancer
File:Diagram showing stage N1b thyroid cancer CRUK 243.svg|Stage N1b thyroid cancer
File:Diagram showing stage T1a thyroid cancer CRUK 250.svg|Stage T1a thyroid cancer
File:Diagram showing stage T1b thyroid cancer CRUK 251.svg|Stage T1b thyroid cancer
File:Diagram showing stage T2 thyroid cancer CRUK 258.svg|Stage T2 thyroid cancer
File:Diagram showing stage T3 thyroid cancer CRUK 265.svg|Stage T3 thyroid cancer
File:Diagram showing stage T4a thyroid cancer CRUK 272.svg|Stage T4a thyroid cancer
File:Diagram showing stage T4b thyroid cancer CRUK 273.svg|Stage T4b thyroid cancer
</gallery>

===Metastases===
Detection of differentiated thyroid cancer metastases may be detected by performing a full-body [[scintigraphy]] using [[iodine-131]].<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Hindié E, Zanotti-Fregonara P, Keller I, Duron F, Devaux JY, Calzada-Nocaudie M, Sarfati E, Moretti JL, Bouchard P, Toubert ME | display-authors = 6 | title = Bone metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer: impact of early 131I-based detection on outcome | journal = Endocrine-Related Cancer | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 799–807 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17914109 | doi = 10.1677/ERC-07-0120 | doi-access = free ))</ref><ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Schlumberger M, Arcangioli O, Piekarski JD, Tubiana M, Parmentier C | title = Detection and treatment of lung metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in patients with normal chest X-rays | journal = Journal of Nuclear Medicine | volume = 29 | issue = 11 | pages = 1790–1794 | date = November 1988 | pmid = 3183748 ))</ref>

===Spread===
Thyroid cancer can spread directly, via lymphatics or blood. Direct spread occurs through infiltration of the surrounding tissues. The tumor infiltrates into [[infrahyoid muscle]]s, trachea, oesophagus, [[recurrent laryngeal nerve]], [[carotid sheath]], etc. The tumor then becomes fixed. Anaplastic carcinoma spreads mostly by direct spread, while papillary carcinoma spreads so the least. Lymphatic spread is most common in papillary carcinoma. [[Cervical lymph node]]s become palpable in papillary carcinoma even when the primary tumor is unpalpable. [[Deep cervical node]]s, pretracheal, prelaryngeal, and paratracheal groups of lymph nodes are often affected. The lymph node affected is usually the same side as that of the location of the tumor. Blood spread is also possible in thyroid cancers, especially in follicular and anaplastic carcinoma. The tumor emboli do angioinvasion of lungs; end of long bones, skull, and vertebrae are affected. Pulsating metastases occur because of their increased vascularity.<ref>((cite book| vauthors = Das S |title=A concise textbook of surgery|date=2008|publisher=Dr S. Das|location=Calcutta|isbn=978-8190568128|edition= 5th ))</ref>

==Treatment==
Thyroidectomy and dissection of central neck compartment is the initial step in treatment of thyroid cancer in the majority of cases.<ref name="hu">((cite book | vauthors = | chapter = Thyroid and Parathyroid Cancers | veditors = Hu MI, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Lustig R, Lamont JP |title=Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach |date=2008 |publisher=CMP Media |location=Lawrence, Kansas |isbn=978-1-891483-62-2 |edition=11th | chapter-url = http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11/chapter05/article/10165/1402668 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100228072652/http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11/chapter05/article/10165/1402668 | archive-date =28 February 2010 ))</ref> Thyroid-preserving operations may be applied in cases, when thyroid cancer exhibits low biological aggressiveness (''e.g.'' well-differentiated cancer, no evidence of lymph-node metastases, low MIB-1 index, no major genetic alterations like ''BRAF'' mutations, ''RET/PTC'' rearrangements, p53 mutations etc.) in patients younger than 45 years.<ref name=ATA2009>((cite journal | vauthors = Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Hauger BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, Mazzaferri EL, McIver B, Pacini F, Schlumberger M, Sherman SI, Steward DL, Tuttle RM | display-authors = 6 | title = Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer | journal = Thyroid | volume = 19 | issue = 11 | pages = 1167–1214 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19860577 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2009.0110 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 2027.42/78131 ))</ref>
If the diagnosis of well-differentiated thyroid cancer (e.g. papillary thyroid cancer) is established or suspected by [[fine needle aspiration cytology|FNA]], then surgery is indicated, whereas watchful waiting strategy is not recommended in any evidence-based guidelines.<ref name="ATA2009"/><ref name="BTA">((cite book|last1=British Thyroid Association, Royal College of Physicians|first1=Perros P|title=Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer. 2nd edition. Report of the Thyroid Cancer Guidelines Update Group|url=http://www.british-thyroid-association.org/news/Docs/Thyroid_cancer_guidelines_2007.pdf|year=2007|publisher=Royal College of Physicians|isbn=9781860163098|page=16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226143931/http://www.british-thyroid-association.org/news/Docs/Thyroid_cancer_guidelines_2007.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2011|df=dmy-all|access-date=12 July 2013))</ref>  [[Watchful waiting]] reduces [[overdiagnosis]] and [[overtreatment]] of thyroid cancer among old patients.<ref name="WelchSchwartz2011">((cite book| vauthors = Welch HG, Schwartz L, Woloshin S |title=Overdiagnosed: Making People Sick in the Pursuit of Health|url=https://archive.org/details/overdiagnosedmak0000welc|url-access=registration|access-date=7 October 2012|date=18 January 2011|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=9780807022009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/overdiagnosedmak0000welc/page/138 138]–43|df=dmy-all))</ref>

[[Iodine-131#Treatment of thyroid cancer|Radioactive iodine-131]] is used in people with papillary or follicular thyroid cancer for ablation of residual thyroid tissue after surgery and for the treatment of thyroid cancer.<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Perros P, Boelaert K, Colley S, Evans C, Evans RM, Gerrard Ba G, Gilbert J, Harrison B, Johnson SJ, Giles TE, Moss L, Lewington V, Newbold K, Taylor J, Thakker RV, Watkinson J, Williams GR | display-authors = 6 | title = Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer | journal = Clinical Endocrinology | volume = 81 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 1–122 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24989897 | doi = 10.1111/cen.12515 | doi-access = free ))</ref> Patients with medullary, anaplastic, and most Hurthle-cell cancers do not benefit from this therapy.<ref name=hu/>

External irradiation may be used when the cancer is unresectable, when it recurs after resection, or to relieve pain from [[bone metastasis]].<ref name=hu/>

[[Sorafenib]] and [[lenvatinib]] are approved for advanced metastatic thyroid cancer.<ref name=Lam2018/> Numerous agents are in phase II and III clinical trials.<ref name=Lam2018>((cite journal | vauthors = Lamartina L, Grani G, Durante C, Filetti S | title = Recent advances in managing differentiated thyroid cancer | journal = F1000Research | volume = 7 | pages = 86 | date = 2018-01-18 | pmid = 29399330 | pmc = 5773927 | doi = 10.12688/f1000research.12811.1 | doi-access = free ))</ref>

Post surgical monitoring for recurrence or metastasis may include routine ultrasound, CT scans, FDG-PET/CT, radioactive iodine whole body scans, and routine laboratory blood tests for changes in thyrogolubin, thyroglobuilin antibodies, or calcitonin, depending on the variant of thyroid cancer.<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, Pacini F, Randolph GW, Sawka AM, Schlumberger M, Schuff KG, Sherman SI, Sosa JA, Steward DL, Tuttle RM, Wartofsky L | display-authors = 6 | title = 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer | journal = Thyroid | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–133 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26462967 | pmc = 4739132 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2015.0020 ))</ref><ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Wells SA, Asa SL, Dralle H, Elisei R, Evans DB, Gagel RF, Lee N, Machens A, Moley JF, Pacini F, Raue F, Frank-Raue K, Robinson B, Rosenthal MS, Santoro M, Schlumberger M, Shah M, Waguespack SG | display-authors = 6 | title = Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma | journal = Thyroid | volume = 25 | issue = 6 | pages = 567–610 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 25810047 | pmc = 4490627 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2014.0335 | collaboration = American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma ))</ref><ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Smallridge RC, Ain KB, Asa SL, Bible KC, Brierley JD, Burman KD, Kebebew E, Lee NY, Nikiforov YE, Rosenthal MS, Shah MH, Shaha AR, Tuttle RM | display-authors = 6 | title = American Thyroid Association guidelines for management of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer | journal = Thyroid | volume = 22 | issue = 11 | pages = 1104–1139 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23130564 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2012.0302 ))</ref>

==Prognosis==
((more citations needed section|date=October 2014))
The prognosis of thyroid cancer is related to the type of cancer and the stage at the time of diagnosis.  For the most common form of thyroid cancer, papillary, the overall prognosis is excellent. Indeed, the increased incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma in recent years is likely related to increased and earlier diagnosis. One can look at the trend to earlier diagnosis in two ways. The first is that many of these cancers are small and not likely to develop into aggressive malignancies. A second perspective is that earlier diagnosis removes these cancers at a time when they are not likely to have spread beyond the thyroid gland, thereby improving the long-term outcome for the patient. No consensus exists at present on whether this trend toward earlier diagnosis is beneficial or unnecessary.

The argument against early diagnosis and treatment is based on the logic that many small thyroid cancers (mostly papillary) will not grow or metastasize. This view holds the overwhelming majority of thyroid cancers are [[overdiagnosed]] that is, will never cause any symptoms, illness, or death for the patient, even if nothing is ever done about the cancer.  Including these overdiagnosed cases skews the statistics by lumping clinically significant cases in with apparently harmless cancers.<ref name=Welch />  Thyroid cancer is incredibly common, with [[autopsy]] studies of people dying from other causes showing that more than one-third of older adults technically have thyroid cancer, which is causing them no harm.<ref name=Welch />  Detecting nodules that might be cancerous is easy, simply by feeling the throat, which contributes to the level of overdiagnosis. Benign (noncancerous) nodules frequently co-exist with thyroid cancer; sometimes, a benign nodule is discovered, but surgery uncovers an incidental small thyroid cancer. Increasingly, small thyroid nodules are discovered as incidental findings on imaging (CT scan, MRI, ultrasound) performed for another purpose; very few of these people with accidentally discovered, symptom-free thyroid cancers will ever have any symptoms, and treatment in such patients has the potential to cause harm to them, not to help them.<ref name=Welch>((cite book| vauthors = Welch HG, Schwartz L, Woloshin S | title = Overdiagnosed: Making People Sick in the Pursuit of Health| publisher = Beacon Press| location = [Malaysia?]| year = 2011| pages = 61–34| isbn = 978-0-8070-2200-9))</ref><ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Hofman MS | title = Thyroid nodules: time to stop over-reporting normal findings and update consensus guidelines | journal = BMJ | volume = 347 | pages = f5742 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24068719 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.f5742 | s2cid = 5660811 ))</ref>

Thyroid cancer is three times more common in women than in men, but according to European statistics,<ref>((cite web|title=Thyroid Cancer|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/thyroid_cancer/article.htm|publisher=MedicineNet.com|access-date=26 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020140927/http://www.medicinenet.com/thyroid_cancer/article.htm|archive-date=20 October 2011|df=dmy-all))</ref> the overall relative [[5-year survival rate]] for thyroid cancer is 85% for females and 74% for males.<ref name="european">Numbers from EUROCARE, from [https://books.google.com/books?id=u1aFpF-EcgwC&pg=PA10 Page 10] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513235426/https://books.google.com/books?id=u1aFpF-EcgwC&pg=PA10 |date=13 May 2016 )) in: ((cite book | vauthors = Grünwald F, Biersack HJ |title = Thyroid cancer |publisher = Springer |location = Berlin |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-3-540-22309-2 ))</ref>

The table below highlights some of the challenges with decision making and prognostication in thyroid cancer. While general agreement exists that stage I or II papillary, follicular, or medullary cancer have  good prognoses,  when evaluating a small thyroid cancer to determine which ones will grow and metastasize and which will not is not possible. As a result, once a diagnosis of thyroid cancer has been established (most commonly by a fine needle aspiration),  a total thyroidectomy likely will be performed.

This drive to earlier diagnosis has also manifested itself on the European continent by the use of serum calcitonin measurements in patients with goiter to identify patients with early abnormalities of the parafollicular or calcitonin-producing cells within the thyroid gland. As multiple studies have demonstrated, the finding of an elevated serum calcitonin is associated with the finding of a medullary thyroid carcinoma in as high as 20% of cases.

In Europe where the threshold for thyroid surgery is lower than in the United States, an elaborate strategy that incorporates serum calcitonin measurements and stimulatory tests for calcitonin has been incorporated into the decision to perform a thyroidectomy; thyroid experts in the United States, looking at the same data, have for the most part not incorporated calcitonin testing as a routine part of their evaluations, thereby eliminating a large number of thyroidectomies and the consequent morbidity. The European thyroid community has focused on prevention of metastasis from small medullary thyroid carcinomas; the North American thyroid community has focused more on prevention of complications associated with thyroidectomy (see [[American Thyroid Association]] guidelines below). <!-- It is not clear at this time who is correct.
 -->
As demonstrated in the table below, individuals with stage III and IV disease have a significant risk of dying from thyroid cancer. While many present with widely metastatic disease, an equal number evolve over years and decades from stage I or II disease. Physicians who manage thyroid cancer of any stage recognize that a small percentage of patients with low-risk thyroid cancer will progress to metastatic disease.

Improvements have been made in thyroid cancer treatment during recent years. The identification of some of the molecular or DNA abnormalities  has led to the development of therapies that target these molecular defects. The first of these agents to negotiate the approval process is [[vandetanib]], a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the ''[[RET proto-oncogene]]'', two subtypes of the [[vascular endothelial growth factor receptor]], and the [[epidermal growth factor receptor]].<ref>((cite press release|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm250168.htm|title=FDA approves new treatment for rare form of thyroid cancer|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|date=6 April 2011|access-date=7 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410130203/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm250168.htm|archive-date=10 April 2011|df=dmy-all))</ref>  More of these compounds are under investigation and are likely to make it through the approval process. For differentiated thyroid carcinoma, strategies are evolving to use selected types of targeted therapy to increase radioactive iodine uptake in papillary thyroid carcinomas that have lost the ability to concentrate iodide. This strategy would make possible the use of radioactive iodine therapy to treat "resistant" thyroid cancers. Other targeted therapies are being evaluated, making  life extension possible over the next 5–10 years for those with stage III and IV thyroid cancer.

Prognosis is better in younger people than older ones.<ref name=european/>

Prognosis depends mainly on the type of cancer and [[cancer stage]].
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2| &nbsp;<br />Thyroid cancer type !!colspan=5| [[Five-year survival rate|5-year survival]] !! 10-year survival
|-
! [[cancer staging|Stage]] I !! Stage II !! Stage III !! Stage IV !! Overall !! Overall
|-
! [[Papillary thyroid cancer|Papillary]]
| 100%<ref name="acc">[http://www.cancer.org/cancer/thyroidcancer/detailedguide/thyroid-cancer-survival-rates cancer.org Thyroid Cancer] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018080511/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/thyroidcancer/detailedguide/thyroid-cancer-survival-rates |date=18 October 2013 )) By the American Cancer Society. In turn citing: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (7th ed).</ref> || 100%<ref name=acc/> || 93%<ref name=acc/> || 51%51%<ref name=acc/> || 96%<ref name="american">Numbers from National Cancer Database in the US, from [https://books.google.com/books?id=u1aFpF-EcgwC&pg=PA10 Page 10] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513235426/https://books.google.com/books?id=u1aFpF-EcgwC&pg=PA10 |date=13 May 2016 )) in: ((cite book | vauthors = Grünwald F, Biersack HJ |title = Thyroid cancer |publisher = Springer |location = Berlin |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-3-540-22309-2 )) (Note:Book also states that the 14% 10-year survival for anaplastic thyroid cancer was overestimated)</ref> or 97%<ref>Rounded up to nearest natural number from 96.7% as given by ((cite web | url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/282276-overview | work = eMedicine | title = Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100728231047/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/282276-overview |archive-date=28 July 2010 | vauthors = Santacroce L, Gagliardi S, Kennedy AS | date = 28 September 2010 ))</ref> || 93%<ref name=american/>
|-
! [[Follicular thyroid cancer|Follicular]]
| 100%<ref name=acc/> || 100%<ref name=acc/> || 71%<ref name=acc/> || 50%<ref name=acc/> || 91%<ref name=american/> || 85%<ref name=american/>
|-
! [[Medullary thyroid cancer|Medullary]]
| 100%<ref name=acc/> || 98%<ref name=acc/> || 81%<ref name=acc/> || 28%<ref name=acc/> || 80%,<ref name=american/> 83%<ref>By 100% minus cause-specific mortality of 17% at 5 yr, as given by ((cite journal | vauthors = Barbet J, Campion L, Kraeber-Bodéré F, Chatal JF | title = Prognostic impact of serum calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen doubling-times in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 90 | issue = 11 | pages = 6077–6084 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16091497 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2005-0044 | doi-access = free ))</ref> or 86%<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/thyroid/hp/thyroid-treatment-pdq#link/_132 |publisher=National Cancer Institute |title=Medullary Thyroid Cancer |date=4 February 2016 |access-date=11 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530134127/http://www.cancer.gov/types/thyroid/hp/thyroid-treatment-pdq#link/_132 |archive-date=30 May 2016 |df=dmy-all ))</ref> || 75%<ref name=american/>
|-
! [[Anaplastic thyroid cancer|Anaplastic]]
|colspan=3| (always stage IV)<ref name=acc/> || 7%<ref name=acc/> || 7%<ref name=acc/> or 14%<ref name=american/> || (no data)
|}

==Epidemiology==
Thyroid cancer, in 2010, resulted in 36,000 deaths globally up from 24,000 in 1990.<ref name=Loz2012/>  [[Obesity]] may be associated with a higher incidence of thyroid cancer, but this relationship remains the subject of much debate.<ref name="Santini2014">((cite journal | vauthors = Santini F, Marzullo P, Rotondi M, Ceccarini G, Pagano L, Ippolito S, Chiovato L, Biondi B | display-authors = 6 | title = Mechanisms in endocrinology: the crosstalk between thyroid gland and adipose tissue: signal integration in health and disease | journal = European Journal of Endocrinology | volume = 171 | issue = 4 | pages = R137–R152 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25214234 | doi = 10.1530/eje-14-0067 | url = http://eje-online.org/content/171/4/R137.long | url-status = live | doi-access = free | df = dmy-all | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141111224501/http://eje-online.org/content/171/4/R137.long | archive-date = 11 November 2014 ))</ref>

Thyroid cancer accounts for less than 1% of cancer cases and deaths in the UK. Around 2,700 people were diagnosed with thyroid cancer in the UK in 2011, and around 370 people died from the disease in 2012.<ref>((cite web |title=Thyroid cancer statistics |url = http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/thyroid/ |website=Cancer Research UK |access-date=28 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017044545/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/thyroid/ |archive-date=17 October 2014 |df=dmy-all))</ref>

However, in South Korea, thyroid cancer was the 5th most prevalent cancer, which accounted for 7.7% of new cancer cases in 2020.<ref>((cite web | title = Republic of Korea Cancer Rates | url = https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/410-korea-republic-of-fact-sheets.pdf | date = 2020 | work = Global Cancer Observatory (GCO) | publisher = World Health Organization | access-date = 5 February 2022 | archive-date = 11 November 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221111005400/https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/410-korea-republic-of-fact-sheets.pdf | url-status = live ))</ref>

==Notable cases==
* [[Callum Ainley]], English footballer<ref name="BBC-24Jan2024">((cite news |title=Callum Ainley: Grimsby Town midfielder diagnosed with thyroid cancer |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67987683 |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=BBC Sport |date=16 January 2024))</ref>
* [[Ann-Katrin Berger]], German women footballer
* [[Emre Can]], German footballer<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/ex-liverpool-midfielder-emre-can-battle-thyroid-cancer-juventus/bltafd65cb286ab51 |title='I am so grateful' - ex-Liverpool midfielder Emre Can opens up on battle with cancer |work=Goal.com |date=27 January 2023 |access-date=29 January 2023 |first=James |last=Hunsley |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128035337/https://www.goal.com/en/news/ex-liverpool-midfielder-emre-can-battle-thyroid-cancer-juventus/bltafd65cb286abfe51 |url-status=live ))</ref>
* [[Jerry Dipoto]], former Major League Baseball pitcher<ref>((cite magazine |last=Bamberger |first=Michael |date=27 May 2002 |title=Survivors |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1025858/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301112920/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1025858/index.htm |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=11 August 2013 |magazine=Sports Illustrated))</ref>
* [[Roger Ebert]], American film critic
* [[Jennifer Grey]], American actress
* [[Uhm Jung-hwa]], South Korean singer, actress and dancer <ref>((cite web |date=20 October 2010 |title=Uhm Jung-hwa had Thyroid cancer op |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20101020000759 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205204820/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20101020000759 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=The Korean Herald))</ref>
* [[Lee Moon-sae]], South Korean ballad singer<ref>((cite web |date=31 March 2015 |title=Lee Moon-se risks cancer relapse to keep singing |url=http://m.kpopherald.com/view.php?ud=201503311319126591959_2 |work=The Korean Herald))</ref>
* [[Danny New]], co-host of ''Daytime'' for [[WFLA-TV|WFLA]]<ref>((Cite web |date=2021-01-25 |title=Thyroid surgeon Dr. Gary Clayman teaches Danny about his cancer diagnosis |url=https://www.wfla.com/daytime/thyroid-surgeon-dr-gary-clayman-teaches-danny-about-his-cancer-diagnosis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220210359/https://www.wfla.com/daytime/thyroid-surgeon-dr-gary-clayman-teaches-danny-about-his-cancer-diagnosis/ |archive-date=20 February 2021 |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=WFLA |language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite web |date=2021-01-25 |title=Danny shares he has thyroid cancer, advocates for awareness |url=https://www.wfla.com/daytime/danny-shares-he-has-thyroid-cancer-advocates-awareness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201150636/https://www.wfla.com/daytime/danny-shares-he-has-thyroid-cancer-advocates-awareness/ |archive-date=1 February 2021 |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=WFLA |language=en-US))</ref> and previous host of Mass Appeal on [[WWLP]].<ref>((Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Danny New is heading back to the Sunshine State |url=https://www.wwlp.com/massappeal/danny-new-is-heading-back-to-the-sunshine-state/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808093817/https://www.wwlp.com/massappeal/danny-new-is-heading-back-to-the-sunshine-state/ |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=WWLP |language=en-US))</ref>
* [[Joe Piscopo]], American actor
* [[Vladimir Putin]], president of [[Russia]]<ref>((cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Putin under care of cancer doctor, bathing in deer antler blood: Report |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/putin-under-care-of-cancer-doctor-bathing-in-deer-antler-blood-report/ar-AAVNqOd?ocid=winp2oct&cvid=2d2829900baf4421b2c16f94575ecf6b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403093323/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/putin-under-care-of-cancer-doctor-bathing-in-deer-antler-blood-report/ar-AAVNqOd?ocid=winp2oct&cvid=2d2829900baf4421b2c16f94575ecf6b |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |publisher=Washington Examiner |vauthors=Jacobs E))</ref>
* [[William Rehnquist]], [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (1986–2005) died September 3, 2005, from anaplastic thyroid cancer<ref>((cite news |author-link=Charles Lane (journalist) |date=8 September 2005 |title=Rehnquist Eulogies Look Beyond Bench |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/07/AR2005090701791.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090614/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/07/AR2005090701791.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=11 May 2016 |newspaper=The Washington Post |vauthors=Lane C |df=dmy-all))</ref>
* [[Katee Sackhoff]], American actress
* [[Karen Smyers]], American swimmer
* [[Daniel Snyder]], American owner of the Washington Football Team<ref>((cite web |title=Celebrities with Thyroid problems |url=http://www.shifrinmd.com/celebrities-with-thyroid-problems-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826032138/http://www.shifrinmd.com/celebrities-with-thyroid-problems-2.html |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |publisher=Alexander Shifrin |df=dmy-all))</ref>
* [[Rod Stewart]], British singer
* [[Scott Thompson (businessman)|Scott Thompson]], American businessman
* [[Sofía Vergara]], American actress
* [[Julia Volkova]], Russian singer
* [[April Winchell]], American actress

== References ==
((Reflist
|refs =
<ref name=Loz2012>((cite journal | vauthors = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nasseri K, Norman P, O'Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, De León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA | display-authors = 6 | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–2128 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | pmc = 10790329 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 1541253 | hdl = 10536/DRO/DU:30050819 | url = http://www.cobiss.si/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=cobib&rid=1537267652&fmt=11 ))</ref>
))

== External links ==
((Commons category|Thyroid cancer))
* ((Curlie|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cancer/Endocrine/Thyroid/))
* [http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/thy.2015.0020 Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer]—The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce (2015)

((Medical resources
|  DiseasesDB      =
|  ICD10           = ((ICD10|C|73||c|73))
|  ICD9            = ((ICD9|193))
|  ICDO            =
|  OMIM            =
|  MedlinePlus     = 001213
|  eMedicineSubj   = ent
|  eMedicineTopic  = 646
|  MeshID          = D013964
))
((Endocrine gland neoplasia))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Thyroid cancer| ]]
[[Category:Endocrine diseases]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Thyroid disease]]

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