From 1947 to 1949: |
see Alexander Hamilton and Hamilton family
Coat of arms of Hamilton of Grange | |
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Versions | |
Shield | Gules, a lion rampant, argent, betwixt three cinquefoils, ermine |
The family is descended in the male line from Henry Spencer (died c. 1478). In the 16th century they claimed that Henry was a descendant of the cadet branch of the ancient House Le Despencer. The descent of the family from the Medieval Despencers has been debunked, especially by J. Horace Round in his essay The Rise of the Spencers. The Spencers were granted a coat of arms in 1504, "Azure a fess Ermine between 6 sea-mews’ heads erased Argent" which bears no resemblance to that used by the family after c. 1595, which was derived from the Despencer arms, "Quarterly Argent and Gules in the second and third quarters a Fret Or overall on a Bend Sable three Escallops of the first" (the scallops standing for the difference as a cadet branch). Round argued that the Despencer descent was fabricated by Richard Lee, a corrupt Clarencieux King of Arms.[1] Citing Round, The Complete Peerage dismissed the alleged Despencer descent as an "elaborate imposture" which "is now incapable of deceiving the most credulous."[2] [3] [4]
Their ancestor was one Richard Ladde, grandfather of the Lord Chief Justice Sir Edward, who changed his name to Montagu in about 1447. His descendants claimed a connection with the older house of Montagu or Montacute, Barons Montagu or Montacute and Earls of Salisbury, but there is no sound evidence that the two families were related. A case has been made out for the possibility that the Ladde alias came from a division among coheirs about 1420 of the remaining small inheritance of a line of Montagus at Spratton and Little Creton, also in Northamptonshire (Sources:English Genealogy, Anthony Wagner).[5]
The heraldic blazon for the coat of arms of the Russell dukedom is: Argent, a lion rampant gules; on a chief sable, three escallops of the first.
The arms show a claim to be descended from the medieval lord Hugh de Rozel, which has been debunked, especially by J. Horace Round in his essay The Rozels of Bedford". [6] [7] The family tree on the website of Woburn Abbey only refers to the descent from the provable Stephen Russell in 1394.[8]
The chief from these arms is present in the arms of the modern coat of arms of the London Borough of Camden, because the dukes of Bedford used to own land in the present borough.
The explanation of a fifteenth century yeoman's Norman name might sometimes be female descent from a knightly house through a coheir. The Montagus of Boughton, Northhamptonshire, who acquired a barony in 1621, an earldom in 1689, the dukedom of Montagu in 1705, and in their younger branches the earldom of Manchester in 1626, the dukedom of Manchester in 1719, and the earldom of Sandwich in 1660, descended from Richard Montagu alias Ladde, a yeoman or husbandman, living in 1471 at Hanging Houghton, Northamptonshire, where the Laddes had been tenants since the fourteenth century. Alias names, in some respect the forerunners of modern compound (or double-barreled) name, were common in the Middle Ages. In the earliest times, when surnames were new, an alias may just mean indecision between equally attractive alternatives. Later they sometimes indicate bastardy (one name perhaps being the father's and one the mother's), but in most cases probably mark inheritance through an heiress whose name was thus perpetuated. A good case has been made out for the possibility that the Ladde alias came from a division among coheirs about 1420 of the remaining small inheritance of a line of Montagus at Spratton and Little Creton, also in Northamptonshire. This line was of knightly origin and probably a branch of the baronial Montagus (Earls of Salisbury from 1337), whose almost certain ancestor Dru de Montagud was a tenant-in-chief in 1086. Other yeoman Montagus are found in Buckinghamshire from 1354 when Roger Montagu appears as a witness to a quitclaim of land in Great Kimble, notably in Halton where a family of Montagu alias Elot held land from about 1440 to 1610. A line of Montagus found in Waddesdon from about 1540 may have branched from these. These in the eighteenth century were shepherds and drovers and one set up in Aylesbury as a wheelwright and another as a tailor. Another line, also possibly branched from Halton, is found at Boveney and Dorney in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This produced Richard Montagu, Bishop of Chichester (1628-38) and Norwich (1638-41), and Peter Montagu, who settled in Virginia.
King Charles IV is no longer. He has no male descendants. He is the youngest son of Philip the Fair. The situation in 1328 is unlike that of 1316. In 1316, a king's son was competing with a brother and a younger child. In 1328, Philip of Valois is not the closest in the line, or the more direct, because the last Capetians girls left now have husbands. But the Count of Valois was the closest male relative in the male line, and he is 35 years old. He is the eldest male of the family.
The French royal family in 1328 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes:
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The most basic marks of difference used by the Capetians were the label, bordure and bend. Charges and variations were added by cadets with the expansion of the dynasty. The cross and saltire were used as marks of distinction by the spiritual peers of France.
Under the House of Bourbon the bend gules gradually evolved into a baton couped, while the label argent and bordure gules were associated with the dukes of Orleans and Anjou, respectively.
see [1]
The coats of arms of the German Empire (1871–1918). | ||||||
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The lesser arms of the German Emperor. | The coat of arms of the German Emperor with crest: Imperial coat of arms of His Majesty.
27 April 1871–3 August 1871 |
The greater coat of arms of the German Emperor: Imperial coat of arms of His Majesty. | Middle coat of arms of the German Emperor. | Provisional arms of the German Empire at the Proclamation of Versailles. | The coat of arms of the German Empire, 1871–1889.
3 August 1871 – 1888 |
The coat of arms of the German Empire, 1889–1918.
6 December 1888 – 1918 |
Most royal families did not have a family name until the 19th century. They were known as "of" (in German von) based on the main territory they ruled. For example, sons, daughters, grandsons and granddaughters of a ruling French King were known as "of France" (see Wikipedia on House of Bourbon). The name "Capet" was an invention of the French Revolutionaries. "Bourbon" was in some sense the name of the house as it was differentiated from the previous Valois kings. Princes and Princesses of the royal house of England were known as "of England", or later "Great Britain" (see House of Windsor) or "of" the main title associated with their parent (see Prince William of Wales). In the Middle Ages, princes of England were often known by the town or castle of their birth (see John of Gaunt, Henry Bolingbroke, or Henry of Monmouth). Even when the royal family had a last name (see House of Tudor, House of Stuart or House of Windsor), it was not used in their titles.
Similarly, the Habsburg name was used as one of the subsidiary titles of the rulers above, as in "Princely Count of Habsburg" (see above under Habsburg-Lorraine). The Habsburg arms (see above) were displayed only in the most complete (great arms) of the prince. The dynasty was known as the "house of Austria". Most of the princes above were known as Archduke xyz "of Austria" and had no need of a surname. Charles V was known in his youth after his birthplace as "Charles of Ghent". When he became king of the Spains he was known as "Charles of Spain", until he became emperor, when he was known as Charles V ("Charles Quint"). In Spain, the dynasty was known as the "casa de Austria", and illegitimate sons were given the title of "de Austria" (see Don Juan de Austria and Don Juan José de Austria). The arms displayed in their simplest form were those of Austria, which the Habsburgs had made their own, at times impaled with the arms of the Duchy of Burgundy (ancient).
When Maria Theresa married the duke of Lorraine, Francis Stephen (see above), there was a desire to show that the ruling dynasty continued as did all its inherited rights, as the ruling dynasty's right to rule was based on inherited legitimate birthright in each of the constituent territories. Using the concept of "Habsburg" as the traditional Austrian ruler was one of those ways. When Francis I became Emperor of Austria, there was an even further reinforcement of this by the reappearance of the arms of Habsburg in the tripart personal arms of the house with Austria and Lorraine. This also reinforced the "Germaness" of the Austrian Emperor and his claim to rule in Germany against the Prussian Kings, or at least to be included in "Germany". As Emperor Francis Joseph wrote to Napoleon III „Nein, ich bin ein deutscher Fürst“ [1] In the genealogical table above, some younger sons who had no prospects of the throne, were given the personal title of "count of Habsburg".
Today, as the dynasty is no longer on the throne, the surname of members of the house is taken to be "von Habsburg" or more completely "von Habsburg-Lothringen" (see Otto von Habsburg and Karl von Habsburg). Princes and members of the house use the Tripartite arms shown above, generally forgoing any imperial pretentions.
This is a family tree of the ancestors of the Habsburg family, largely before becoming Holy Roman Emperors and (Arch)Duke of Austria. This family tree only includes male scions of the House of Habsburg from 920 to 1308.[2] Otto II, was the first to take the Habsburg Castle name as his own, adding "von Habsburg" to his title and creating the House of Habsburg.[3]
Eticho I (635-690) r.662-690 Count of Alsace | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Eticho II (700-723) r.722-723 Count of Nordgau | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alberic I d.747 r.723-747 Count of Nordgau | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Eberhard II d.777 r.765-777 Count of Nordgau | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Eberhard III of Dillingen d.874 r.817-864 Count of Nordgau | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hugo III d.940 r.910-940 Count of Nordgau | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Guntram the Rich[4] Count in Breisgau c.920-973 member of Etichonider family | Eberhard IV d.972/3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lanzelin of Klettgau and Altenburg | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Werner I Bishop of Strasbourg c.978/980-1028 | Radbot of Klettgau built Habsburg Castle Count of Habsburg c.985-1045 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Werner I the Pious[5] Count of Habsburg c.1025/1030-1096 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Otto II Count of Habsburg 1096-1111 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Werner II Count of Habsburg 1111-1167 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Otto III Bishop of Constance 1166-1174 | Albert III Count of Habsburg 1167-1199 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rudolf II Count of Habsburg 1199-1232 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albert IV Count of Habsburg 1232-1239 | Rudolf III Count of Habsburg 1232 Count of Laufenburg 1232-1249 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rudolf IV (I) Count of Habsburg 1240-1291 King of Germany 1273-1291 Duke of Austria and Styria 1278-1282 Duke of Carinthia 1276-1286 | Eberhard I Count of Kiburg 1249-1284 | Gottfried I Count of Laufenburg 1249-1271 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albert I Duke of Austria, Styria and Carniola 1282-1308 Holy Roman Emperor 1298-1308 | Rudolf II Duke of Swabia 1282-1290 Duke of Austria 1282-1283 | Kiburg Line 1284-1414 | Laufenburg Line 1271-1408 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
John the Parricide (murdered his uncle Albert I) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
House of Austria see below | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The House of Luxemburg/Luxembourg stemmed from the House of Ardenne (or Ardennes, French Maison d'Ardenne) was an important medieval noble family from Lotharingia, known from at least the tenth century. They had several important branches, descended from several brothers:[1]
When the male line died. Three houses descended from the women of the counts of Luxembourg, the Counts of Loon, the Counts of Grandpré, and the Dukes of Limburg. All three families had a place in relation to the succession of the House of Ardennes. Indeed, the Count of Grandpré was the next heir of Conrad II of Luxembourg, who was the last representative of the Ardennes dynasty. But, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa preferred that Luxembourg was held by a lord Germanic rather than French and attributed the county to Henry of Limburg-Arlon (see below), son of Conrad's aunt Ermesinde and Count Godfrey I of Namur. The Counts of Loon are also in position to claim the inheritance Luxembourg, albeit weaker position.
Having succeeded to the county of Luxemburg, the younger branch of the House of Limburg-Arlon is the family that succeeded in getting one of its scions elected Holy Roman Emperor. From there descended the Kings of Bohemia, several other Emperors and a King of Hungary as shown below.