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Great chain of being: The article is thorough and gives good detail about the nature of scala naturae. The article moved in a fairly straight progression through the levels of the scala naturae, so that readers would understand how the chain of being works. The article was relatively neutral considering the basis of the topic is hierarchical and, in a way, about bias since scala naturae is the ranking of species and beings. The points are laid out logically and refrain from using leading words that will make the reader feel more strongly towards one line of reasoning rather than another. I would have been interested to learn more about the refutation against the Great chain of being, in order to see the initiation of this approach’s downward progression over time. The outline of the scala naturae is complete, but I would have liked to hear more about the scientific approaches that came in to replace the scala naturae, such as evolution. Although evolution is discussed, I think that it was rather underrepresented in this article. I did not notice, however, any information missing. The information present was thorough and based on my level of knowledge on the topic, it was a complete explanation.
The citations seem to be properly formatted, although some of the links do not work. There are quite a few citations that seem to support the claims that were made in the article. There are a few large gaps between citations in the article, and some claims are not being backed up by any specific quoting or acknowledgement of where the source of information came from. Some of the claims may seem to be biased, but in actuality, it seems that the information is coming from a source that is defining the meaning of scala naturae, rather than the author being biased. Most of the sources seem to be histories or papers written on theories, so they may be neutral so long as the one who developed the theory is not the one writing the paper.
There are several sentences with notes saying that citations need to be added in, so it would seem to me that those notes alone indicate the presence of plagiarism. Also, whole paragraphs being without citations seems to indicate plagiarism since claims are being made but references aren’t being made.
In the Talk page, people were debating some of the scientific and philosophical facts and vernacular used in the article. The article’s use of “Primates” was called to attention, along with the examples the author used in the rankings of the different groups of living and non-living organisms. This article is part of two Wikiprojects: WikiProject Philosophy, where it was rated smart-class and of mid-importance, and History of Science WikiProject, where the article was rated smart-class and of high-importance. Wikipedia takes on a more philosophical emphasis to this topic. Whereas we discuss in class the evolutionary approach to this topic, the wikipedia article focuses on the rankings of organisms by usefulness and other arbitrary characteristics. Kingkl (talk) 01:44, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
The lack of citations was apparent throughout The Chain section of the article. Then, when there were citations, it was the same couple of citations referenced repeatedly. Although the references seem to be appropriate sources, some of the links are out of date and cannot be accessed by readers.
There is a lot of historical content in the article to give background on the topic. It would be helpful, however, to have more contemporary discussion about the natural science aspect of scala naturae. If there is information on present ideas that can make the article move in a more chronological manner, that would be helpful to understanding how scala naturae has evolved through time.
This article makes generalizations about Christianity and the beliefs of the groups. It would be beneficial to specify the sect of Christianity and time period in which this idea was influential. The article mentions several time periods but fails to discuss further background information and significance that connects the Great chain of being to those time periods.
Article Reviewed: the angelic beings section of Great chain of being article.
I added a citation to the second sentence of the angelic beings section with a source that had already been cited in the article, but just had not been cited in this particular sentence. I cited the Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas (source 6 in references). In that same sentence, I also changed the statement that angel bodies can be made from air to say earthly elements, since the source says that angels can compose their bodies of several different kinds of earthly molecules.
Topic Options for Amphiuma:
(There is not much information, if any, on any of the following topics on the amphiuma pages)
Articles:
Comments from Dr. Schutz:
Begin your work for next week by considering the following next steps:
Osquaesitor (talk) 20:18, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
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Kuponya's Section: Sexual Dimorphism and Lungs
Draft:
Amphiuma demonstrate sexual dimorphism in relation to the size of the bodies and the size of their heads.[1] Generally, males have been found to possess larger bodies and longer heads compared to the female sex, which normally is indicative of male-male combat observed within the population.[2][1] There has been, however, no other physical indicating factors for male-male combat as in other species of Amphibia, such as horns or spines.[2] Some populations do not show these sexual dimorphic traits, and in certain locations female and male bodies do not exhibit any traits with significant differences.[3]
Draft:
Amphiuma possess relatively ancestral, paedomorphic forms of lungs compared to some of the other groups of salamanders that live terrestrially today.[4][5] Their lungs are long organs, extending over half of the body length of the amphiuma, with dense capillary networks and large surface area that suggest the utilization of the entire lung for respiration while the amphiuma is in water or on land.[5] Although it is common for amphibia to respire out of their skin, also known as cutaneous respiration, it was found that amphiuma primarily respirate through their lungs, despite their aquatic lifestyle.[6] This is suggested by the high lung to respiratory capillary density compared to the relatively low skin to respiratory capillary density.[5][6]
The amphiuma lung was found to work through a two-cycle pressure-induced buccal/nares process.[4][7][5] This system is defined by the amphiuma performing one full cycle of body expansion and compression in order to inhale and another full cycle to exhale, which is a unique process that utilizes both the buccal cavity and their nares.[4][7] The pressure that activates the cycles of expansion and compression have to do with a rise in the pressure within the lung to assist an increase in buccal pressure, although it was found that the buccal pressure gradient alone was not enough to drive respiration in the Amphiuma tridactylum.[4] Rather, it is the pressure control performed in the lungs that drive the inhalation and exhalation forces through the flexing of smooth muscle in the lung.[5] The buccal cavity allows for small pressure changes that are thought to have an olfactory purpose.[4] In order to exhale, amphiuma push air from their lungs into their buccal cavity, distending it, before releasing the air, and without inhaling, they repeat the process, exhaling a second air bubble that allows them to completely empty their lungs.[5] Only after both exhales can they then inhale, using the pressure gradient made by the smooth muscles in their lungs.[5]
Kingkl Section: Jaw
Section would edit:
Current plans:
Draft:
Amphiuma are primarily carnivorous amphibians that consume crayfish, insects, and other small vertebrates. Similar to many salamanders, the Amphiuma has two distinct forms of suction feeding procedures: stationary and strike[8]. This gives them the ability to feed on living or dead food sources. Amphiuma's ability to displace its jaw to feed means they can consume a large variety of organisms. But Amphiuma's narrow jaw makes it harder for them to fully consume large prey such as crayfish or mice. In these cases, they will use one of the forms of suction feeding and then rip the prey into pieces until fully consumed[8]. Small prey will be pulled completely into the mouth before being eaten. Structure of the teeth within the jaw tend to be arched caudal on the head[9].
Biologicalamphibian Section:
Food Habits
There isn't much information of the food habits of amphiuma. The information gathered on this subject will be uploaded to the amphiuma wiki page. Furthermore, I will explore the behavioral aspects of why amphiuma hunt they way they hunt and if their geographic location affects the prey they pursue.
On top of eating frogs, snakes, fish, crustaceans, & insects they have also been found to eat annelids, vegetables, arachnids, mollusca, and insect larvae[10]. Arguably the preferred food of the amphiuma is crawfish, which they will pursue over any other food in captivity. In the wild their food choices are directly related to the availability of food. It has been suggested that large amphiuma will not pursue small crawfish due to the expenditure of energy in relation to the gain in energy and prefer to wait for large crawfish[11]. In captivity the behavior they display has been observed to be dependent on the presence or lack of food. Where they will lay in wait when food is absent but will become more active once food has been introduced into their habitat[12].Biologicalamphibian (talk) 22:59, 16 March 2018 (UTC)
:1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).:2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).:0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Kuponya's Section:
kingkl's Section:
Three main points people gave the jaw section were:
I will be working on and discussing with my group: more information about differences in jaws between males and females and finding pictures or diagrams that I could possibly use. I will also be adding a bit more information that defines the difference between the two feeding mechanisms of Amphiuma. Finally, I may try to look into the evolutionary relatedness, but it will be the last part I will be looking at. Some of the secual dimorphism will be hard to apply directly from our animal, I will look into images of this for our second draft. Kingkl (talk) 01:45, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
Adjustments based on Peer review
Biologicalamphimbian's section
I plan to work with the author of the jaw section to tie predatory behaviors with the biomechanics and anatomy of the jaw to really wrap my section up.Biologicalamphibian (talk) 02:57, 10 April 2018 (UTC)
Comments from Dr. Schutz:
Kuponya's Section:
Sexual Dimorphism Draft 2:
Amphiuma demonstrate sexual dimorphism in relation to the size of their bodies and the size of their heads.[1] Generally, males have been found to possess larger bodies and longer heads compared to the female sex, which normally is indicative of male-male combat observed within the population.[2][1] There has been, however, no other physical indicating factors, like horns or spines, as evidence for male-male combat as in other species of Amphibia.[2] Some amphiuma populations do not show these sexual dimorphic traits in their head or body size, and in certain locations female and male bodies do not exhibit traits with significant differences at all.[3]
Lung Draft 2:
Amphiuma are aquatic organisms with the capacity to live on land for extended periods of time due to their high-functioning lung possessing unique respiratory systems to help navigate the amphiuma's variable aquatic and terrestrial living conditions. Amphiuma possess relatively ancestral forms of lungs compared to some of the other groups of salamanders that live terrestrially today.[4][5] They live in warm, muddy conditions and can spend significant amounts of time in either water or on land, depending on what their environment is like.[5] Their lungs are long organs, extending over half of the body length of the amphiuma, with dense capillary networks and a large surface area that suggest the utilization of the entire lung for respiration while the amphiuma is in water or on land.[5] Although it is common for amphibia to respire out of their skin, also known as cutaneous respiration, it was found that amphiuma primarily respirate through their lungs, despite their aquatic lifestyle.[6] This is suggested by the high lung to respiratory capillary density compared to the relatively low skin to respiratory capillary density.[5][6]
The amphiuma lung was found to work through a two-cycle pressure-induced buccal/nares process.[4][7][5] This system is defined by the amphiuma performing one full cycle of body expansion and compression in order to inhale and another full cycle to exhale, which is a unique process that utilizes both the buccal cavity and their nares (openings of nostrils).[4][7] The pressure that activates the cycles of expansion and compression have to do with a rise in the pressure within the lung to assist an increase in buccal pressure, and it was found that the buccal pressure gradient alone was not enough to drive respiration in the Amphiuma tridactylum.[4] Rather, it is the pressure control performed in the lungs that drive the inhalation and exhalation forces through the flexing of smooth muscle in the lung.[5] The buccal cavity allows for small pressure changes that are thought to have an olfactory purpose.[4] In order to exhale, amphiuma push air from their lungs into their buccal cavity, distending the cavity, before releasing the air. Without inhaling, the amphiuma repeat the process, exhaling a second volume of air that allows them to completely empty their lungs.[5] Only after both exhales can they then inhale, using the pressure gradient made by the smooth muscles in their lungs to take in air.[5]
The amphiuma’s predatory behaviors and food selection is very calculated and variable depending on abundance of food. In addition to eating frogs, snakes, fish, crustaceans, insects, and other amphiuma, amphiuma have been found to eat annelids, vegetables, arachnids, mollusca, and larvae[8]. Amphiuma seem to have a preference for eating crawfish. It has been documented that amphiuma will pass on smaller crawfish in order to consume larger ones[9]. It is suggested that perhaps this limits wasting energy pursuing prey with less caloric density. In captivity, the predatory behavior amphiuma display depends on the presence or lack of food. Amphiuma will remain inactive when food is absent, and will become more active once food has been introduced into their habitat[10]. This shows that the amphiuma, although ancestral to many amphibia, has developed a deductive approach to its predation.2601:603:1E7F:C1B4:4532:C637:4795:8FD3 (talk) 03:37, 14 April 2018 (UTC)
Jaw section draft 2:
Amphiuma are primarily carnivorous amphibians that consume crayfish, insects, and other small vertebrates. Similar to many salamanders, the Amphiuma has two distinct forms of suction feeding procedures: stationary and strike[11]. Stationary being when the Amphiuma stays in one place and opens its jaw and sucks in prey and strike being when the Amphiuma attacks by lunging and grabbing its prey.[12]This gives them the ability to feed on living or dead food sources. Amphiuma's ability to displace its jaw to feed means they can consume a large variety of organisms. But Amphiuma's narrow jaw makes it harder for them to fully consume large prey such as crayfish or mice. In these cases, they will use one of the forms of suction feeding and then rip the prey into pieces until fully consumed[11]. Small prey will be pulled completely into the mouth before being eaten. Structure of the teeth within the jaw tend to be arched caudal on the head[13].
:1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).:2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).:0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).:3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).:4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).:5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).:6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).:02 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).((cite journal)): Check date values in: |date= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 46 (help)
:7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Kuponya: Lung Image
Kingkl: Jaw Image
Biologicalamphibian: Digestive tract
Kuponya:
I removed paedomorphic from my part on the amphiuma lung, since I found that ancestral was a better description of the lung.
I also revised the respiration component in the hopes of making the two components of respiration more clear.
I created a respiratory sub heading under the lung section for the amphiuma.
Revised Respiration Contribution:
Pressure gradients for respiration occur in two different locations, the buccal/nares (mouth and nostril) region, and in the lungs of the amphiuma. The first system for respiration occurs in the buccal/nares through a two-cycle pressure-induced buccal/nares process.[1][2][3] This system is defined by the amphiuma performing one full cycle of body expansion and compression in order to inhale and another full cycle to exhale, which is a unique process that utilizes both the buccal cavity and their nares (openings of nostrils).[1][2] The buccal cavity creates pressure that aids in driving the cycles of expansion and compression required for respiration, although it was found that the buccal pressure gradient alone was not enough to drive respiration in the Amphiuma tridactylum.[1] Rather, the buccal cavity allows for small pressure changes that are thought to have an olfactory purpose.[1] This buccal/nares component to the amphiuma respiratory process supplements the contribution performed by the lung, since it is the pressure control performed in the lungs that drive the inhalation and exhalation forces through the flexing of smooth muscle in the lung.[3] In order to exhale, amphiuma push air from their lungs into their buccal cavity, distending the cavity, before releasing the air. Without inhaling, the amphiuma repeat the process, exhaling a second volume of air that allows them to completely empty their lungs.[3] Only after both exhales can they then inhale, using the pressure gradient made by the smooth muscles in their lungs to take in air.[3]
-I went onto the salamander page and added a link in the respiration section to my page
-My final sections that I contributed to are in the Amphiuma page. I added the Lungs section, including the Respiratory sub-section, and the Sexual Dimorphism section under Anatomy. My image contribution is in the Lung section.