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((redirect|V2000|the video game|V2000 (video game)))
((redirect distinguish|Video Compact Cassette|Compact Video Cassette))
((short description|Consumer-level analog video tape recording and cassette form factor standard))
((Multiple issues|
((more citations needed|date=December 2008))
((Unfocused|date=December 2019))
((Primary sources|date=December 2019))
))
((Infobox media
| name = Video 2000
| logo = Video2000-logo.svg
| image = [[File:Grundig-Video2000-VCC-Kassette-1983-Rotated.jpg|200px]]
| caption = A Video 2000 videocassette
| type = [[Magnetic cassette tape]]
| encoding = [[PAL]]
| created = 
| capacity = 
| read = 
| write = 
| standard = [[625 lines]]
| owner = [[Philips]]<br>[[Grundig]]
| use = [[Home movies]]
| common lengths = 
| dimensions = 
| extended from = 
| extended to = 
| released = ((Start date and age|1979))
| discontinued = ((End date and age|1988))
))
'''Video 2000''' (also known as '''V2000''', with the tape standard '''Video Compact Cassette''', or '''VCC''') is a [[consumer electronics|consumer]] [[Videocassette#Cassette formats|videocassette]] system and [[analog recording|analogue recording]] [[Standardization|standard]] developed by [[Philips]] and [[Grundig]] to compete with [[JVC]]'s [[VHS]] and [[Sony]]'s [[Betamax]] video technologies.<ref>((cite book |editor1-last=Daniel |editor1-first=Eric D. |editor2-last=Clark |editor2-first=Mark H. |editor3-last=Mee |editor3-first=C. Denis |title=Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years |date=31 August 1998 |publisher=IEEE Press |page=192 |isbn=9780780347090 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WrCSCqMk5gC&q=video+2000+tape&pg=PA183 |access-date=22 January 2020))</ref> It was designed for the [[PAL]] color television standard, but some models additionally handled [[SECAM]]. Distribution of Video&nbsp;2000 products began in 1979 exclusively in Europe, South Africa and Argentina and ended in 1988.<ref>((Cite news |last=Rhodes |first=Phil |date=Mar 19, 2021 |title=Betamax vs VHS was only the tip of the iceberg for the format wars of the 80's |work=RedShark |url=https://www.redsharknews.com/technology-computing/item/6436-betamax-vs-vhs-was-only-the-tip-of-the-iceberg-for-the-format-wars-of-the-80-s))</ref>

Although some initial models and advertising featured a mirror-image "VCR" badge based on the logo of Philips's earlier [[Video Cassette Recording]] (VCR) system, Video&nbsp;2000 was an entirely new (and incompatible) format, which incorporated many technical innovations.<ref>((cite AV media |date=9 September 2018 |title=Video History: V2000—The format that came third in a two-horse race |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeSz6MoX00Q |access-date= 24 October 2018 |format=[[YouTube]] |time=4:59–5:08 |publisher= Techmoan))</ref> Despite this, the format was not a major success and was eventually discontinued, having lost out to the rival VHS system in the [[videotape format war]].

== The Video Compact Cassette ==
Philips named the videotape standard Video Compact Cassette (VCC) to complement its landmark audio [[Compact audio cassette|Compact Cassette]] format introduced in 1963, but the format itself was marketed under the [[trademark]] Video&nbsp;2000.<ref>((cite AV media |date=9 September 2018 |title=Video History: V2000—The format that came third in a two-horse race |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeSz6MoX00Q |access-date=24 October 2018 |format=[[YouTube]] |time=5:17–5:25 |publisher=Techmoan))</ref>

Despite the name, VCCs are marginally larger than VHS cassettes—shorter, but thicker and deeper.<ref>[http://v2000.palsite.com/ "V2000 PALsite"] (accessed January 3, 2007) lists the VCC dimensions: 183&nbsp;mm × 26&nbsp;mm × 110&nbsp;mm.</ref><ref>[http://www.vhs-std.com/english/VHS_E/p1 VHS_e.htm "VHS Community: VHS 1976"]((Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes )) (accessed January 3, 2007) lists the VHS cassette dimensions: 188&nbsp;mm × 25&nbsp;mm × 104&nbsp;mm.</ref> They have two co-planar [[reel]]s containing half-inch (12.5&nbsp;mm) wide [[Chromium#Applications|chromium dioxide]] [[magnetic tape]]. The format used only half (6.25&nbsp;mm) of the half-inch tape on a given "side", and so it is occasionally referred to erroneously as a quarter-inch tape format, despite its physical tape width. The cassette can then be flipped over to use the other half of the tape, thus doubling playing time.<ref>((cite web |title=Video 2000 / Video Compact Cassette (1979–1988) |url=https://obsoletemedia.org/video-2000/ |website=Museum of Obsolete Media |date=20 May 2013 |access-date=15 December 2019))</ref>

==Format and features==
Dynamic Track Following (DTF) eliminated the need for a separate control track and enabled the video heads to accurately follow the recorded tracks on the tape during playback. Therefore, by design V2000 machines do not require a video tracking control.<ref>((cite book |last1=Nmungwun |first1=Aaron Foisi |title=Video Recording Technology: Its Impact on Media and Home Entertainment |date=1989 |isbn=0-8058-0360-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdIjgeedgRwC&q=philips+video+2000&pg=PA158 |access-date=22 January 2020))</ref>

== Launch ==
[[Image:Vr2020.jpg|right|thumb|The Philips VR2020 was the first mass-marketed model for the Video 2000 format sold in the United Kingdom.]]
A key intention of the V2000 format, thanks to DTF, was tape compatibility. A tape from any machine should play perfectly on any other machine. However, when the VR2020 reached the shops it was discovered that its audio head was 2.5 mm out of position compared to that on Grundig's Video 2×4. This meant that the sound would be out of sync with the picture when played back on the other type of machine. Both manufacturers' hastily moved the audio head 1.25 mm to a common position, but compatibility issues remained for recordings made on the first generation of machines.<ref>Dean, Richard. ''Home Video'' ([[Newnes Technical Books]], 1982), page 18</ref>

== Machines ==
[[File:Pye Video 2000 video cassette recorder.jpg|thumb|right|A Pye 20VR22 recorder]]
[[File:Philips Video 2000 VR2324 (cropped filtered).jpg|thumb|Philips VR2324 recorder]]
* Philips VR2020<ref>((Cite web |title=Video Recorder VR2020 R-Player Philips |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/philips_video_recorder_vr_2020vr2.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Radiomuseum))</ref>
* Philips VR2022<ref>((Cite web |title=Video Recorder VR2022S R-Player Philips |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/philips_vr202202svr_202202.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Radiomuseum))</ref>
* Philips VR2026 (PAL/SECAM tuner—recorded SECAM as PAL)<ref>((Cite web |title=Videorecorder VR2026/53 R-Player Philips Radios |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/philips_videorecorder_vr202653.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Radiomuseum))</ref>
* Philips VR2340<ref>((Cite web |title=Video-Recorder Stereo VR2340/51 R-Player Philips Radios |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/philips_video_recorder_stereo_vr2_2.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Radiomuseum))</ref>
* Philips VR2324<ref>((Cite web |title=Video Cassette Recorder 23VR24 R-Player Aristona |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/aristona_video_cassette_recorder_23vr24.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Radiomuseum))</ref>
* ITT VR681<ref>((Cite web |title=Videorecorder 681 Stereo VR 681/00 R-Player ITT |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/ittdeutsch_videorecorder_681_stereo_vr_68100.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Radiomuseum))</ref>

== References ==
((reflist))

==External links==
((Commons category|Video 2000 recorders))
* [http://www.totalrewind.org/v2000.htm Video 2000 page at Total Rewind—The Virtual Museum of Vintage VCRs]
* [http://v2000.palsite.com/ V2000 PALsite]—Information about the V2000 video format
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=lJUX8TOsGAkC&dq=Video+2000+%28or+V2000;+also+known+as+Video+Compact+Cassette,+or+VCC&pg=PA25 "Europe's Video Recorder Takes on the Japanese"], ''New Scientist'' July, 5, 1979, page 25

((Video storage formats))
((Philips))

[[Category:Audiovisual introductions in 1979]]
[[Category:Discontinued media formats]]
[[Category:Philips]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1979]]
[[Category:Videocassette formats]]
[[Category:Videotape]]
[[Category:Products and services discontinued in 1988]]

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