Hannah Snell (1723–1792) was a British woman who disguised herself as a man and became a soldier
Many people have engaged in cross-dressing during wartime under various circumstances and for various motives. This has been especially true of women, whether while serving as a soldier in otherwise all-male armies, while protecting themselves or disguising their identity in dangerous circumstances, or for other purposes.
Conversely, men would dress as women to avoid being drafted, the mythological precedent for this being Achilles hiding at the court of Lycomedes dressed as a woman to avoid participation in the Trojan War.
Hua Mulan was, according to a famous Chinese poem, a woman who joined the Chinese army in her father's stead.[1][clarification needed]
In the Albanian folk tale of Nora of Kelmendi, she is a 17th century woman warrior, sometimes referred to as the "Helen of Albania" as her beauty also sparked a great war. In some tales she is referred to as a burrnesha fighting an Ottoman attack on her village with a band of women in Malësia because she declined to join the attacker's harem and killing him in a duel.
Joanna of Flanders (c. 1295–1374) led the Montfortist faction in Brittany in the 1340s after the capture of her husband left her as the titular head of the family. She wore male dress at engagements such as the siege of Hennebont.
Fifteenth century
Joan of Arc enters Orléans (painting by J.J. Sherer, 1887)
Onorata Rodiani (1403–1452) was an Italian mercenary who served as a cavalry soldier, disguised in male clothing and with a male name, under a condottieri (freelance commander) named Oldrado Lampugnano beginning in 1423.[2]
Jacqueline of Wittelsbach, Countess of Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland (1401–1436) led the Hoek faction (the aristocratic faction) in Holland. Jacqueline and one of her servants disguised themselves as soldiers to escape confinement in Ghent.[3]
Joan of Arc (1412–1431) is a folk heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. A peasant girl born in what is now eastern France who claimed divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War. After being captured by her enemies, she was burned at the stake for heresy when she was 19 years old. She journeyed through hostile Burgundian territory disguised as a male soldier.
Margaretha (died after 1611) was a soldier in the Dutch States Army. She fought in the Dutch Revolt against Spain, making her one of the first female soldiers in Dutch history.[5]
Catalina de Erauso (1592–1650), the Nun Lieutenant, was a semilegendary Spanish adventurer.
The Chevalier d'Éon (1728–1810) fought with the French dragoons during the Seven Years' War. In 1777 d'Éon began dressing full time as a woman and lived as such until death. When d’Éon died in London in 1810, the body was examined by physicians and discovered to be anatomically male.
Francina Broese Gunningh (1783–1824) was a Dutch soldier who served in the French, Prussian and Dutch armies.
Deborah Sampson (1760–1827) of Massachusetts was the first known American woman who disguised herself as a man ("Robert Shurtliff") to enlist as an infantry soldier. She served in the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War.[4]
Franziska Scanagatta (1776–1865) was an Italian woman who attended Austrian military school and served in the French Revolution as a lieutenant.
Ana María de Soto (1777–1798), first Spanish soldier in the Marine Infantry. She fought against the English in the Battle of Cape San Vicente and the blockade of Cádiz. King Carlos IV granted her the salary and rank of sergeant, in addition to being able to wear the colors of marine battalions and sergeant's insignia on her women's clothes.
Marie Schellinck (1757–1840) was a Belgian woman who fought in the French Revolution, becoming a sub-lieutenant.
Hannah Snell (1723–1792) was an Englishwoman who entered military service under the name "James Gray", initially for the purpose of searching for her missing husband. She served in General Guise's regiment in the army of the Duke of Northumberland, and then in the marines.
Joanna Żubr (1770–1852) was a Polish soldier of the Napoleonic Wars and the first woman to receive the Virtuti Militari, the highest Polish military order.
Albert Cashier (1843–1915), born Jennie Irene Hodgers, was an Irish-born woman who served three years in the Union Army during the American Civil War as a male soldier, and lived the next fifty years as a man.
Jane Dieulafoy (1851–1916) was a French woman who, when her husband enlisted during the Franco-Prussian War, dressed as a man and fought alongside him.
Nadezhda Durova (1783–1866) was a decorated Russian cavalry soldier of the Napoleonic Wars who spent nine years disguised as a man.
Sarah Rosetta Wakeman (1843–1864) served with the Union Army in the American Civil War under the Alias of Lyons Wakeman and Edwin R. Wakeman. Her letters remain one of the few surviving primary accounts of female soldiers in the American Civil War.[10]
Mary and Molly Bell, cousins who both served with the Confederate Army in the American Civil War.
Cathay Williams (1844–1892) was a former slave who became the first recorded African-American woman in the U.S. Army.
Loreta Janeta Velazquez a.k.a. "Lieutenant Harry Buford" (1842 – c. 1897) – A Cuban woman who donned Confederate garb and served as a Confederate officer and spy during the war.[11][12]
Rani of Jhansi (1828–1858) fought in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by dressing as a sowar on behalf of her adopted son. Her identity was revealed when she was slain in battle.
Tringë Smajli (1880–1917), known simply as Tringe Smajli, and as Yanitza outside Albania, was an Albanian guerrilla fighter who fought against the Ottoman Empire in the Malësia region. She was the daughter of Smajl Martini, a Catholic clan leader of the Grudë tribe of Malësia as a burnesha, at the time of her brother's deaths, Tringe became a sworn virgin – she took a vow of chastity and wore male clothing in order to live as a man in the patriarchal northern Albanian society.
Twentieth century
Nestor Makhno (1888–1934), founder of the Makhnovschina, temporarily disguised as a woman during World War I.
Dorothy Lawrence (1896–1964) was a British reporter who served as a man in the army during World War I.
Zoya Smirnow (1897/98 – after 1916) was a Russian schoolgirl who along with 11 other friends ran away from their Moscow school and disguised themselves as men and joined the Russian army where they fought in Galicia and the Carpathians during World War I. After a death and number of injuries in the group, Smirnow's sex was discovered. She recounted their story to the English press.[14][15][16]
Frieda Belinfante (1904–1995) was a prominent musician and World War II Dutch Resistance fighter who disguised herself as a man for 6 months to avoid capture by the Gestapo.
I Was a Male War Bride is a comedy where the male French officer, played by Cary Grant, must dress like a woman to return as a war bride of his American military wife.
One of the running gags of the TV series M*A*S*H is Klinger's attempts to get discharged from military service by crossdressing.
In Tamora Pierce's The Song of the Lioness quartet of books, Alanna of Trebond disguises herself as a boy to train to become a royal knight, a position only given to noble-born boys.
Genesis Climber Mospeada was perhaps the first anime series to feature a regular crossdresser, Yellow Belmont, amongst the main protagonists.
H. E. Bates's novel The Triple Echo is about a World War II army deserter who cross-dresses to avoid arrest. This was made into a film in 1972.
Mary "Jacky" Faber, the heroine of the Bloody Jack series of novels, disguises herself as a man to fight in the Napoleonic Wars.
The Shadow Campaigns novel series by Django Wexler has a female main character rise through the ranks of an army while disguised as a man.
References
^ abSpector, Peter (2016). The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies. Naples, Nancy A. Malden, MA. ISBN978-1118905388. OCLC933432480.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Clayton, Ellen Creathorne (1879). Female Warriors : Memorials of Female Valour and Heroism, from the Mythological Ages to the Present Era. Tinsley Brothers. OCLC963750555.
^Rudolf Dekker; Lotte van de Pol (1989). Vrouwen in mannenkleren. De geschiedenis van een tegendraadse traditie. Europa 1500-1800 [Women in men's clothes. The history of a defiant tradition. Europe 1500-1800]. Amsterdam. pp. 49, 108, 151.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Davies, Christian (1740). The life and adventures of Mrs. Christian Davies, commonly called Mother Ross. London.
^Wakeman, Sarah Rosetta; Burgess, Lauren Cook (1994). An Uncommon Soldier: The Civil War Letters of Sarah Rosetta Wakeman, alias Pvt. Lyons Wakeman, 153rd Regiment, New York State Volunteers, 1862–1864. The Minerva Center. ISBN0963489518. OCLC30933373.
^Kruse, Kuno (2000). Dolores & Imperio : die drei Leben des Sylvin Rubinstein (in German) (1. Aufl ed.). Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch. ISBN3462029266. OCLC45543833.
