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((short description|Cell contents of yeast without the cell walls, used as a food additive))
((Use dmy dates|date=November 2020))
((Use British English|date=March 2013))
[[File:Soup au Pistou.jpg|thumb|Yeast extract is a common ingredient in commercially prepared soups (canned, frozen, or deli).<ref>((cite web | title=Handcrafted chicken soup doesn't happen in 30 minutes, but it can take less work than you might think | website=National Post | date=17 April 2017 | url=https://nationalpost.com/life/food/chicken-soup-to-crow-about-and-it-takes-much-less-time-and-effort-than-most-people-realize | access-date=27 September 2018))</ref><ref>((cite web | title=Campbell Rethinks Its Soup Recipe as Consumer Tastes Change | website=The New York Times | date=10 November 2015 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/10/business/campbell-rethinks-its-recipe-as-consumer-tastes-change.html | access-date=27 September 2018))</ref> It is a flavor enhancer like [[monosodium glutamate]] (MSG).]]

'''Yeast extracts''' consist of the cell contents of [[yeast]] without the [[cell walls]];<ref>((cite book | title=Umami: Unlocking the Secrets of the Fifth Taste | publisher=Columbia University Press | series=Arts and Traditions of the Table: Perspe | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-231-16890-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_U0ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 | access-date=27 September 2018 | page=172))</ref> they are used as [[food additive]]s or [[flavorings]], or as nutrients for [[bacterial culture]] [[Growing media|media]]. They are often used to create savory flavors and [[umami]] taste sensations<ref>((cite book | last1=Baines | first1=D. | last2=Seal | first2=R. | title=Natural Food Additives, Ingredients and Flavourings | publisher=Elsevier Science | series=Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-85709-572-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pX5wAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 | access-date=27 September 2018 | page=296))</ref> and can be found in a large variety of packaged food<ref>((cite web | last=Costello | first=Rose | title=Do you really know what exactly is in your frozen chips? | website=The Irish Times | date=21 March 2013 | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/do-you-really-know-what-exactly-is-in-your-frozen-chips-1.3441891 | access-date=27 September 2018))</ref> including frozen meals, crackers, snack foods, gravy, stock and more. They are rich in [[B vitamins]] (but not [[Vitamin B12|B12]]). Yeast extracts and [[Fermentation in food processing|fermented]] foods contain [[glutamic acid]] (free glutamates), an amino acid which adds an umami flavor. Glutamic acid is found in meat, cheese, fungi (mushrooms and yeast) and vegetables—such as broccoli and tomatoes.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://whyfoodworks.com/2016/02/07/your-guide-to-glutamate-vegan-queso-salsa-dip/|title=Your guide to glutamate (+vegan queso salsa dip)|website=WhyFoodWorks|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-15))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2005/jul/10/foodanddrink.features3|title=If MSG is so bad for you, why doesn't everyone in Asia have a headache?|last=Renton|first=Alex|date=2005-07-10|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-06))</ref> A number of other substances found in yeast extract provide aromas, some meat-like, when allowed to react under heat.<ref name=vegmeat>((cite journal |last1=Kale |first1=Prajyoti |last2=Mishra |first2=Anusha |last3=Annapure |first3=Uday S. |title=Development of vegan meat flavour: A review on sources and techniques |journal=Future Foods |date=June 2022 |volume=5 |pages=100149 |doi=10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100149|doi-access=free ))</ref>

The heat-autolytic process to make yeast extract of the '''autolysate''' type was invented in the 19th century by [[Justus von Liebig]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/8922483/Marmite-profile-of-a-yeast-based-spread.html|title = Marmite: Profile of a yeast-based spread))</ref> Yeast cells are heated until they rupture, then the cells' own digestive [[enzyme]]s break their [[protein]]s down into simpler compounds ([[amino acids]] and [[peptides]]), a process called [[Autolysis (biology)|autolysis]].<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/msg-goes-by-many-different-names-2016-1|title=Here's how food companies sneak MSG into foods|work=Business Insider|access-date=2018-04-05))</ref> The insoluble cell walls are then separated by [[centrifuge]], [[filtration|filtered]], and usually [[spray drying|spray-dried]].<ref>George A. Burdock, ''Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives'' '''3''':2972, CRC Press, 1997, ((isbn|0849394147))</ref> This is the process used for Vegemite, Marmite, and the like.<ref name=":0" />

Yeast extracts in liquid form can be dried to a light paste or a dry powder. This is not the same as [[nutritional yeast]], which are made from intact cells not directly hydrolyzed and consequently have a lighter flavor.<ref name=":0">((Cite news|url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/471516-benefits-of-yeast-extract/|title=Benefits of Yeast Extract|last=Bond|first=Owen|work=Livestrong.com|access-date=2018-04-04|language=en-US))</ref>

==Production==
Yeast extracts in general are produced in three steps: fermentation (growing the yeast), disruption (breaking of the cells), and separation (to keep the soluble part). Although the vast majority of yeast extract spreads are made using von Liebig's traditional approach of heat-autolysis using [[by-product|surplus]] yeast from beer brewing, other methods do exist for producing specialized types.<ref name="rg343682745">((cite conference |last1=Teimouri |first1=Iraj |last2=Ahranjani |first2=Rana Naderi |title=Yeast Extracts: Production, Properties and Application | conference =6th National Conference On Strategic Research in Chemistry And Chemical Engineering With An Emphasis On Indigenous Technology In Iran |date=August 2020 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343682745))</ref>

In terms of fermentation, spent beer yeast is commonly contaminated with the bitter compounds from [[hops]], requiring a "debittering" step to wash out most of this undesired flavor. Yeast from other sources are not affected by this issue.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Nand |first1=K. |title=Debittering of spent brewer's yeast for food purposes |journal=Food/Nahrung |date=1987 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=127–131 |doi=10.1002/food.19870310208))</ref> Spent brewer's yeast is also quite [[biodiverse]], containing yeasts other than traditional ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' and sometimes beer spoilage-causing  [[lactic acid bacteria]] too.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Jacob |first1=Friedrich Felix |last2=Striegel |first2=Lisa |last3=Rychlik |first3=Michael |last4=Hutzler |first4=Mathias |last5=Methner |first5=Frank-Jürgen |title=Spent Yeast from Brewing Processes: A Biodiverse Starting Material for Yeast Extract Production |journal=Fermentation |date=24 June 2019 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/fermentation5020051|doi-access=free ))</ref>

For disruption of the cell, some physical and chemical methods may be used in place of the heat-autolysis process. Doing so may allow specific compounds to be extracted or to produce an extract without the hydrolysis of cell contents (as in autolysis) happening.<ref name="rg343682745"/>

== Dietary concerns ==
Depending on the source, yeast extract may contain [[gluten]]. Brewer's yeast are especially likely to contain the protein due to contact with the grains used in brewing. In the case of yeast autolysate however, the yeast [[protease]]s are able to degrade most of the gluten. For example, [[Marmite]] contains around 30&nbsp;[[part per million]] gluten according to third-party testing, meeting the EU "very low gluten" limit but not the "gluten free" definition. Unilever reports that no cases of gluten-related reactions have been reported for Marmite.<ref>((cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Tricia |title=Is Marmite Gluten Free? |url=https://www.glutenfreedietitian.com/is-marmite-gluten-free/ |website=Gluten Free Dietitian |date=1 February 2011))</ref>

Yeast extract products derived from plant feedstock are by definition [[vegan]] and [[kosher]]&ndash;[[pareve]], although some consumers prefer extra certification.<ref>((cite news|access-date=4 November 2019|date=1 November 2019|first=Chris|last=Hook|work=7 News|title=Vegemite joins vegan movement with official certification to celebrate World Vegan Day on Friday|url=https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/food/vegemite-joins-vegan-movement-with-official-certification-to-celebrate-world-vegan-day-on-friday-c-534015))</ref> They are also generally considered [[halal]],<ref name="Herald Sun">((cite news |url=http://www.pressreader.com/australia/sunday-herald-sun/20100124/281586646730725|title=Vege spite spreads|last=Hargreaves|first=Wendy|work=Sunday [[Herald Sun]]|date=24 January 2010|access-date=8 August 2013))</ref> despite the concern that the yeast has come into contact with alcohol.

==Use in food==
((More citations needed|section|date=August 2021)) 
Yeast autolysates are the main ingredient  in [[AussieMite]], [[Mightymite]], [[Vegemite]], [[Marmite]], [[Marmite (New Zealand)|New Zealand Marmite]], [[Promite]], [[Cenovis]], Vitam-R, Brazilian Cenovit and [[Maggi sauce]].<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/food/720656/marmite-shortage-yeast-extract-spread-alternatives|title=Having a Marmite CRISIS? Here are the tasty alternatives (and it doesn't involve Bovril)|last=Frawley|first=Francesca|date=2016-10-13|work=Express.co.uk|access-date=2018-04-05|language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/food-wine/91922882/vegemite-marmite-promite--which-is-best|title=Vegemite, Marmite, Promite - which is best?|website=Stuff|date=29 April 2017|language=en|access-date=2018-04-05))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/jan/04/advertising.foodanddrink|title=100 years of Marmite|last=Barton|first=Laura|date=2002-01-04|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-05))</ref> [[Bovril]] ([[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and the [[United Kingdom]]) switched from beef extract to yeast extract for 2005 and most of 2006, but later switched back.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/nov/19/foodanddrink|title=Bovril drops the beef to go vegetarian|last=Wainwright|first=Martin|date=2004-11-19|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-05))</ref>

Yeast extract is used as a flavoring in foods. It is a common ingredient in American barbecue-flavored [[potato chip]]s such as [[Lay's]].<ref>((cite web |title=Lay's Barbecue Flavor Potato Chips Ingredients |url=https://www.fritolay.com/snacks/product-page/lays/lays-barbecue-flavored-potato-chips |access-date=7 June 2018))</ref> It is also widely used in [[soup base]]s.

===Marmite===
((main|Marmite))
[[File:Marmite.jpg|thumb|right|Marmite]]
Marmite (((IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑr|m|aɪ|t)) ((respell|MAR|myte))) is a British [[Spread (food)|food spread]] produced by [[Unilever]]. Marmite has been produced since 1902. It is a sticky, dark brown [[Paste (food)|food paste]] with a distinctive, powerful flavour, which is extremely salty. This distinctive taste is represented in the marketing slogan: "Love it or hate it." Such is its prominence in [[British popular culture]] that the product's name is often used as a metaphor for something that is an [[acquired taste]] or tends to polarise opinions.<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/mind-your-language/2010/apr/22/marmite-journalism-mind-your-language |title=How Marmite spread its way through journalism |first=Amelia |last=Hodsdon |date=22 April 2010 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=26 June 2014))</ref><ref>((cite news |title=Marmite: Americans wonder what's all the fuss over divisive British spread? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/oct/13/what-is-marmite-british-food-spread-tesco |first=Adam |last=Gabbatt |date=13 October 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=16 March 2017))</ref>

In [[Australasia]] and the Pacific, British Marmite is sold as "Our Mate", due to the presence of a licensed Marmite produced in New Zealand.

===Vegemite===
((main|Vegemite))
[[File:Vegemite (15908411205).jpg|thumb|right]]
Vegemite (((IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɛ|dʒ|ɪ|m|aɪ|t)) ((respell|VEJ|i|myte)))<ref>''[[Macquarie Dictionary|Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition]]'' (2005). Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. ((ISBN|1-876429-14-3))</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vegemite vegemite]. ''Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)''. Random House. 4 May 2009.</ref> is a thick, dark brown Australian food spread made from leftover brewers' yeast extract with various vegetable and spice [[Food additive|additives]]. It was developed by [[Cyril Percy Callister]] in [[Melbourne]], Victoria, in 1922. The Vegemite brand was owned by [[Mondelez International]] (formerly [[Kraft Foods Inc.]])<ref name="Story">[http://www.kraftbrands.com/kraftvegemite/Pages/the-vegemite-story.aspx "The Vegemite Story"]. Kraft Foods.</ref> until January 2017, when it was acquired by the Australian [[Bega Cheese]] group in a ((US$|460000000|2017|about=yes|round=-6)) agreement for full Australian ownership after Bega would buy most of Mondelez International's Australia and New Zealand grocery and cheese business.<ref name=bega>((cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-19/bega-buys-vegemite-mondelez/8193268|title=Vegemite bought by Bega from US food giant Mondelez International – ABC Rural – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |newspaper=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] News|date=19 January 2017|access-date=19 January 2017|last1=Beilharz |first1=Nikolai ))</ref>

A [[Spread (food)|spread]] for sandwiches, toast, [[crumpets]] and [[cracker (food)|cracker biscuits]] as well as a filling for pastries, Vegemite is similar to [[Marmite|British Marmite]], [[Marmite (New Zealand)|New Zealand Marmite]], Australian [[Promite]], [[Three Threes Condiments|MightyMite]], [[AussieMite]], OzEmite, Brazilian Cenovit, German [[Vitam-R]] and Swiss [[Cenovis]].

Vegemite is salty, slightly bitter, [[malt]]y, and rich in [[glutamates]] giving it an [[umami]] flavour similar to [[Bouillon cube|beef bouillon]]. It is [[Veganism|vegan]], [[kosher]] and [[halal]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://vegemite.com.au/faqs/|title=FAQs - Start with VEGEMITE|website=vegemite.com.au|access-date=21 November 2018))</ref>

=== Marmite (New Zealand) ===
((Main|Marmite (New Zealand)))
[[File:Marmite Returns to New Zealand.jpg|thumb|right]]
Marmite ([[Help:IPA/English|/ˈmɑːrmaɪt/]] [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''MAR-myte'']]) is a [[Spread (food)|food spread]] produced in New Zealand by [[Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company]] and distributed in Australia and the Pacific. It is similar to the British [[Marmite]], but the two products are made by different companies. This is the only product sold as Marmite in [[Australasia]] and the Pacific, whereas elsewhere in the world the British version predominates. In the rest of the world it is sold as "NZ-Mite".

Marmite has been manufactured in New Zealand since 1919. The product's popularity in England prompted the Sanitarium Health Food Company to obtain sole rights to distribute the product in New Zealand and Australia in 1908. They later began manufacturing Marmite under licence in [[Christchurch]], albeit using a modified version of the original recipe, most notable for its inclusion of sugar and caramel. Common ingredients are also slightly different quantities from the British version; the New Zealand version has high levels of [[potassium]], for example. New Zealand Marmite is described as having a "weaker" or "less tangy" flavour than the British version.

===Vitam-R===
((Infobox food
| name = Vitam-R
| image = File:A jar of Vitam-R yeast paste.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt = A jar of Vitam-R
| caption = 
| alternate_name = 
| type = Yeast spread
| course = 
| place_of_origin = [[Germany]]
| region = 
| creator = <!-- or | creators = -->
| year = 1925
| main_ingredient = Yeast extract
| variations = Kräuter (Herbs)
| serving_size = 100
| calories = 223
| calories_ref =
| protein = 29.8
| fat = 0.3
| carbohydrate =  25.1
| glycemic_index = 
| similar_dish = [[Marmite]], [[Vegemite]]
| other = 
))
Vitam-R is a [[Umami|savory]] yeast extract spread made in [[Hameln]], Germany, by the company Vitam Hefe-Produkt GmbH. It was first developed by Rückforth AG in [[Stettin]] (today's [[Szczecin]], [[Poland]]) in 1925,<ref name="Bio">((cite web
 |url= https://bio-markt.info/berichte/64-Vitam.html
 |title= Vitam: Mit Hefe-Extrakt zum Welthersteller
 |date= 2009-09-01
 |website= Bio-markt.info
 |publisher= Bio-Markt.info: Das Nachrichtenportal der Naturkostbranche
 |access-date= 2018-09-12
 |quote= Beispielhaft für den wissensbezogenen Wandel der Vermarktung steht Vitam-R, ein Hefeextrakt, der Ende der 1920er Jahre als »Fleischextrakt des Vegetariers«39 vermarktet wurde. Das Präparat wurde 1925 von der Stettiner Rückforth AG...))</ref><ref name="Spiekermann2018">((cite book|author=Uwe Spiekermann|title=Künstliche Kost: Ernährung in Deutschland, 1840 bis heute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0FbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA407|date=14 May 2018|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-647-31719-9|pages=407–))</ref> following the discovery by [[Justus von Liebig]] that yeast could be concentrated.<ref name=Boulton>((cite book|editor-last1=Boulton|editor-first1=Chris|title=Encyclopedia of brewing|date=2012|publisher=Wiley|location=Weinheim|isbn=978-1-4051-6744-4|page=394|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWXcajHd3W0C&pg=PA394|access-date=4 November 2014))</ref> It is sometimes described as having a smoother flavour than similar products such as [[Marmite]],<ref name="DW">((cite web
 |url= https://www.dw.com/en/tesco-takes-marmite-off-virtual-shelves-amid-brexit-price-hikes/a-36028455
 |title= Tesco takes Marmite off virtual shelves amid Brexit price hikes
 |date= 2016-10-12
 |website= dw.com
 |publisher= [[Deutsche Welle]]
 |access-date= 2018-09-12
 |quote= But if Marmite stays off the shelves, Germany could have an answer. A company in Hameln has been making Vitam-R yeast spread since the 1920s. It may not have the same cachet as Marmite, but its smoother taste has a cult following among health food aficionados. But it, too, has become more expensive to import to Britain - even if, after Brexit, it will by default become the leading brand in the EU.))</ref> [[Vegemite]], or [[Cenovis]].  Unlike those brands, Vitam-R is not an iconic part of its home country's [[German cuisine|cuisine]], but it, too, is described as having a love-it-or-hate-it flavour.<ref name="Helmberger2018">((cite book|author=Angela Helmberger|title=Glücklich trotz Unverträglichkeiten: Rotationsdiät: Bauchschmerzen und Nahrungsmittelunverträglichkeiten dauerhaft lindern – Reizdarm und chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen vorbeugen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABVfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104|date=24 May 2018|publisher=tredition|isbn=978-3-7469-4482-1|pages=104–))</ref> It is both [[vegan]] and by extension, [[vegetarian]], and is sold primarily in [[Reformhaus]] health-food stores.<ref name="Bio"/>
((clear))

===Cenovis===
((main|Cenovis))
[[File:Cenovis.jpg|thumb|right|Cenovis on bread, with jar in the background]]
Cenovis is a product based on yeast extract that is similar to Marmite and Vegemite, rich in [[thiamine|vitamin B<sub>1</sub>]].  In the form of a dark brown food paste, it is used to flavour soups, sausages and salads.  The most popular way to consume Cenovis, however, is to spread it on a slice of buttered bread, as stated on the product's packaging (it can also be blended directly into butter, and then spread on bread, or used as a filling in croissants and buns).

Cenovis is popular in [[Switzerland]] (particularly [[Romandie]]).  It was developed in [[Rheinfelden District|Rheinfelden]] in 1931, on the initiative of a master brewer named Alex Villinger,<ref name=cenovis>((cite web |url=http://www.cenovis.ch/fr/tradition/ |title=Lorsqu'on allie la saveur à la santé ... |trans-title=When one combines flavour with health... |publisher=Cenovis.ch |date=1999 |access-date=2011-02-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309124452/http://www.cenovis.ch/fr/tradition/ |archive-date=2011-03-09 )) (French)</ref> and was subsequently produced by the company Cenovis SA.
((-))

== Other uses ==
The nutrition-rich nature of yeast extract lends it to a variety of uses. It was historically popular as a vitamin supplement for humans.<ref>((cite journal |url=http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/lucy-wills-1888-1964-the-life-and-research-of-an-adventurous-independent-woman/ |last=Bastian |first=Hilda |year=2007 |title=Lucy Wills (1888–1964): The life and research of an adventurous independent woman |journal=The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=89–91 |pmid=19069045 |access-date=21 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208152523/http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/trial_records/20th_Century/1940s/wills_et_al/wills-biog.html |archive-date= 8 December 2008 ))</ref> Rich in proteins and nucleotides, it currently finds use in animal feed<ref>((cite web |title=Yeast in the Animal Feed Industry |url=https://www.americandairymen.com/articles/yeast-animal-feed-industry |website=American Dairymen |language=en |date=18 July 2017))</ref> and microbiology (see [[yeast extract agar]]) as nutritional supplements.<ref>((cite web |title=Yeast Extract ((!)) Culture Media |url=https://www.neogen.com/categories/microbiology/yeast-extract/ |website=Neogen))</ref> It also finds use in [[cosmetics]] and skincare products due to moisturizing and alleged antioxidant properties.<ref>((cite web |title=Yeast Extract (Explained + Products) |url=https://incidecoder.com/ingredients/yeast-extract |website=incidecoder.com))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Meat extract]]
* [[Malt extract]]

== References ==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
* ((cite book
  | last = Herbst
  | first = Sharon
  | author-link = Sharon Herbst
  | title = Food Lover's Companion
  | publisher = Barron's Educational Series, Inc.
  | year = 2001
  | location = [[Hauppauge, New York]]
  | isbn = 9780764112584
 | url = https://archive.org/details/newfoodloverscom00herb
  | url-access = registration
  ))

==External links==
((Wikibooks|Cookbook:Yeast extract|Cookbook:Marmite|Cookbook:Vegemite))
* [http://www.yeastextract.info yeastextract.info]: Homepage of Eurasyp (European Association of Specialty Yeast Products)
* [https://savorytastealliance.com/ Savory Taste Alliance]

((DEFAULTSORT:Yeast Extract))
[[Category:Food ingredients]]
[[Category:Microbiological media ingredients]]
[[Category:Yeast extract spreads| ]]
[[Category:Umami enhancers]]
[[Category:Yeasts]]

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Yeast extract (edit)
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Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite conference (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
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Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:IPAc-en (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:ISBN (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:Inflation (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Inflation/US (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Inflation/US/dataset (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Inflation/US/startyear (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Inflation/year (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox food (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox subbox bodystyle (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Isbn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Isnumeric (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Longitem (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
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Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
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Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
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Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Subinfobox bodystyle (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Trim (view source) (protected)
Template:US$ (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Unbulleted list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use British English (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Wikibooks (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
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Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
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Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
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Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
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Module:Commons link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPAc-en (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPAc-en/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPAc-en/phonemes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPAc-en/pronunciation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
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Module:Respell (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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