Buttermilk is a fermented dairy drink. Traditionally, it was the liquid left behind after churning butter out of culturedcream. As most modern butter in western countries is not made with cultured cream but uncultured sweet cream, most modern buttermilk in western countries is cultured separately. It is common in warm climates where unrefrigerated milk sours quickly.[2]
Originally, buttermilk referred to the thin liquid left over from churningbutter from cultured or fermented cream. Traditionally, before the advent of homogenization, the milk was left to sit for a period of time to allow the cream and milk to separate. During this time, naturally occurring lactic acid-producing bacteria in the milk fermented it. This facilitates the butter churning process, since fat from cream with a lower pH coalesces more readily than that of fresh cream. The acidic environment also helps prevent potentially harmful microorganisms from growing, increasing shelf life.[3]
Traditional buttermilk is still common in many Berber, Arabic, Indian, Nepalese, Pakistani, Finnish, Polish, Dutch and German households, but rarely found in other Western countries. It is a common drink in many Indian and Nepalese homes, and often served with roasted maize.[4] In the Arab and Berber world, buttermilk is a common beverage to be sold ice cold with other dairy products. It is popular during Ramadan, when it is consumed during iftar and suhur.
Cultured buttermilk
Commercially available cultured buttermilk is milk that has been pasteurized and homogenized, and then inoculated with a culture of Lactococcus lactis or Lactobacillus bulgaricus plus Leuconostoc citrovorum to simulate the naturally occurring bacteria in the old-fashioned product.[4] The tartness of cultured buttermilk is primarily due to lactic acid produced by lactic acid bacteria while fermentinglactose, the primary sugar in milk. As the bacteria produce lactic acid, the pH of the milk decreases and casein, the primary milk protein, precipitates, causing the curdling or clabbering of milk, making cultured buttermilk thicker than plain milk.[5] While both traditional and cultured buttermilk contain lactic acid, traditional buttermilk is thinner than cultured buttermilk.[4]
United States
Cultured buttermilk was first commercially introduced in the United States in the 1920s. It was initially popular among immigrants, and was viewed as a food that could slow aging. It reached peak annual sales of 517,000,000 kg (1.14 billion lbs.) in 1960. Buttermilk's popularity has declined since then, despite an increasing population, and annual sales in 2012 reached less than half that number.[6]
However, condensed buttermilk and dried buttermilk remain important in the food industry.[7] Liquid buttermilk is used primarily in the commercial preparation of baked goods and cheese.[8] Buttermilk solids are used in ice cream manufacturing,[9] as well as being added to pancake mixes to make buttermilk pancakes.
Acidified buttermilk
Acidified buttermilk is a substitute made by adding a food-grade acid such as white vinegar or lemon juice to milk.[10] It can be produced by mixing 1 tablespoon (0.5 US fluid ounces, 15 ml) of acid with 1 cup (8 US fluid ounces, 240 ml) of milk and letting it sit until it curdles after about 10 minutes. Any level of fat content for the milk ingredient may be used, but whole milk is usually used for baking.
Nutrition
Commercially produced buttermilk is comparable to regular milk in terms of food energy and fat. One cup (237 mL) of whole milk contains 660 kilojoules (157 kilocalories) and 8.9 grams of fat. One cup of whole buttermilk contains 640 kJ (152 kcal) and 8.1 grams of total fat. Low-fat buttermilk is also available.[11] Buttermilk contains vitamins, potassium, calcium, and traces of phosphorus.[12]
See also
Butterfat, the fatty portion from which butter is made
^"Buttermilk". BBC Good Food. Retrieved 16 March 2024. This commercial product can be thought of as a gentler, thinner yogurt, with any buttery flavour likely added.
-and-Milk-(left).jpg)
