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((Short description|none))
((more citations needed| date=November 2018))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2015))

The potential for exploiting '''[[geothermal energy]] in the United Kingdom''' on a commercial basis was initially examined by the [[United Kingdom Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] in the wake of the [[1973 oil crisis]]. Several regions of the country were identified, but interest in developing them was lost as [[petroleum]] prices fell. Although the UK is not actively volcanic,<ref name="BGS2" >((cite web|title=Geothermal energy — what is it?|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/energy/geothermal/|publisher=British Geological Survey|access-date=1 May 2013))</ref> a large heat resource is potentially available via shallow geothermal [[Geothermal heat pump|ground source heat pumps]], shallow aquifers and deep saline aquifers in the mesozoic basins of the UK.<ref>((cite web|last=Busby|first=Jon|title=Deep Geothermal energy and groundwater in the UK|url=http://www.groundwateruk.org/downloads/4%20Busby.pdf|publisher=British Geological Survey|access-date=1 May 2013))</ref> Geothermal energy is plentiful beneath the UK, although it is not readily accessible currently except in specific locations.<ref>((cite web|title=Research Atlas: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES - Geothermal Energy|url=http://ukerc.rl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/ercri9.pl?GoButton=Show%20Section&TChoose=&TWantECat=03-05&TWantOrg=&TWantText=&TWantLand=12&SearchTerm=Energy%20Category:%20Geothermal%20Energy|publisher=UK Energy Research Centre|access-date=23 June 2013))</ref>
[[File:Southampton District Energy Scheme.jpg|250px|thumb|Southampton District Energy Scheme]]

==History==
Ancient legend credited the early Celtic kings with the discovery of the [[UK Geothermal Springs|thermal spring]]s at the [[Roman Baths (Bath)|Roman Baths]] in [[Aquae Sulis]] (modern city of [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]]) which then fell into disrepair during the [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]] and were not rediscovered until the 18th century, along with the springs at [[Buxton]] in the [[Peak District]].((citation needed|date=November 2018))

The geothermal potential of the UK was investigated by a program funded by the UK government and the European Commission that ran from 1977 until 1994,<ref name="Busby2010" /> and saw a Hot Dry Rock experiment drilled in [[Carnmenellis]] granite of Cornwall. The project, which was never intended to produce electricity, was a rock mechanics experiment to research the hydraulic stimulation of fracture networks at temperatures below ((cvt|100|C)). Three wells were drilled to a total vertical depth of ((convert|2.6|km|abbr=in)) where the bottom-hole temperature was around 100((nbsp))°C. In 1994, the Hot Dry Rock project was closed, and research effort was transferred to the [[Enhanced geothermal system#European Union|European Geothermal Project]] at [[Soultz-sous-Forêts]].<ref name="Busby2010" />

Geothermal energy development in the UK has been limited, partly due to the lack of high [[enthalpy]] resources, but also due to the availability of cheap fossil fuels.<ref name="Busby2010" >((cite journal|last=Busby|first=Jon|title=Geothermal Prospects in the United Kingdom|journal=Proceedings World Geothermal Congress|date=25–29 April 2010|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/15965/1/GeothermalProspectsUK.pdf|access-date=1 May 2013|location=Bali, Indonesia))</ref> However, when comparisons are made to countries in a similar tectonic setting, it is clear that the UK is underutilising this potential resource. The lack of geothermal development has largely been a result of the availability of North Sea natural gas during the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="Busby2010" />

Interest in the geothermal energy resources of the UK rose again in the 2000s, as a potential way of addressing some of the [[Energy in the United Kingdom#UK .27energy gap.27|UK's "energy gap"]]

==Solar (shallow geothermal) energy==
There is what may be mistakenly known as geothermal energy at shallow depths but it is technically solar energy; the upper ((cvt|10|to|15|m)) of ground is heated by solar radiation and not (except in rare exceptions) geothermal energy.  This acts a heat store and can be exploited in a number of different ways.  This heat can be utilised by [[Geothermal heat pump|ground source heat pumps]] that can substantially reduce heating bills and reduce the associated carbon footprint. The heat from the sun is conducted downwards into the ground. At a depth of about 15((nbsp))m, ground temperatures are not influenced by seasonal air temperature changes and tend to remain stable all year around at about the mean annual air temperature (((cvt|9 to 13|C)) in the UK). Hence, the ground at this depth is cooler than the air in summer and warmer than the air in winter. This temperature difference is exploited by ground source heat pumps that are used for heating and/or cooling of homes and office buildings.<ref name="BGS" />

==Aquifer-based schemes==
Groundwater in Permo-Triassic sandstones in the UK has the potential to provide an exploitable geothermal resource at depths of between ((convert|1 and 3|km|abbr=in)). Since 1979 the basins of principal interest are East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, Wessex, Worcester, Cheshire, West Lancashire, Carlisle, and basins in Northern Ireland. In addition, some of these basins are in areas of elevated heat flow, or are overlain by less thermally conductive strata, providing in effect an insulating layer.<ref name=BGS /> The following table lists the primary UK Geothermal aquifer resources<ref name=BGS>((cite web|url=http://iahs.info/redbooks/a154/iahs_154_04_0012.pdf |title=Evaluation of the Permo-Triassic Sandstones of the UK as Geothermal Aquifers; by D.J. Allen, I.N. Gale & M. Price; British Geological Survey; 1985 |access-date=12 February 2011))</ref> for areas where the temperature is greater than 40&nbsp;°C and the transmissivity is greater than 10&nbsp;Dm, except as indicated:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|-
! style="background:#efefef; width:220px"| Aquifer/Basin name
! style="background:#efefef; width:150px" | Geologiocal Formation
! style="background:#efefef; width:100px" | Geothermal<br /> resource<br />([[Exa]]-[[joule]]s)
! style="background:#efefef; width:100px" | Identified<br /> resource<sup>(1)</sup><br />(Exa-joules)
! style="background:#efefef; width:100px" | Depth (m)
|-
|rowspan=2|East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
|[[Sherwood_Sandstone_Group|Sherwood Sandstone]]
|99
|6.7
|?
|-
|Basal Permian Sands
|6.7
|0.9<sup>(2)</sup>
|?
|-
|Wessex
|Sherwood Sandstone
|22.9
|3.2<sup>(3)</sup>
|1,700 to 2,200
|-
|Worcester
|Permo-Triassic (undifferentiated)
|12
|1.4
|2,500
|-
|rowspan=2|Cheshire
|Sherwood Sandstone
|16.9
|2.1
|4,000
|-
|Permian, including some Triassic
|27.9
|3.8
|4,000
|-
|Northern Ireland
|Sherwood Sandstone
|35.4
|4.7
|?
|-
|colspan=5|<sup>(1)</sup> Identified resource calculated assuming an end of process heat rejection temperature of 30&nbsp;°C; direct use of the fluid, and re-injection of the fluid after use.<br />
<sup>(2)</sup> Transmissivity ≥5 Dm<br />
<sup>(3)</sup> In part of area transmissivity 5 to 10 Dm<br />
Note: 1 exa-joule=10<sup>18</sup>joules
|}

===Southampton District Heating Scheme===
((main article|Southampton District Energy Scheme))
In the 1980s, the United Kingdom Department of Energy undertook a research and development programme to examine the potential of geothermal aquifers in the UK. However, after some initial success drilling a well in the Wessex Basin in 1981, it was deemed too small to be commercially viable. The project was abandoned by the Department of Energy, but [[Southampton]] City Council refused to let the project fall and took the decision to create the UK's first [[geothermal power]] scheme. This was undertaken as part of a plan to become a 'self sustaining city' in [[energy generation]], promoted by then leader of the city council [[Alan Whitehead]]. The scheme was eventually developed in conjunction with French-owned company COFELY District Energy and the [[Southampton Geothermal Heating Company]] was then established. [[Construction]] started in 1987 on a [[Water well|well]] to draw [[water]] from the [[Wessex Basin]] [[aquifer]] at a depth of ((convert|1800|m|abbr=on)) and a [[temperature]] of ((convert|76|C)).<ref>((cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/publications/doc2/EN/SOUTH_EN.PDF |title=Geothermal Energy in the United Kingdom - Southampton District heating scheme |access-date=12 February 2011))</ref>

The scheme now heats a number of [[building]]s in the [[city centre]], including the [[Civic Centre, Southampton|Southampton Civic Centre]], the [[WestQuay]] [[shopping centre]], [[Royal South Hants Hospital]], [[Southampton Solent University|Solent University]] and the [[Carnival House|Carnival offices]]; and is part of an enlarged city centre [[district heating]] system that includes other [[trigeneration|combined heating, cooling and power]] sources.<ref name=SWP /><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.managenergy.net/products/R124.htm |title=EU Case Study: Geothermal District Heating Project, Southampton |work=www.managenergy.net |access-date=3 December 2022))</ref> As of 2011 the district heating and cooling scheme provides annually 26((nbsp))°CGWh of electricity and over 40((nbsp))°CGWh of heat.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/District%20Energy%20Scheme%202011_tcm46-299457.pdf |title=District Energy Scheme 2011_tcm46-299457 |website=www.southampton.gov.uk |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217041616/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/District%20Energy%20Scheme%202011_tcm46-299457.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 |url-status=dead))</ref> Brine from the geothermal well provided 18% of the total district heating mix, with fuel oil (10%) and natural gas (70%) making up the rest. The electricity generated from the scheme is used by [[Associated British Ports]] via a private electrical connection to the [[Port of Southampton]], with any surplus electricity sold back to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|grid]].<ref name=SWP>((cite web|url=http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-environment/energy/Geothermal/thescheme.aspx |title=Southampton City Council webpage describing the scheme |access-date=21 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217042125/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-environment/energy/Geothermal/thescheme.aspx |archive-date=17 December 2013 |df=dmy ))</ref>((failed verification|date=December 2018))

===Stoke-on-Trent===

In 2014, [[Stoke-on-Trent]] City Council announced plans for a £52((nbsp))million project to create a district heating network powered by geothermal energy.<ref>[http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/350-million-year-old-volcano-heat-Stoke-Trent/story-22975985-detail/story.html "Could a 350 million-year-old volcano heat Stoke-on-Trent?"], ''The Sentinel'', 25 September 2014</ref> This will provide heating, in the form of hot water, to local customers. Work started in 2017 and the first customers will be connected in early 2019.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/stoke-on-trent-preparing-work-on-geothermal-district-heating-network/ |title=Stoke-on-Trent preparing work on geothermal district heating network |work=www.thinkgeoenergy.com |date=4 October 2017))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/contractors-needed-citys-district-heat-2152639 |title=Experts to be paid more than £50 MILLION to develop Stoke-on-Trent's 'heat network' |work=www.stokesentinel.co.uk |date=31 October 2018))</ref>

===Other===
Another area with great potential for geothermal energy is in the [[North Sea]], on the [[continental shelf]] where the [[Earth's crust]] is thin (less than ((convert|10|km|abbr=in|disp=sqbr))).  The [[offshore platform]]s extract [[hydrocarbon]]s from this region, but each year the output falls by 5% and soon it will be uneconomic to continue using these platforms for [[fossil fuel]] extraction.  An alternate use could be geothermal power generation. A 1986 work on this was undertaken by [[Total Energy Conservation and Management Co. Ltd]]. An overview document was produced called "Single Borehole Geothermal Energy Extraction System for Electrical Power Generation".<ref>[http://www.healergeorge.com/geothermal/index.html Single Borehole Geothermal Energy Extraction System for Electrical Power Generation]</ref>

==Hot rock schemes==
[[File:Rosemanowas Geothermal Energy Plant - geograph.org.uk - 1445883.jpg|thumbnail|Rosemanowes geothermal energy plant 1983]]
The average geothermal gradient in the UK is ((Convert|26|C-change|abbr=on|disp=comma)) per kilometre (((convert|42|C-change|abbr=on|disp=comma)) per mile) depth.<ref name="BGS" /> There is no deep geothermal power generation in the UK. The granite regions of South West England, the Lake District and Weardale and the Eastern Highlands of Scotland are considered most likely to have the best prospects for power generation.<ref name="gov.uk" /> In addition to using geothermally heated aquifers, [[Hot-Dry-Rock]] geothermal technology can be used to heat water pumped below ground onto geothermally heated rock. Starting in 1977, trials of the technology were undertaken at [[Rosemanowes Quarry]], near [[Penryn, Cornwall|Penryn]], [[Cornwall]].

Heat-only projects are generally considered to have the greatest potential in the UK because the resource is more widespread and shallower. This includes the hot aquifers (i.e. subterranean bodies of water) in the North East, Wessex, Cheshire, and Northern Ireland.((clarify | reason = Confusing organisation. The previous section is purportedly about 'Aquifer-based schemes', and this one is about 'Hot rock schemes'. So why are the aquifer schemes being mentioned again?|date=October 2014)) The UK's only existing geothermal heat-generating station (heat only) is at Southampton, where an ((cvt|1800|m)) borehole taps into the edge of the aquifer under Wessex and provides heat to the [[Southampton District Energy Scheme]]. The borehole is being refurbished.<ref name="gov.uk" >((cite web|title=Increasing the use of low-carbon technologies: Geothermal energy|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/increasing-the-use-of-low-carbon-technologies/supporting-pages/geothermal-energy|publisher=gov.uk|access-date=1 May 2013))</ref>

In 2008, a planning application was submitted for a hot rocks project on the site of a former [[cement]] works at [[Eastgate, County Durham|Eastgate]], near [[Stanhope, County Durham|Stanhope]] in [[County Durham]]. The geothermal plant will heat the [[Eastgate Renewable Energy Village]], the UK's first geothermal energy [[model village]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4096231.stm 'Hot rocks' found at cement plant]</ref> However this was shelved in 2010.<ref name="EastgateShelved">((cite web |title=£2m spent on Eastgate Renewable Energy Village, at Stanhope |url=https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/8741614.__2m_spent_on_shelved_eco_scheme/ |access-date=27 November 2018))</ref>

In 2010 planning permission for a commercial-scale geothermal power plant was granted by [[Cornwall Council]].<ref>((Cite news
 | title='Hot rocks' geothermal energy plant promises a UK first for Cornwall
 | newspaper=[[Western Morning News]]
 | date=17 August 2010
 | url=http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Hot-rocks-energy-plant-promises-UK-Cornwall/story-11521668-detail/story.html
 | access-date=21 August 2015
 ))((Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref> The plant will be constructed on the [[United Downs]] industrial estate near [[Redruth]] by Geothermal Engineering. The plant will produce 3((nbsp))MW of renewable electricity. Drilling commenced at the site in November 2018.<ref name="RedruthDrillingStarts">((cite web |title=Drilling starts at Cornish geothermal electricity plant |url=https://steelguru.com/power/drilling-starts-at-cornish-geothermal-electricity-plant/526461 |access-date=27 November 2018))</ref>

In December 2010, [[Eden Project|the Eden Project]] in Cornwall was given permission to build a Hot Rock Geothermal Plant. Drilling was planned to start in 2011, but as of May 2018, funding is still being sought.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/geothermal-power-project-at-eden-project-in-cornwall-seeking-local-funding/|title=Geothermal power project at Eden Project in Cornwall seeking local funding &#124; ThinkGeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News|date=2 May 2018))</ref> The plant will be on the north side of the Eden Project, a showcase for environmental projects at Bodelva, near St Austell. It should produce 3-4((nbsp))MW of electricity for use by Eden with a surplus, enough for about 3,500 houses, going into the National Grid.<ref>((cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-12026753 | work=BBC News | title=Eden Project geothermal plant plans to go ahead | date=18 December 2010))</ref><ref>((cite web|title=Eden Deep Geothermal Energy Project|url=http://www.edenproject.com/whats-it-all-about/climate-and-environment/sustainability-at-eden/eden-deep-geothermal-energy|access-date=4 June 2012))</ref>

===Deep geothermal energy in the UK===
The Deep Geothermal Challenge Fund of the [[Department of Energy and Climate Change]] has provided more than £4.5((nbsp))million in grants to support the following projects:<ref name="gov.uk" /> Power projects
*[[United Downs]] near Redruth, Cornwall – £1.475((nbsp))million in 2009
*Eden Project near St Austell, Cornwall – £2.011((nbsp))million in 2009

[[File:Geothermal site, Newcastle upon Tyne, 27 June 2011 (2).jpg|thumbnail|right|Newcastle Science Central geothermal site]]
Heat-only projects
* Southampton City Centre – £200,000 in 2010.
* Eastgate in Weardale, County Durham – £461,000 in 2009
* Science Central site, Newcastle City Centre – £400,000 in 2010

====United Downs====
In early 2013, the government pulled a multimillion-pound grant from Geothermal Engineering Ltd for the £50((nbsp))million [[United Downs Deep Geothermal Power]] project, after the company failed to secure the necessary additional investment to meet the terms of the grant.<ref>((cite news|last=Shankleman|first=Jessica|title=Under pressure - UK deep geothermal industry faces uncertain future|url=http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/feature/2259499/under-pressure-uk-deep-geothermal-industry-faces-uncertain-future|access-date=1 May 2013|newspaper=Business Green|date=8 April 2013))</ref> By 2016, the company had managed to secure £30((nbsp))million funding for the project from a combination of the [[European Regional Development Fund]], [[Cornwall Council]] and private investors, thus financing the UK's first commercial hot rocks power scheme. In 2019, the company had finished drilling the two geothermal wells; the production well to a depth of ((cvt|5275|m)) and the injection well to ((cvt|2393|m)). The hot water reaches ((cvt|250|C)), and can yield around 60((nbsp))MW of heat and 10((nbsp))MW electrical energy. In 2021, the power plant is expected to be commissioned.<ref>((cite news|last=Corbley|first=Andy|title=UK Debuts Geothermal Plant Using Heat From the Earth to Power 10,000 Homes|url=https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/cornwall-site-of-the-uks-first-geothermal-power-plant/|access-date=12 Jan 2021|newspaper=Good News Network|date=8 Jan 2021))</ref><ref>((cite web|title=United Downs Deep Geothermal Power Project|url=https://geothermalengineering.co.uk/united-downs/|access-date=12 Jan 2021))</ref>

====Newcastle University====
[[Newcastle University]] Science Central Borehole Project, at ((Convert|1800|m|abbr=on)) is the deepest geothermal well drilled for nearly 30((nbsp))years.<ref>((cite web|title=Science Central Borehole Project |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sustainability/initiatives/Borehole.htm |publisher=Newcastle Institute for Research on Sustainability |access-date=1 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401104909/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/sustainability/initiatives/Borehole.htm |archive-date=1 April 2013 |df=dmy ))</ref><ref>((cite web|title=BritGeothermal|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/energy/geothermal/britGeothermal.html|publisher=British Geological Survey|access-date=1 May 2013))</ref> built on the former [[Newcastle Brown Ale#Tyne Brewery.2C Newcastle|Tyne Brewery]] in the city. The temperature profile of ((convert|3.9|C-change|abbr=on)) per 100((nbsp))m is higher than that found in Weardale.<ref>((cite web |title=Hotter than hoped! |url=http://blogs.journallive.co.uk/journalblogcentral/2011/11/hotter-than-hoped.html#more |publisher=Prof. Paul Younger Blog |access-date=1 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415204848/http://blogs.journallive.co.uk/journalblogcentral/2011/11/hotter-than-hoped.html#more |archive-date=15 April 2012 |df=dmy ))</ref> The project failed as flow rates of hot water from the borehole were not great enough to be exploitable, leaving the development to be heated by conventional sources.<ref>((cite news|last1=Proctor|first1=Kate|title=Giant 2km borehole project fails to bring hot water to Newcastle businesses|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/giant-2km-borehole-project-fails-8189518|access-date=29 October 2015|publisher=chroniclelive|date=28 November 2014))</ref>

==Potential==
A report for the [[Renewable Energy Association]] prepared by the engineering consultants [[Sinclair Knight Merz]] in 2012 identified the following key findings:<ref>((cite web|title=Deep geothermal resource has potential to produce up to 20% of UK electricity and heat for millions|url=http://www.r-e-a.net/news/deep-geothermal-resource-has-potential-to-produce-up-to-20-of-uk-electricity-and-heat-for-millions|publisher=Renewable Energy Association|access-date=1 May 2013))</ref>
*The resource is widely spread around the UK with 'hotspots' in Cornwall, Weardale, Lake District, East Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Cheshire, Worcester, Dorset, Hampshire, Northern Ireland and Scotland;
*Cost reduction potential is exceptionally high;
*Deep geothermal resources could provide 9.5((nbsp))GW of baseload renewable electricity – equivalent to nearly nine nuclear power stations – which could generate 20% of the UK's current annual electricity consumption;
*Deep geothermal resources could provide over 100((nbsp))GW of heat, which could supply sufficient heat to meet the space heating demand in the UK;
*Despite this significant potential, the UK support regime is uncompetitive with other European countries.

===Memorandum of understanding with the Icelandic Government===
On 30 May 2012, the UK government signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Icelandic government on a number of energy issues, including supporting the development of deep geothermal energy in the UK.<ref name="gov.uk" />
*To exchange information on the development of the deep geothermal sector in the UK, including in the supply of heat to district heating networks;
*To explore the possibility of developing electricity interconnection between Iceland and the UK, including relevant legal and regulatory issues;

==See also==
((Portal|Energy|Renewable energy))
*[[Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom]]
*[[Ground source heat pumps]]
*[[Earth warming tubes]]
*[[Renewable energy]]
*[[Geological Society of London|The Geological Society]]
*[[Geothermal gradient|Geothermal (geology)]]
*[[Renewable energy in the United Kingdom]]
*[[Wind power in the United Kingdom]]
*[[Solar power in the United Kingdom]]
*[[Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom]]
*[[List of renewable energy topics by country]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*[http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/template.cfm?name=geoevents_abstracts&eventId=PG20&abstractId=cwcc_ab24 The Geological Society: Low enthalpy geothermal options for the UK]((Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20051024212901/http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/photos/cwcc/rollin4.jpg The Geological Society: Map of geothermal potential in England and Wales]
*[http://www.therenewableenergycentre.co.uk/ground-and-air-source-heating/ Geothermal Power Generation in the UK]
*[http://www.stop-global-warming.co.uk/geothermal.htm Geothermal Implications in the UK by Gresham Clacy, Geophysicist]
*[http://iahs.info/redbooks/a154/iahs_154_04_0012.pdf EVALUATION OF THE PERMO-TRIASSIC SANDSTONES OF THE UK AS GEOTHERMAL AQUIFERS]
*[http://www.groundwateruk.org/downloads/4%20Busby.pdf  Deep Geothermal Energy and Groundwater in the UK, Jon Busby BGS]
*[http://b-dig.iie.org.mx/BibDig/P10-0464/pdf/1638.pdf Geothermal Prospects in the United Kingdom, Jon Busby BGS]((Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))
*[http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/publications/doc2/EN/SOUTH_EN.PDF Geothermal Energy District heating scheme Southampton, Energie-Cités in collaboration with the City of Southampton]
*[http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-environment/energy/Geothermal/ Southampton City Council Geothermal and CHP scheme]
*[https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/POST-PB-0046/POST-PB-0046.pdf POSTbrief 46 Geothermal energy UK Parliament]

((Energy in the United Kingdom|sources))
((Geothermal power))
((Renewable energy by country))
((Europe topic |Geothermal energy in))

((DEFAULTSORT:Geothermal Power In The United Kingdom))
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