Image 1Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System with all three towers under load during February 2014, with the Clark Mountain Range seen in the distance (from Solar power)

Image 2Europe (from Solar power)

Image 3Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity; lower green line is realized production. (from Geothermal power)

Image 4Cooling towers at a geothermal power plant in Larderello, Italy

Image 5The warming influence (called radiative forcing) of long-lived greenhouse gases has increased substantially in the last 40 years, with carbon dioxide and methane being the dominant drivers of global warming. (from Natural gas)

Image 6Example of energy policy decisions: The goal of the Southern Gas Corridor, which connects the giant Shah Deniz gas field in Azerbaijan to Europe, is to reduce Europe's dependency on Russian gas. (from Energy policy)

Image 7Sulphur (from Oil refinery)

Image 8Neste Oil refinery in Porvoo, Finland (from Oil refinery)

Image 9Olkiluoto 3 under construction in 2009. It was the first EPR, a modernized PWR design, to start construction. (from Nuclear power)

Image 10Merowe Dam in Sudan. Hydroelectric power stations that use dams submerge large areas of land due to the requirement of a reservoir. These changes to land color or albedo, alongside certain projects that concurrently submerge rainforests, can in these specific cases result in the global warming impact, or equivalent life-cycle greenhouse gases of hydroelectricity projects, to potentially exceed that of coal power stations. (from Hydroelectricity)

Image 11Natural gas extraction by countries in cubic meters per year around 2013 (from Natural gas)

Image 12Oil refinery in Iran (from Oil refinery)

Image 13Electricity production by source (from Solar power)

Image 14The Calder Hall nuclear power station in the United Kingdom, the world's first commercial nuclear power station. (from Nuclear power)

Image 15Natural gas processing plant in Aderklaa, Lower Austria (from Natural gas)

Image 16Storage tanks and towers at Shell Puget Sound Refinery (Shell Oil Company), Anacortes, Washington (from Oil refinery)

Image 17Construction of the Salt Tanks which provide efficient thermal energy storage so that output can be provided after sunset, and output can be scheduled to meet demand requirements. The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is designed to provide six hours of energy storage. This allows the plant to generate about 38% of its rated capacity over the course of a year. (from Solar power)

Image 18The guided-missile cruiser USS Monterey (CG 61) receives fuel at sea (FAS) from the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George Washington (CVN 73). (from Nuclear power)

Image 19Museum Hydroelectric power plant "Under the Town" in Užice, Serbia, built in 1900. (from Hydroelectricity)

Image 20Baton Rouge Refinery (the fifth-largest in the United States) (from Oil refinery)

Image 21Death rates from air pollution and accidents related to energy production, measured in deaths in the past per terawatt hours (TWh) (from Nuclear power)

Image 22Trends in the top five natural gas-producing countries (US EIA data) (from Natural gas)

Image 23The location of shale gas compared to other types of gas deposits (from Natural gas)

Image 24Schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system (from Solar power)

Image 25Anti-nuclear protest near nuclear waste disposal centre at Gorleben in northern Germany (from Nuclear power)

Image 26Schematic of the ITER tokamak under construction in France (from Nuclear power)

Image 27Sample of diesel fuel (from Oil refinery)

Image 28Nuclear waste flasks generated by the United States during the Cold War are stored underground at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico. The facility is seen as a potential demonstration for storing spent fuel from civilian reactors. (from Nuclear power)

Image 29The oil refinery in Haifa, Israel, is capable of processing about 9 million tons (66 million barrels) of crude oil a year. Its two cooling towers are landmarks of the city's skyline. (from Oil refinery)

Image 30Utility cycling infrastructure, such as this bike lane in Vancouver, encourages sustainable transport. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 31Trends in the top five geothermal electricity-generating countries, 1980–2012 (US EIA) (from Geothermal power)

Image 32Measurement of the tailrace and forebay rates at the Limestone Generating Station in Manitoba, Canada. (from Hydroelectricity)

Image 33Schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit as used in petroleum crude oil refineries (from Oil refinery)

Image 34Part of the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) parabolic trough solar complex in northern San Bernardino County, California (from Solar power)

Image 35Russia was a key oil and gas supplier to Europe (map from 2013). This changed with the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. (from Energy policy)

Image 36Electrified transport and renewable energy are key areas of investment for the renewable energy transition. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 37Natural gas drilling rig in Texas, US (from Natural gas)

Image 38For cooking, electric induction stoves are one of the most energy-efficient and safest options. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 39Sample of crude oil (petroleum) (from Oil refinery)

Image 40Part of the Senftenberg Solarpark, a solar photovoltaic power plant located on former open-pit mining areas close to the city of Senftenberg, in Eastern Germany. The 78 MW Phase 1 of the plant was completed within three months. (from Solar power)

Image 41Polyethylene plastic main being placed in a trench (from Natural gas)

Image 42The town of Pripyat abandoned since 1986, with the Chernobyl plant and the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement arch in the distance (from Nuclear power)

Image 43World map showing where people without access to electricity lived in 2016⁠—mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent (from Sustainable energy)

Image 44Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electricity supply technologies, median values calculated by IPCC (from Nuclear power)

Image 45A parabolic collector concentrates sunlight onto a tube in its focal point. (from Solar power)

Image 46Thomas Young - the first to use the term "energy" in the modern sense, in 1802. (from History of energy)

Image 47The growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale since 1996 (from Solar power)

Image 48Greenhouse gas emissions per energy source. Solar power is one of the sources with the least greenhouse gas emissions. (from Solar power)

Image 49South America (from Solar power)

Image 50Fire-extinguishing operations after the Texas City Refinery explosion (from Oil refinery)

Image 51Cylinders of liquified petroleum gas (from Oil refinery)

Image 52Seasonal cycle of capacity factors for wind and photovoltaics in Europe under idealized assumptions. The figure illustrates the balancing effects of wind and solar energy at the seasonal scale (Kaspar et al., 2019). (from Solar power)

Image 53Grangemouth Refinery, in Scotland (from Oil refinery)

Image 54Jamnagar Refinery, the world's largest oil refinery located in Gujarat, India (from Oil refinery)

Image 55The evolution of solar power production by region (from Solar power)

Image 56Countries by natural gas proven reserves (2014), based on data from The World Factbook (from Natural gas)

Image 57The nuclear fuel cycle begins when uranium is mined, enriched, and manufactured into nuclear fuel (1), which is delivered to a nuclear power plant. After use, the spent fuel is delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or to a final repository (3). In nuclear reprocessing 95% of spent fuel can potentially be recycled to be returned to use in a power plant (4). (from Nuclear power)

Image 58Reactor decay heat as a fraction of full power after the reactor shutdown, using two different correlations. To remove the decay heat, reactors need cooling after the shutdown of the fission reactions. A loss of the ability to remove decay heat caused the Fukushima accident. (from Nuclear power)

Image 59The first light bulbs ever lit by electricity generated by nuclear power at EBR-1 at Argonne National Laboratory-West, December 20, 1951. (from Nuclear power)

Image 60Natural gas burning on a gas stove (from Natural gas)

Image 61Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant (from Natural gas)

Image 62Bloomberg NEF reported that in 2022, global energy transition investment equaled fossil fuels investment for the first time. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 63Sample of gasoline (from Oil refinery)

Image 64The status of nuclear power globally (click for legend) (from Nuclear power)

Image 65A sugarcane plantation to produce ethanol in Brazil (from Sustainable energy)

Image 66A micro-hydro facility in Vietnam (from Hydroelectricity)

Image 67Refinery of Slovnaft in Bratislava (from Oil refinery)

Image 68Net metering, unlike a feed-in tariff, requires only one meter, but it must be bi-directional. (from Solar power)

Image 69The Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant in Switzerland (from Nuclear power)

Image 70Nuclear fuel assemblies being inspected before entering a pressurized water reactor in the United States (from Nuclear power)

Image 71The outdoor section of a heat pump. In contrast to oil and gas boilers, they use electricity and are highly efficient. As such, electrification of heating can significantly reduce emissions. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 72Enhanced geothermal system 1:Reservoir 2:Pump house 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine hall 5:Production well 6:Injection well 7:Hot water to district heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation well 10:Crystalline bedrock (from Geothermal power)

Image 73Buildings in the Solar Settlement at Schlierberg, Germany, produce more energy than they consume. They incorporate rooftop solar panels and are built for maximum energy efficiency. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 74Since 1985, the proportion of electricity generated from low-carbon sources has increased only slightly. Advances in deploying renewables have been mostly offset by declining shares of nuclear power. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 75Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractions at the top of the fractionating column have lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom. The heavy bottom fractions are often cracked into lighter, more useful products. All of the fractions are processed further in other refining units. (from Oil refinery)

Image 76A gas bill from Baltimore, Maryland, 1834, for manufactured coal gas, before the introduction of ground-extracted methane gas. (from Natural gas)

Image 77Passive cooling features, such as these windcatcher towers in Iran, bring cool air into buildings without any use of energy. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 78Refinery, Bayport Industrial Complex, Harris County, Texas (from Oil refinery)

Image 79Sample of kerosene (from Oil refinery)

Image 80Global energy usage is highly unequal. High income countries such as the United States and Canada use 100 times as much energy per capita as some of the least developed countries in Africa. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 81A Washington, D.C. Metrobus, which runs on natural gas (from Natural gas)

Image 82The share of electricity production from solar, 2022 (from Solar power)

Image 83North America (from Solar power)

Image 84Cracks at the historic Town Hall of Staufen im Breisgau presumed due to damage from geothermal drilling (from Geothermal power)

Image 85A geothermal power station in Negros Oriental, Philippines (from Geothermal power)

Image 86Most waste packaging, small-scale experimental fuel recycling chemistry and radiopharmaceutical refinement is conducted within remote-handled hot cells. (from Nuclear power)

Image 87The Ikata Nuclear Power Plant, a pressurized water reactor that cools by utilizing a secondary coolant heat exchanger with a large body of water, an alternative cooling approach to large cooling towers (from Nuclear power)

Image 88US Natural Gas Marketed Production 1900 to 2012 (US EIA data) (from Natural gas)

Image 89Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the world's worst nuclear accident since 1986, 50,000 households were displaced after radiation leaked into the air, soil and sea. Radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish. (from Nuclear power)

Image 90A pipeline odorant injection station (from Natural gas)

Image 91Battery storage facility

Image 92United States and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2006. The Megatons to Megawatts Program was the main driving force behind the sharp reduction in the quantity of nuclear weapons worldwide since the cold war ended. (from Nuclear power)

Image 93Comparison of natural gas prices in Japan, United Kingdom, and United States, 2007–2011 (from Natural gas)

Image 94Growth of worldwide nuclear power generation (from Nuclear power)

Image 95Share of electricity production from hydropower, 2022 (from Hydroelectricity)

Image 96Wind turbines in Xinjiang, China

Image 97Kenyan dairy farmer lighting a biogas lamp. Biogas produced from biomass is a renewable energy source that can be burned for cooking or light. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 98Africa and Middle East (from Solar power)

Image 99The Hoover Dam in the United States is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility, with an installed capacity of 2,080 MW. (from Hydroelectricity)

Image 100Guri Dam, a hydroelectric dam in Venezuela (from Sustainable energy)

Image 101The Three Gorges Dam in Central China is the world's largest power-producing facility of any kind. (from Hydroelectricity)

Image 102Proportions of the isotopes uranium-238 (blue) and uranium-235 (red) found in natural uranium and in enriched uranium for different applications. Light water reactors use 3–5% enriched uranium, while CANDU reactors work with natural uranium. (from Nuclear power)

Image 103Geothermal power center in the Usulután Department, El Salvador (from Geothermal power)

Image 104Installed geothermal energy capacity, 2022 (from Geothermal power)

Image 105The Warwick Castle water-powered generator house, used for the generation of electricity for the castle from 1894 until 1940 (from Hydroelectricity)

Image 106A breakdown of the products made from a typical barrel of US oil (from Oil refinery)

Image 107Manhole for domestic gas supply, London, UK (from Natural gas)

Image 108A comparison of prices over time for energy from nuclear fission and from other sources. Over the presented time, thousands of wind turbines and similar were built on assembly lines in mass production resulting in an economy of scale. While nuclear remains bespoke, many first of their kind facilities added in the timeframe indicated and none are in serial production. Our World in Data notes that this cost is the global average, while the 2 projects that drove nuclear pricing upwards were in the US. The organization recognises that the median cost of the most exported and produced nuclear energy facility in the 2010s the South Korean APR1400, remained "constant", including in export.
LCOE is a measure of the average net present cost of electricity generation for a generating plant over its lifetime. As a metric, it remains controversial as the lifespan of units are not independent but manufacturer projections, not a demonstrated longevity. (from Nuclear power)

Image 109Activity of spent UOx fuel in comparison to the activity of natural uranium ore over time (from Nuclear power)

Image 110The multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG), used in several space missions such as the Curiosity Mars rover (from Nuclear power)

Image 111Pile of asphalt-covered aggregate for formation into asphalt concrete (from Oil refinery)

Image 112Actual annual deployments of solar PV vs predictions by the IEA for the period 2002–2016. Predictions have largely and consistently underestimated actual growth. (from Solar power)

Image 113Gas network emergency vehicle responding to a major fire in Kyiv, Ukraine (from Natural gas)

Image 114Typical composition of uranium dioxide fuel before and after approximately three years in the once-through nuclear fuel cycle of a LWR (from Nuclear power)

Image 115The launching ceremony of the USS Nautilus January 1954. In 1958 it would become the first vessel to reach the North Pole. (from Nuclear power)

Image 116motor oil (from Oil refinery)

Image 117Several countries and the European Union have committed to dates for all new cars to be zero-emissions vehicles. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 118The Ffestiniog Power Station can generate 360 MW of electricity within 60 seconds of the demand arising. (from Hydroelectricity)

Image 119South and South-East Asia (from Solar power)

Image 120Share of electricity production from nuclear, 2022 (from Nuclear power)

Image 121Trends in the top five hydroelectricity-producing countries (from Hydroelectricity)

Image 122Construction close to high pressure gas transmission pipelines is discouraged, often with standing warning signs. (from Natural gas)

Image 123Burning of natural gas coming out of the ground (from Natural gas)

Image 124Dry cask storage vessels storing spent nuclear fuel assemblies (from Nuclear power)

Image 125Anacortes Refinery, on the north end of March Point southeast of Anacortes, Washington, United States (from Oil refinery)

Image 126A woman in rural Rajasthan, India, collects firewood. The use of wood and other polluting fuels for cooking causes millions of deaths each year from indoor and outdoor air pollution. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 127Australia (from Solar power)

Image 128Clean energy investment has benefited from post-pandemic economic recovery, a global energy crisis involving high fossil fuel prices, and growing policy support across various nations. (from Sustainable energy)

Image 129Peoples Gas Manlove Field natural gas storage area in Newcomb Township, Champaign County, Illinois. In the foreground (left) is one of the numerous wells for the underground storage area, with an LNG plant, and above-ground storage tanks are in the background (right). (from Natural gas)

Image 130The 120-MW_e Nesjavellir power station in southwest Iceland (from Geothermal power)

Image 131Pico hydroelectricity in Mondulkiri, Cambodia (from Hydroelectricity)

Image 132A photovoltaic power station in California, United States