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((Use dmy dates|date=April 2022))
((Short description|German politician, novelist and poet (1891–1958)))
((more citations needed|date=February 2013))
((Infobox officeholder
| name          = Johannes Becher
| image         = File:Fotothek df roe-neg 0006098 020 Rede von Johannes R. Becher.jpg
| caption       = Becher in Leipzig, 1951
| office1       = [[Council of Ministers of East Germany|Minister of Culture of the German Democratic Republic]]
| term_start1   = 1954
| term_end1     = 1958
| predecessor1  = 
| successor1    = [[Alexander Abusch]]
| office2       = President of the [[Academy of Arts, Berlin|Academy of Arts of the German Democratic Republic]]
| term_start2   = 1953
| term_end2     = 1956
| predecessor2  = [[Arnold Zweig]]
| successor2    = [[Otto Nagel]]
| birth_date    = ((Birth date|1891|05|22))
| birth_place   = [[Munich]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date    = ((Death date and age|1958|10|11|1891|05|22)) 
| death_place   = [[East Berlin]], [[German Democratic Republic]]
| resting_place = [[Dorotheenstadt Cemetery]], [[Berlin]]
| occupation    = 
| party         = [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]] (1946-) <br> [[Communist Party of Germany]] (1919-1920 and 1923-1946) <br> [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (1917-1918)
| alma_mater    = 
| awards        = [[Lenin Peace Prize|Stalin Peace Prize]] (1953)
))

[[File:Fotothek df roe-neg 0006098 020 Rede von Johannes R. Becher.jpg|thumb|Becher in Leipzig, 1951]]
'''Johannes Robert Becher''' (((IPA-de|jo.ˈha.nəs ˈɛʁ ˈbɛ.çɐ|pron|De-Johannes R. Becher.ogg)), 22 May 1891 – 11 October 1958) was a German [[politician]], [[novelist]], and [[poet]]. He was affiliated with the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD) before World War II. At one time, he was part of the literary avant-garde, writing in an expressionist style.

With the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, modernist artistic movements were suppressed. Becher escaped from a military raid in 1933 and settled in Paris for a couple of years. He migrated to the Soviet Union in 1935 with the central committee of the KPD. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Becher and other German communists were evacuated to internal exile in [[Tashkent]].

He returned to favor in 1942 and was recalled to Moscow. After the end of World War II, Becher left the Soviet Union and returned to Germany, settling in the Soviet-occupied zone that later became [[East Berlin]]. As a member of the KPD, he was appointed to various cultural and political positions and became part of the leadership of the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|Socialist Unity Party]]. In 1949, he helped found the DDR [[Academy of Arts, Berlin]], and served as its president from 1953 to 1956. In 1953 he was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize (later the [[Lenin Peace Prize]]). He was the culture minister of the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR) from 1954 to 1958.

==Early life==
Johannes R. Becher was born in Munich in 1891, the son of [[Judge]] Heinrich Becher<ref name=":0">((Cite web|url=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/johannes-becher|title=Johannes R. Becher|last=Harders|first=Levke|date=14 September 2014|website=dhm.de|access-date=1 August 2019))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.literaturportal-bayern.de/autorinnen-autoren?task=lpbauthor.default&pnd=118507931|title=Johannes R. Becher|last=Czoik|first=Dr. Peter|website=literaturportal-bayern.de|access-date=1 August 2019))</ref> and his wife Johanna, née Bürck.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4hcix_vXD4C&q=Johanna+Becher+nee+B%C3%BCrck&pg=PA746|title=Das Tagebuch 1880-1937|last=Kessler|first=Graf Harry|date=2004|publisher=Cotta|isbn=978-3-7681-9816-5|language=de))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.lernhelfer.de/schuelerlexikon/deutsch-abitur/artikel/johannes-r-becher|title=Johannes R. Becher in Deutsch ((!)) Schülerlexikon ((!)) Lernhelfer|website=www.lernhelfer.de|language=de|access-date=1 August 2019))</ref> He attended local schools.

In April 1910, Becher and Fanny Fuss, a young woman he had encountered in January of that year, planned a joint suicide; Becher shot them both, killing her and wounding himself severely.<ref name="shirer">[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlanggerman/3/ Robert K. Shirer, "Johannes R. Becher 1891–1958"], ''Encyclopedia of German Literature,'' Chicago and London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000, by permission at Digital Commons, University of Nebraska, accessed 3 February 2013</ref> His father succeeded in quashing the case of killing on demand. Becher was certified insane.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/news/kultur-und-medien/Der-Mann-mit-den-vielen-Gesichtern-article3262067.html|title=Johannes R. Becher - Der Mann mit den vielen Gesichtern|date=23 May 2016|website=General-Anzeiger Bonn|language=de|access-date=1 August 2019))</ref> His early poetry was filled with struggling to come to terms with this event.<ref name="shirer"/><ref>((Cite journal|last=Henrike Leonhardt|first=Bayerischer Rundfunk|date=22 May 2016|title=Johannes R. Becher: Zum 125. Geburtstag|url=https://www.br.de/radio/bayern2/sendungen/land-und-leute/johannes-r-becher-leonhardt100.html|language=de))</ref>

From 1911 he studied [[medicine]] and [[philosophy]] in college in [[Munich]] and [[Jena]].<ref name=":0" /> He left his studies and became an [[expressionist]] writer, his first works appearing in 1913. An injury from his suicide attempt made him unfit for military service/ and he became addicted to morphine, which he struggled with for the rest of the decade.<ref name="shirer"/>

==Political activity in Germany==
He was also engaged in many [[communist]] [[organisation]]s, joining the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany]] in 1917, then went over to the [[Spartacist League]] in 1918 from which emerged the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD). In 1920 he left the KPD, disappointed with the failure of the [[German Revolution]], and embraced religion. In 1923, he returned to the KPD and very actively worked within the party.<ref name=Braun2013>((cite magazine|title=Kunst im Dienst der Partei |trans-title=Fine Arts serving the Party |language=German |first=Matthias |last=Braun |magazine=[[Damals]] |pages=10–13 |year=2013 |volume=45 |issue=4))</ref>

His art entered an expressionist period, from which he would later dissociate himself. He was part of ''((ill|Die Kugel|de|Die Kugel))'', an artistic group based in [[Magdeburg]]. During this time, his work was published in the magazines ''Verfall und Triumph'', ''[[Die Aktion]]'' (The Action) and ''Die neue Kunst''.

In 1925 government reaction against his anti-war novel, ''(CHCI=CH)<small>3</small>As (Levisite) oder Der einzig gerechte Krieg,'' resulted in his being indicted for "''literarischer Hochverrat''" or "literary high treason". It was not until 1928 that this law was amended.

That year, Becher became a founding member of the KPD-aligned [[Association of Proletarian-Revolutionary Authors]] (Bund proletarisch-revolutionärer Schriftsteller), serving as its first chairman<ref name=Braun2013/> and co-editor of its magazine, ''Die Linkskurve''. From 1932 Becher became a publisher of the newspaper, ''Die Rote Fahne''. In the same year, he was elected to the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]], representing the KPD.

==Fleeing from Nazis==
After the [[Reichstag fire]], Becher was placed on the Nazi [[blacklist]], but he escaped from a large [[Raid (military)|raid]] in the Berlin artist colony near Breitenbachplatz in [[Wilmersdorf]]. By 15 March 1933, he, with the support of the secretary of the Association of Proletarian-Revolutionary Authors, traveled to the home of Willy Harzheim. After staying briefly in [[Brno]], he moved to [[Prague]] after some weeks.

He traveled on to [[Zurich]] and [[Paris]], where he lived for a time as part of the large émigré community. There his portrait was done by the Hungarian artist, [[Lajos Tihanyi]], whom he befriended.<ref name="majoros">[http://frc.sagepub.com/content/11/33/387.full.pdf+html Valerie Majoros, "Lajos Tihanyi and his friends in the Paris of the nineteen-thirties"], ''French Cultural Studies'', 2000, Vol. 11:387, Sage Publications, accessed 30 January 2013</ref>

Finally, in 1935 Becher emigrated to the [[USSR]] as did other members of the central committee of the KPD. In [[Moscow]] he became editor-in-chief of the German émigré magazine, ''Internationale Literatur-Deutsche Blätter.'' He was selected as a member of the Central Committee of the KPD. Soon Becher was caught up in the midst of the [[Great Purge]]. In 1935 he was accused of links with [[Leon Trotsky]]. Becher tried to save himself by “informing” on other writers' alleged political misdemeanors.((citation needed|date=February 2013)) From 1936, he was forbidden to leave the USSR. During this period, he struggled with depression and tried several times to commit [[suicide]].<ref name="shirer"/>

The [[Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union|Molotov&ndash;Ribbentrop Pact]] of 1939 horrified German communists. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the government evacuated the German communists to internal exile. Becher was evacuated to [[Tashkent]], as were most of the communist émigrés.<ref name="shirer"/> It became the center of evacuation for hundreds of thousands of Russians and Ukrainians from the war zones, and the government relocated industry here to preserve some capacity from the Germans.

During his time in Tashkent, he befriended [[Georg Lukács]], the Hungarian philosopher and literary critic, who was also evacuated there.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=P7XeUlhTabEC Georg Lukács, translated by Jeremy Gaines and Paul Keast, ''German Realists in the Nineteenth Century''], ed. Rodney Livingstone, MIT Press, 2000, p. xv</ref> They intensively studied 18th- and 19th-century literature together, after which Becher turned from modernism to [[Socialist Realism]].((citation needed|date=February 2013))

Becher was recalled to Moscow by 1942.<ref name="shirer"/> In 1943, he became one of the founders of the [[National Committee for a Free Germany]].

==Return to East Germany==
After the Second World War, Becher returned to Germany with a KPD team, where he settled in the Soviet zone of occupation.<ref name="shirer"/> There he was appointed to various cultural-political positions. He took part in the establishment of the [[Cultural Association of the DDR|Cultural Association]], to "revive German culture," and founded the [[Aufbau-Verlag]] publishing house and the literature magazine, ''[[Sinn und Form]]''.<ref name="shirer"/> He also contributed to the satirical magazine, ''[[Ulenspiegel]]''.

In 1946, Becher was selected for the Party Executive Committee and the Central Committee of the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|Socialist Unity Party]]. After the establishment of the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR) on 7 October 1949, he became a member of the [[Volkskammer]]. He also wrote the lyrics to [[Hanns Eisler]]'s melody "[[Auferstanden aus Ruinen]]," which became the national anthem of the GDR.<ref name=Braun2013/>

That year, he helped establish the DDR [[Academy of Arts, Berlin]].  He served as its president from 1953 to 1956, succeeding [[Arnold Zweig]]. In January 1953 he received the Stalin Peace Prize (later renamed the [[Lenin Peace Prize]]) in Moscow.<ref name="shirer"/>

In [[Leipzig]] in 1955, the [[German Institute for Literature]] was founded and originally named in Becher's honor. The institute's purpose was to train socialist writers. Institute graduates include [[Erich Loest]], [[Volker Braun]], [[Sarah Kirsch (poet)|Sarah Kirsch]] and [[Rainer Kirsch]].

From 1954 to 1958, Becher served as [[Ministerrat|Minister of Culture of the GDR]]. During the [[Khrushchev Thaw]], Becher fell out of favor. Internal struggles of the party eventually led to his political demotion in 1956.<ref name=Braun2013/>

Late in his life, Becher began to renounce socialism. His book ''Das poetische Prinzip'' (The Poetic Principle) wherein he calls socialism the fundamental error of his life ["Grundirrtum meines Lebens"] was only published in 1988.<ref name=Braun2013/>
[[File:Johannes R Becher grave.jpg|thumb|Becher's grave in Berlin]]
The following year, in declining health, Becher gave up all his offices and functions in September 1958. He died of [[cancer]] on 11 October 1958 in the [[East Berlin]] government hospital. Becher was buried at the [[Dorotheenstadt cemetery]] in central Berlin, with his gravesite designated as a ''grave of honor'' (((lang-de|[[Ehrengrab]]))) of Berlin. Becher lived at [[Majakowskiring]] 34, [[Pankow]], [[East Berlin]].

==Legacy and honours==
The party praised Becher after his death as the "greatest German poet in recent history". However, his work was criticised by younger East German authors, such as [[Katja Lange-Müller]], as backward.<ref name=Braun2013/>

Official awards and honours include the following:
*1953 Stalin Peace Prize (later renamed the [[Lenin Peace Prize]])
*The [[German Institute for Literature|Institut für Literatur Johannes R. Becher]] was founded in 1955 in Leipzig and named in his honor.

==Works==
((div col))
* ''Der Ringende. Kleist-Hymne.'' (1911)
* ''Erde'', novel (1912)
* ''De profundis domine'' (1913)
* ''Der Idiot'' (1913)
* ''Verfall und Triumph'' (1914)
** ''Erster Teil'', Poetry
** ''Zweiter Teil. Versuche in Prosa.''
* ''Verbrüderung'', Poetry (1916)
* ''An Europa'', Poetry (1916)
* ''Päan gegen die Zeit'', Poetry (1918)
* ''Die heilige Schar'', Poetry (1918)
* ''Das neue Gedicht. Auswahl (1912–1918)'', Poetry (1918)
* ''Gedichte um Lotte'' (1919)
* ''Gedichte für ein Volk'' (1919)
* ''An alle!'', Poetry (1919)
* ''Zion'', Poetry (1920)
* ''Ewig im Aufruhr'' (1920)
* ''Mensch, steh auf!'' (1920)
* ''Um Gott'' (1921)
* ''Der Gestorbene'' (1921)
* ''Arbeiter, Bauern, Soldaten. Entwurf zu einem revolutionären Kampfdrama.'' (1921)
* ''Verklärung'' (1922)
* ''Vernichtung'' (1923)
* ''Drei Hymnen'' (1923)
* ''Vorwärts, du rote Front! Prosastücke.'' (1924)
* ''Hymnen'' (1924)
* ''Am Grabe Lenins'' (1924)
* ''Roter Marsch. Der Leichnam auf dem Thron/Der Bombenflieger'' (1925)
* ''Maschinenrhythmen'', Poetry (1926)
* ''Der Bankier reitet über das Schlachtfeld'', Narrative (1926)
* ''Levisite oder Der einzig gerechte Krieg'', Novel (1926)
* ''Die hungrige Stadt'', Poetry (1927)
* ''Im Schatten der Berge'', Poetry (1928)
* ''Ein Mensch unserer Zeit: Gesammelte Gedichte'', Poetry (1929)
* ''Graue Kolonnen: 24 neue Gedichte'' (1930)
* ''Der große Plan. Epos des sozialistischen Aufbaus.'' (1931)
* ''Der Mann, der in der Reihe geht. Neue Gedichte und Balladen.'', Poetry (1932)
* ''Der Mann, der in der Reihe geht. Neue Gedichte und Balladen.'', Poetry (1932)
* ''Neue Gedichte'' (1933)
* ''Mord im Lager Hohenstein. Berichte aus dem Dritten Reich.'' (1933)
* ''Es wird Zeit'' (1933)
* ''Deutscher Totentanz 1933'' (1933)
* ''An die Wand zu kleben'', Poetry (1933)
* ''Deutschland. Ein Lied vom Köpferollen und von den „nützlichen Gliedern“'' (1934)
* ''Der verwandelte Platz. Erzählungen und Gedichte'', Narrative and Poetry (1934)
* ''Der verwandelte Platz. Erzählungen und Gedichte'', Narrative and Poetry (1934)
* ''Das Dritte Reich'', Poetry illustrated by [[Heinrich Vogeler]] (1934)
* ''Der Mann, der alles glaubte'', Poetry (1935)
* ''Der Glücksucher und die sieben Lasten. Ein hohes Lied.'' (1938)
* ''Gewißheit des Siegs und Sicht auf große Tage. Gesammelte Sonette 1935–1938.'' (1939)
* ''Wiedergeburt'', Poetry (1940)
* ''Die sieben Jahre. Fünfundzwanzig ausgewählte Gedichte aus den Jahren 1933–1940.'' (1940)
* ''Abschied. Einer deutschen Tragödie erster Teil, 1900–1914.'', Novel (1940)
* ''Deutschland ruft'', Poetry (1942)
* ''Deutsche Sendung. Ein Ruf an die deutsche Nation.'' (1943_
* ''Dank an Stalingrad'', Poetry (1943)
* ''Die Hohe Warte Deutschland-Dichtung'', Poetry (1944)
* ''Dichtung. Auswahl aus den Jahren 1939–1943.'' (1944)
* ''Das Sonett'' (1945)
* ''Romane in Versen'' (1946)
* ''Heimkehr. Neue Gedichte.'', Poetry (1946)
* ''Erziehung zur Freiheit. Gedanken und Betrachtungen.'' (1946)
* ''Deutsches Bekenntnis. 5 Reden zu Deutschlands Erneuerung.'' (1945)
* ''Das Führerbild. Ein deutsches Spiel in fünf Teilen.'' (1946)
* ''Wiedergeburt. Buch der Sonette.'' (1947)
* ''Lob des Schwabenlandes. Schwaben in meinem Gedicht.'' (1947)
* ''Volk im Dunkel wandelnd'' (1948)
* ''Die Asche brennt auf meiner Brust'' (1948)
* ''Neue deutsche Volkslieder'' (1950)
* ''Glück der Ferne – leuchtend nah. Neue Gedichte'', Poetry (1951)
* ''Auf andere Art so große Hoffnung. Tagebuch 1950.'' (1951)
* ''Verteidigung der Poesie. Vom Neuen in der Literatur.'' (1952)
* ''Schöne deutsche Heimat'' (1952)
* ''Winterschlacht (Schlacht um Moskau). Eine deutsche Tragödie in 5 Akten mit einem Vorspiel.'' (1953)
* ''Der Weg nach Füssen'', Play (1953)
* ''Zum Tode J. W. Stalins'' (1953)
* ''Wir, unsere Zeit, das zwanzigste Jahrhundert'' (1956)
* ''Das poetische Prinzip'' (1957)
* ''Schritt der Jahrhundertmitte. Neue Dichtungen'', Poetry (1958)
((div col end))

==References==
((reflist))

== External links ==
* ((Gutenberg author | id=38841))
* ((Internet Archive author |sname=Johannes Robert Becher))
* [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlanggerman/3/ Robert K. Shirer, "Johannes R. Becher 1891–1958"], ''Encyclopedia of German Literature,'' Chicago and London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000, by permission at Digital Commons, University of Nebraska
((commons))
((portalbar|East Germany))
((German literature))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Becher, Johannes R.))
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Munich]]
[[Category:Politicians from the Kingdom of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Writers from the Kingdom of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Independent Social Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of Germany politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany]]
[[Category:Government ministers of East Germany]]
[[Category:Members of the Provisional Volkskammer]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st Volkskammer]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd Volkskammer]]
[[Category:Cultural Association of the GDR members]]
[[Category:National Committee for a Free Germany members]]
[[Category:20th-century German novelists]]
[[Category:German Communist writers]]
[[Category:German Communist poets]]
[[Category:East German poets]]
[[Category:East German writers]]
[[Category:German Expressionist writers]]
[[Category:German male novelists]]
[[Category:German-language poets]]
[[Category:German poets]]
[[Category:National anthem writers]]
[[Category:Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Stalin Peace Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver]]
[[Category:German magazine founders]]

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Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Commons link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Detect singular (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find country (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Gutenberg (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166/data/National (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Internet Archive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/e (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_R._Becher"