Juncigenaceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes.^[3] They are saprobic to intertidal wood, within mangroveforests and other herbaceous wood and roots, bark, leaves in various marine habitats.^[4]

Genera

It contains the following genera (with amount of species);^[3][5]

• Elbamycella (1, Elbamycella rosea A. Poli, E. Bovio, V. Prigione & G.C. Varese (2019)
• Fulvocentrum (3 species - Fulvocentrum aegyptiacum, Fulvocentrum clavatisporum and Fulvocentrum rubrum^[6]
• Juncigena (2 species - Juncigena adarca^[7] and Juncigena fruticosae)
• Khaleijomyces (2 species - Khaleijomyces marinus^[8] and Khaleijomyces umikazeanus)
• Marinokulati (1 species - Marinokulati chaetosa)^[9]
• Moheitospora (1 species - Moheitospora fruticosae)

Juncigenaceae E.B.G. Jones, Abdel-Wahab & K.L. Pang, Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 133 (2014) MycoBank number: MB 808177; Index Fungorum number: IF 808177; Facesoffungi number: FoF 01665; 8 species. Type genus – Juncigena Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss.

History

In an attempt to clarify the phylogeny of the genera Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. and Torpedospora Meyers, Sakayaroj et al. (2005) recognised a distinct lineage of marine Ascomycota within the class Sordariomycetes,^[10] that was then named TBM (Torpedospora/Bertia/Melanospora) clade (Schoch et al. 2007).^[11] Following a re-evaluation of the marine fungi affiliated to the TBM clade, together with the terrestrial genus Falcocladium, new families were introduced to accommodate its four subclades: Juncigenaceae, Etheirophoraceae, Falcocladiaceae, and Torpedosporaceae, which all belonging to the order Torpedosporales (Jones et al. 2014; Abdel-Wahab et al. 2018).^[8] Based on phylogeny and morphological data, Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) introduced the order Falcocladiales (Falcocladiaceae) under the class Sordariomycetes.^[12][4]

Family Juncigenaceae was typified by genus Juncigena by Jones et al. (2014) and included the genera Fulvocentrum, Marinokulati and Moheitospora. They formed a phylogenetically stable monophyletic clade in a LSU and SSU based phylogeny. Juncigenaceae is sister to Etheirophoraceae, Falcocladiaceae and Torpedosporaceae in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae. Jones et al. (2014) introduced Fulvocentrum to accommodate species Fulvocentrum aegyptiacum and Fulvocentrum clavatisporium,^[13] which were previously introduced under Swampomyces sensu stricto. Likewise, the marine ascomycete species Chaetosphaeria chaetosa did not group in Chaetosphaeria sensu stricto (Chaetosphaeriales) and was transferred to a new genus Marinokulati (Jones et al. 2014).^[13] Then in Jones et al. (2014), Juncigenaceae was placed in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae, order incertae sedis.^[13] This alteration was supported by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015).^[12] Jones et al. (2015) also placed Etheirophoraceae, Juncigenaceae and Torpedosporaceae in order Torpedosporales.^[1] Abdel-Wahab et al. (2018) introduced Khaleijomyces as sister genus to genus Juncigena,^[8] and added species Fulvocentrum rubrum,^[6] Poli et al. then introduced genus Elbamycella as a separate lineage in Juncigenaceae in 2019.^[4] From 2 unidentified Sordariomycetes that were isolated from the seagrass species Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile (Panno et al. 2013),^[14] and from the brown alga Padina pavonica (L.) Thivy (Garzoli et al. 2018).^[15] Then in 2019, a phylogenetic and morphological study of the two strains that turn out to represent a new genus within the family Juncigenaceae, which was Elbamycella.^[4]

Ecologically, the described Juncigenaceae are a fungal species having a marine origin. They had all been retrieved from driftwood in the intertidal zone of salt marshes (Kohlmeyer et al. 1997;^[2] Jones et al. 2014).^[13] The new species of Elbamycella was found for the first time underwater, in association with the seagrass Posidonia oceanica and also the brown alga Padina pavonica, two different organisms that were sampled in close proximity. This could be related to a means of successful spore dispersal; indeed polar appendages are known to facilitate floatation and attachment (Overy et al. 2019).^[16][4]

Description

Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, globose, subglobose, ovoid to pyriform, immersed, erumpent to superficial, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, olivaceous-brown, brown to dark–brown to black, hyaline to yellow-orange to reddish-brown, ostiolate, periphysate, papillate or hyaline to apricot coloured long neck surrounded by dense brown, septate hyphae. Peridium comprising several cell layers of ellipsoidal to subglobose cells forming textura angularis, textura epidermoidea or both, or textura prismatica or textura globulosa. Paraphyses numerous, narrow, branched or unbranched, persistent, connected to the apex and base of the peridium or catenophyses. Asci 8–spored, unitunicate, thin–walled, persistent, clavate, cymbiform, cylindrical to fusiform, short pedicellate, with or without apical ring. Ascospores 1-3 seriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal, clavate to fusiform, unicellular, or 1–4–septate, with or without equatorial and polar or subpolar appendages. Asexual morph: hyphomycetous. Hyphae septate, branched, hyaline to brown. Conidiogenous cells non–specialized, short, lateral, solitary, helicoid, septate, and light to dark brown. Conidia brown, single, helicoid, septate, constricted at the septa (adapted from Abdel- Wahab et al. 2010,^[8] Jones et al. 2014,^[13] Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015,^[12] Poli et al. 2019).^[4]

Distribution

It has a scattered cosmopolitan distribution within marine environments.^[17] This includes the Mediterranean Sea.^[4] Including the Arabian Sea,^[8] the Red Sea,^[6]

For example, Marinokulati chaetosa is found in Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Spain, UK and the USA.^[18] While Juncigena adarca is only found on the senescent leaves (decaying) of Juncus roemerianus,^[19][20] on the Atlantic coast (U.S.A.: North Carolina).^[21]