Konitsa (Greek: Κόνιτσα, see also names in other languages) is a town of Ioannina in Epirus, Greece. It is located north of the capital Ioannina and near the Albanianborder. Konitsa lies northeast of a group of villages known as the Zagorochoria. The town was built amphitheatrically-shaped on a mountain slope of the Pindos mountain range from where it overlooks the valley where the river Aoos meets the river Voidomatis.
Konitsa acts as a regional hub for several small villages of Pindos, and features many shops, schools and a general hospital. Primary aspects of the economy are agriculture and tourism; it is a popular starting point for tourists and hikers who want to explore the Pindos mountains, or who want to go rafting in the river Aoos or parapenting. Due to Konitsa's closeness to places of particular interest, such as the Vikos–Aoös National Park, which includes the Vikos Gorge, the Aoos Gorge and the Tymfi mountains, where the Vikos spring water brand is collected, the Dragonlakes of Tymfi and Smolikas and the sulfur baths of Kavasila, contributed to the increase of tourism in the region.
Name
The town itself is known in Greek as Kónitsa (Κόνιτσα), the villages surrounding it are often known as the Konitsochoria, meaning "the villages of Konitsa". The town is known in Bulgarian as Коница (Konitsa), Albanian as Konicë,[2] in Aromanian as Cunitsã, and in Turkish as Koniçe.
There are two main theories regarding the etymology of the name. The first states that the city takes its name from an ancient Epirote city named Knossos, which was located near modern-day Konitsa. According to this theory, the name is a corruption: Knossos -> Konissos -> Konissa -> Konitsa.[3] The other theory states that the name is Slavic, from Koni (horse) and Tza (land), meaning horseland.[3] According to a third theory, the name comes from a local lord named Konis who allegedly built a castle in the city.[3]
History
During the Middle Bronze Age (2100–1900 BC) the region of Konitsa was inhabited by Proto-Greek populations. Latter in classical antiquity, the area was part of the territory of the Molossians. At the time of the reign of Pyrrhus of Epirus (297–272 BC) a number of forts existed in strategically important positions.[4]
The town of Konitsa is recorded for the first time under its modern name in the Chronicle of Ioannina of 1380. The chronicle mentioned that the defences of the castle of Konitsa were strengthened by the local Despot of Epirus, due to an imminent attack.[5] In 15th century Konitsa came under Ottoman rule and became part of the Sanjak of Ioannina.[6][7] The town was the administrative centre of a kaza (Ottoman district) which according to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82 had a total population of 16.570, consisting of 15.838 Orthodox Greeks, 1.429 Muslims and 3 Jews.[2][8]
During the Ottoman period some local Greek landowners converted to Islam to preserve their holdings. These converts formed a powerful and influential group in the area, living in the upper part of Konitsa alongside the Christians.[9] The upper part of Konitsa is the oldest and most populated part of the Konitsa region, while the lower part is the newest and least populated.[10] While Christians were a majority in the upper part of Konitsa, the lower part of Konitsa had a Muslim majority, consisting mostly of Muslim Albanian refugees from nearby settlements and regions like Leskovik, Kolonjë and Frashër (today located in Albania) who became agricultural laborers. Some of the local Greek elites had been Islamised there in order to preserve their social status.[9][11] The native Muslim and Christian population exclusively spoke Greek in the two neighborhoods of the town.[12][2] A Greek school was operating already from the end of the 18th century under Georgios Mostras, student of Balanos Vasilopoulos. Greek education was flourishing and in 1906 the kaza of Konitsa had 31 schools and 1,036 pupils.[13] The functioning of the school was interrupted during the turbulent times of Ali Pasha's rule, however soon after it reopened following the initiative of Kosmas Thesprotos, a student of Athanasios Psalidas.[13] During the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830) a Greek national identity was evident among local Muslims too.[14] During the 19th century until the early 20th century (late Ottoman period), the tekke of Konitsa, similarly to other Albanian Bektashi tekkes, was a covert center of culture, learning and tolerance, but also Albanian national activism against the Ottoman Empire.[15] In that period some Konitsa residents developed a national consciousness resulting in individuals such as Faik Konitza and Mehmet Konica becoming important figures in the Albanian national movement.[16] Apart from a small number of Albanian families, the local Muslim community had Greek as its mother tongue. Albanian speech was limited to the local Ottoman officials.[17] On the other hand, the local Greek population displayed tolerance towards actions by the Albanians that did not reveal chauvinist inclinations.[18] In c. 1856 the town had a Muslim majority population of 62% and was mainly Greek-speaking, while the kaza had a Christian majority.[2] During the late 19th century Konitsa had a population of 7,000 of whom 4,000 were Christians and 3,000 Muslims.[19]
In 1924 Konitsa was a small town that consisted of a total of 800 dwellings, 200 of which were considered Albanian or Turkish.[20] As a result of the population exchange agreement of 1923 between Greece and Turkey, roughly two-thirds of Konitsa's Muslims, were considered "Turks by origin" and left for Turkey in 1925.[21][2] Another part moved to Albania.[22] They were replaced with around 1,000 Greeks from Cappadocia.[2][23]
In early November 1940, during World War II, the town witnessed a first short-term occupation by units from Fascist Italy. The occupation units that entered Konitsa consisted of approximately 150 Muslim Albanians and 12 Italian soldiers, under the guidance of an Italian officer. They perpetrated lootings and broke into shops. In November 14, with the withdrawal of the Italians from the area, they proceeded to arrests and kidnappings of the local population.[24]
In the following Greek Civil War (1946–1949) the surrounding region became a major battleground, while in December 1947 communist guerrilla units unsuccessfully tried to capture the town.[25] Almost all buildings inhabited by Muslim Albanians in Konitsa were destroyed during World War II warfare.[26] The communists guerrillas had the opportunity to withdraw and regroup to the People's Republic of Albania and then launch repeated attacks against Konitsa, but were decisively defeated by the Greek army.[27] During the 1950s the Muslim population numbered around 70 families and they further decreased over time to a few families due to conversions to Christianity or migration to their Muslim correligionists in Greek Thrace, in both cases for marriage.[2][16]
The present municipality Konitsa was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in brackets):[28]
The Konitsa municipality has an area of 951.184 km2, the Konitsa municipal unit has an area of 542.516 km2, and the Konitsa community has an area of 54.506 km2.[29]
Province
The province of Konitsa (Greek: Επαρχία Κόνιτσας) was one of the provinces of the Ioannina Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present municipality.[30] It was abolished in 2006.
^ abcdefgPusceddu, Antonio Maria (2013). "Local Brothers, National Enemies: Representations of Religious Otherness in Post-Ottoman Epirus (Greece)." Oriente Moderno. 93. (2): 605. "A confirmation of Muslim majority in local society can be found in the statistics presented by Panayōtis Aravantinos, who published a well-known book on Epirus in 1856, largely based on Ottoman statistics, in which out of 579 "households" (oikoi), 360 were "Turkish", that is the 62% of the population."; p. 606, "The town was the administrative seat of a kaza inhabited mainly by Christians. The Muslims of Konitsa were largely Greek-speaking, a rather unusual fact, given that the Muslim population of Epirus was predominately Albanian-speaking." p. 607. "The dividing line between the mostly Greek-speaking region of Konitsa and the mostly Albanian-speaking region of Leskovik and Karamouratia was supposed to roughly correspond to the Vjosa river valley between the two regions."; p. 608. "As elsewhere in Greece, the main event that reduced considerably the local Muslim community was the compulsory exchange of populations with Turkey, that led to the departure of about 2/3 of the local Muslims, replaced with about a thousand refugees from Cappadocia... (Konicë, with stress on 'iʼ, is the Albanian form for Konitsa)."; p. 609. "As far as the border remained open it allowed connections and marriage exchanges with the nearby coreligionist Albanian population, whereas after its closure during the Cold War period, the Muslims of Konitsa felt in isolation, deprived of their place of worship and religious activity. During the 1950s around seventy families were still living there, a number that has gradually decreased so far, partly as a consequence of religious conversions (one of the few workable options for getting married), partly as a consequence of late departures to Eastern Thrace, where resides the only Muslim minority recognized by the Greek state, the other workable option for getting married."
^ abcVlachos, Koliva, 2013 p. 2 "Για το όνομα Κόνιτσα έχουν διατυπωθεί διάφορες απόψεις και εικασίες. Ο ιστοριογράφος της Ηπείρου, Π. Αραβαντινός, υποθέτει ότι αυτό προήλθε από την ονομασία αρχαίας Ηπειρώτικης πόλης που λεγόταν Κνωσσός, με παραφθορά : Κνωσσός = Κονισσός = Κόνισσα = Κόνιτσα. Ο Πουκεβίλ και άλλοι θεωρούν την προέλευση της ονομασίας σλαβική. «Κόνι» στα σλαβικά = άλογο και «τζα» είναι ο τόπος. Συνεπώς Κόνι + τζα = Κόνιτζα = Κόνιτσα (αλογότοπος). Λίγο πιο πάνω από το εκκλησάκι της Αγίας Βαρβάρας στην Κόνιτσα υπάρχουν τα ερείπια ενός κάστρου το οποίο ιδρύθηκε από κάποιον άρχοντα με το όνομα Κόνις. Έτσι, σύμφωνα με μια άλλη εικασία, η πόλη πήρε το όνομά της από τον άρχοντα αυτό."
^Vlachos, Koliva, 2013, p. 2: "Η σύγχρονη επιστήμη έχει καταλήξει στο ότι μεταξύ των ετών 2200/2100 και 1900 π.Χ. ο κύριος όγκος των Πρωτοελλήνων... των τριών μεγάλων φρουρίων πού περιέβαλαν τον κάμπο της (Μεσογέφυρας. Ρεϋνίκου και Κόνιτσας).
^Vlachos, Koliva, 2013, p. 3: "Με τη σημερινή της ονομασία η Κόνιτσα αναφέρεται για πρώτη φορά μεταξύ άλλων πόλεων κατά τον Π. Αραβαντινό από παράδοση στο «Χρονικό των Ιωαννίνων»... αρνησίθρησκου τοπάρχη Ισαήμ από το Λεσκοβίκι.
^ abVlachos, Koliva, 2013, p. 6. "Ο πληθυσμός της πόλης ήταν συγκεντρωμένος σε δύο συνοικίες την περίοδο της Τουρκοκρατίας. Στην Πάνω Κόνιτσα, που αποκαλούνταν και Βαρόσι. (οι κάτοικοί της Βαροσλήδες) με πλειοψηφία το χριστιανικό στοιχείο, και στην Κάτω Κόνιτσα, που πλειοψηφούσε το μουσουλμανικό στοιχείο. Το μουσουλμανικό αυτό στοιχείο αποτελούνταν από πρόσφυγες Αρβανίτες, κατά κύριο λόγο εργάτες γης (τσιφτσήδες), που προέρχονταν από την Καραμουρατιά, Λέσκοβίκο, Κολώνια, Φράσερη κλπ». Στην Πάνω Κόνιτσα, εκτός από το χριστιανικό πληθυσμό κατοικούσαν και μεγάλες και ισχυρές οικογένειες μουσουλμάνων. Οι οικογένειες αυτές προέρχονταν από εξισλαμισθέντες ντόπιους κυρίως φεουδάρχες – τιμαριούχους. Έλληνες που αναγκάστηκαν να αρνηθούν τη θρησκεία τους, για να σώσουν τις μεγάλες περιουσίες τους (τσιφλίκια)... [The population was concentrated in two districts of the Ottoman period. In upper Konitsa, who was also called Varosi. (Its inhabitants Varoslides) by a majority of the Christians, and lower Konitsa, who were in the majority Muslim element. The Muslim element consisted of Albanian refugees, mainly agricultural laborers (Chiftchi), sourced from Karamuratia, Leskovik, Kolonjë, Frashër etc. In Upper Konitsa, apart from the Christian population there lived large and powerful Muslim families. These families came from islamised locals mainly feudal – timar holders. Greeks who were forced to renounce their religion to save their fortunes...]".
^Δανδουλάκη Μ., (2008), H Διακινδύνευση Σεισμικής Καταστροφής ως Βάση Λήψης Αποφάσεων Αντισεισμικής Προστασίας: Κόνιτσα 1996, 3o Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο Αντισεισμικής Μηχανικής & Τεχνικής Σεισμολογίας. p. 7 "Η Πάνω Κόνιτσα είναι το παλιότερο και πιο πυκνοδομημένο τμήμα του οικισμού, με πολλά παραδοσιακά κτίρια, αρκετά από αυτά χαρακτηρισμένα ως διατηρητέα. Η Κάτω Κόνιτσα αποτελεί το νεώτερο τμήμα του οικισμού."
^Nitsiakos, Basilēs G.; Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010). On the Border: Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries Along the Albanian-Greek Frontier. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 40. ISBN9783643107930. The ethnic and cultural mosaic of the wider area was so composite, it was impossible to mark down the border in a way that would yield a clear distinction between Albanians and Greeks... The difficulty, as is well known, was not created only by the fact that populations were mixed even within the same areas and villages (i.e. Konitsa and Leskovik)
^Vlachos, Koliva, 2013, p. 26: Ο πληθυσμός της πόλης ήταν συγκεντρωμένος σε δύο συνοικίες την περίοδο της Τουρκοκρατίας.... Όλοι αυτοί χρησιμοποιούσαν για γλώσσα τους την Ελληνική (αποκλειστικά)... Η ομιλούμενη γλώσσα στην Κόνιτσα (Πάνω και Κάτω Κόνιτσα) ποτέ δεν έπαψε να είναι Ελληνική.
^ abNitsiakos, Vassilis (2010). On the border: Transborder mobility, ethnic groups and boundaries along the Albanian-Greek frontier. LIT Verlag. pp. 40–41. "The example of several Albanian-speaking Muslims in Konitsa is typical and was expressed in the most meaningful war, when, during the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey, after 1923, they had to declare their national identification so that their fortune was decided. In a way, all Muslims were considered Turks and, consequently, were to go to Turkey, but part of the Konitsa Muslims developed a national consciousness (the brothers Faik and Mehmet Bey Konitza, leading figures of the Albanian national movement are a characteristic example), while some seemed not to have developed a particular national consciousness and defined themselves simply as Muslims from Konitsa, which is why they faced a serious problem when they were called to declare their nationality. p. 57. There was only a problem with the Muslims, but this was also solved, with the exchange of populations after 1923, when most of those who remained after the liberation of Epirus departed as well and the few ones left gradually decreased in number, so that after World War II there were only a few Muslim families in Konitsa, some of whom are still there today."
^Vakalopoulos, Kōnstantinos Apostolou (2003). Historia tēs Ēpeirou: apo tis arches tēs Othōmanokratias hōs tis meres mas (in Greek). Hērodotos. p. 554. ISBN9789607290977. Οι μουσουλμάνοι Κονιτσιώτες εκτός από λιγοστές αλβανικές οικογένειες, είχαν ως μητρική τους γλώσσα την ελληνική όπως και οι Τουρκογιαννιώτες. Στην πόλη της Κόνιτσας μόνο οι Οθωμανοί υπάλληλοι μιλούσαν την αλβανική γλώσσα.
^Lambros Baltsiotis (2011). The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece: The grounds for the expulsion of a “non-existent” minority community. European Journal of Turkish Studies. "According to a basically common legal process, a few hundred more individuals, Muslims, living mostly in urban centers declared themselves to be of "Albanian origin" and some others obtained Albanian nationality and thus avoided their inclusion in the exchange process. On the other hand the (Muslim) population of… small towns of Konitsa... were considered "Turks by origin" and were included in the exchange of the populations."
^Vlachos, Koliva, 2013, p. 6: "Από τον μουσουλμανικό πληθυσμό της Κόνιτσας ένα μέρος του υποχρεώθηκε να φύγει προς την Τουρκία με την ανταλλαγή των πληθυσμών το 1925, ένα μέρος του πέρασε στην σημερινή Αλβανία ..."
^Foss, Arthur (1978).Epirus. Faber. ISBN9780571104888. p. 112. "The inhabitants were originally refugees from Asia Minor, transplanted here after the disastrous Greek defeat in 1922. They are mainly farmers with holdings close by in the Plain of Konitsa.
^Chant, Christopher (1988). Warfare of the 20th century : armed conflict outside the two World Wars. Secaucus, N.J.: Chartwell Books. p. 177. ISBN9781555212339. 1 January 1948 the Greek army relieved Konitsa, the important garrison close to the Albanian border that had long been under siege. The DSE forces fell back into Albania, regrouped and launched another offensive against Konitsa on 25 January, but were decisively beaten.
_-_01.jpg)
