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((Short description|Unit of length))
((Refimprove|date=November 2016))
[[File:NMAH DC - IMG 8738.JPG|thumb|right|350px|A [[Gunter's chain]] showing the individual links]]
The '''link''' (usually abbreviated as "l.", "li." or "lnk."), sometimes called a '''Gunter’s link''', is a [[Physical unit|unit]] of [[length]] formerly used in many English-speaking countries. In [[United States customary units|US customary units]] modern definition, the link is exactly ((Frac|66|100)) of a [[Foot (unit)#United States survey foot|US survey foot]],<ref>Holloway, Thomas (1881). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tTYDAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22The+land+chain%22&pg=PA22 ''The practical surveyor'']. Horace Cox. London. p.4. Retrieved May 31, 2013.</ref> or exactly 7.92 [[inch]]es or approximately 20.12 cm.

The unit is based on [[Gunter's chain]], a metal [[Chain (unit)|chain]] 66 feet long with 100 links, that was formerly used in land [[surveying]]. Even after the original tool was replaced by later instruments of higher precision, the unit was commonly used throughout the English-speaking world, for example in the United States customary units and the [[Imperial system]]. The length of the foot, and hence the link, varied slightly from place to place and time to time. In modern times the difference between the US [[survey foot]] and the international foot is two parts per million. The link fell out of general use in the 20th century.

== Proportions to other customary units ==
:Twenty-five links make a [[rod (length)|rod]], pole or perch (16.5&nbsp;feet).
: One hundred links make a [[chain (unit)|chain]].
: One thousand links make a [[furlong]].
: Eight thousand links make a [[mile]].

:{|
|-
|1 link&nbsp;||≡&nbsp;
|align=right|0.01||[[chain (unit)|chain]]
|-
|||≡
|align=right|0.04||[[rod (length)|rod]]
|-
|||≡
|align=right|0.66||[[foot_(unit)|foot]]
|-
|||≡
|align=right|0.22||[[yard]]
|-
|||≡
|align=right|7.92||[[inch]]es
|}

== History ==

[[Edmund Gunter]] designed and introduced the [[Gunter's chain]] in England in 1620. By correlating traditional English land measurements with the new decimal number system (which had just replaced Roman numerals), it combined ease and flexibility in taking surveying measurements in the field with ease of calculating results afterward. It rapidly gained acceptance in English surveying practice, which also began to adopt the tool's chain and link lengths as units of measure within the [[English system|English system of units]]. As English dominions grew over time, its system of measures came to be used in many parts of the world.

When the American colonies broke their ties with Great Britain in 1776, they needed to establish a system of units that fell under their own political authority.((Citation needed|date=June 2013)) While they adopted many of the British units, the length of the yard (which determined all other units of length) was by necessity governed by the length of a physical artifact. The one in American possession was slightly different in actual length from the British one, due to imprecision of manufacture.((Citation needed|date=June 2013)) It was of only minor significance at the time.

In 1824, Great Britain officially reformed their system of units in [[Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom|legislation]] that established what came to be known as the [[Imperial system]], but the standard of the yard remained the length of the artifact. The last replacement imperial artifact was made in bronze in 1845, and the most accurate measurement ever made of its length (much later) was 0.914 398 416 meters. In the U.S., the [[Mendenhall Order]] of 1893 tied the length of the U.S. yard to the meter, with the equivalence 39.37 inches = 1 meter, or approximately 0.914 401 828 803 658 meters per yard. In 1959, the [[international yard and pound]] agreement established the "international" yard length of 0.9144 meters, upon which both the customary U.S. and imperial units of length have since been based.

Even so, the Mendenhall Order length of the yard continues in use even in 2013 in the United States as the basis for the [[survey foot]]. The prior [[North American Datum|land survey data for North America]] of 1927 (NAD27) had been based on the survey foot, and a new [[triangulation]] based on the metric system (NAD83) was not released until 1986. Since that time, the State Plane Coordinate Systems (SPCSs) established by the U.S. Geodetic Survey have been based in [[SI]] units in all states. But a few states have established by law that they must remain available in survey feet as well.

In October 2019, the [[U.S. National Geodetic Survey]] and the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] announced their joint intent to retire the U.S. survey foot, with effect from the end of 2022. The link in U.S. Customary units is thereafter defined based on the International 1959 foot.<ref>((cite web |title=NGS and NIST to Retire U.S. Survey Foot after 2022 |url=https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/us-survey-foot.shtml |publisher=National Geodetic Survey |accessdate=4 March 2020 |date=31 October 2019))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=U.S. Survey Foot: Revised Unit Conversion Factors |url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/us-surveyfoot/revised-unit-conversion-factors |publisher=NIST |accessdate=4 March 2020 |date=16 October 2019))</ref>

==Absolute length==

In many measurement systems based on former [[English units]], the link has remained fixed at 0.66 feet, therefore 0.22 yards or 7.92 inches; it is the absolute length of the yard that has varied.  A rare remaining application of the link is in the service of some surveying in the United States, which relates to the definition of the survey foot.  During most of its useful life, a modern degree of precision in the link's measure was neither expected nor possible.

With various definitions, 1 link is equal to:

* exact 201.168 mm (based on the International 1959 foot)
* approximate 201.167 652 [[millimetre|mm]] (based on the per-1959 imperial foot)
* approximate 201.168 402 mm (based on the U.S. survey foot)

==See also==
* [[Edmund Gunter]]

==References==
((Reflist))

((United States Customary Units))

((DEFAULTSORT:Link (Unit)))
[[Category:Units of length]]
[[Category:Customary units of measurement in the United States]]

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