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((Short description|National dance and music genre of Perú))
((about|the dance|the sauce|marinara))
((multiple issues|
((tone|date=June 2020))
((More citations needed|date=March 2021))
))
((Infobox music genre
| name              = Marinera
| stylistic_origins = ((Flatlist|
* [[Andean music|Andean]]
* [[candombe]]
* [[Milonga (music)|milonga]]
* [[Tango (flamenco)|tango flamenco]]
* [[Música criolla]]
* [[polka]]
* [[Waltz (music)|waltz]]
* [[payada]]
))
| cultural_origins  = [[Peru]], 1879–1894
| derivatives       = ((Flatlist|
* ''Marinera norteña''
* ''Marinera Trujillo'' 
* ''Caballo de paso''
))
| subgenres         = ((Flatlist|
* [[Peruvian paso]]
* [[Peru|Marinera norteño]]
* ''Marinera limeña''
))
| fusiongenres      = ((Flatlist|
* Criolla
* ''Cumbia''
))
| other_topics      = [[Peruvian music]]
| image             = Marinera dance with Peruvian Paso horse.jpg
| caption           = A couple dances the Peruvian marinera
| subgenrelist      = 
))((Culture of Peru))[[File:Marinera Norteña.jpg|thumbnail|250px|Marinera Norteña]]
'''Marinera''' is a [[partner dance]] that originated along the [[Coast|coastal regions]] of [[Peru]], using [[handkerchief]]s as props. The dance is a mix of [[Contradanza|Spanish contradanza]] and [[Zamacueca|Andean zamacueca]], and is a stylized reenactment of a [[courtship]], showing a blend of the [[Culture of Peru|different cultures of Peru]]. The dance has gained recognition throughout [[South America]] and is known as the most prominent [[Folk dance|traditional dance]] of Peru.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Simmons|first=Ozzie G.|date=1955|title=The Criollo Outlook in the Mestizo Culture of Coastal Peru|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=57|issue=1|pages=107–117|doi=10.1525/aa.1955.57.1.02a00110|jstor=665791|issn=0002-7294|doi-access=))</ref> The city of [[Trujillo, Peru|Trujillo]] has been recognized as the national birthplace of the marinera since 1986. The [[Trujillo Marinera Festival|Marinera Festival]], a cultural event dedicated to marinera held in Trujillo, although as of 2023 the festival has been held in the city of [[Lima]]. These annual competitions of the dance have taken place since 1960.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Coleman|first=Katherine|title=The Decadencia of a Spanish Co Lonial City: Trujillo, Peru, 1600-1784|date=1976|journal=Bulletin of the Society for Latin American Studies|issue=25|pages=39–62|jstor=45179624|issn=0308-1540))</ref> In 2012, the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of Peru]] observed nationally [[October 7]] as a [[List of minor secular observances|commemorative day]] for the marinera.<ref>((cite web|url=http://laindustria.pe/trujillo/local/trujillo-celebro-lo-grande-el-dia-nacional-de-la-marinera|title=(Spanish)Trujillo celebró a lo grande el Día Nacional de la Marinera|website=Laindustria.pe|access-date=October 8, 2012|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012000725/http://laindustria.pe/trujillo/local/trujillo-celebro-lo-grande-el-dia-nacional-de-la-marinera|archive-date=October 12, 2012|url-status=dead))</ref>

The dance is traditionally accompanied by several instruments: [[cajón]], [[clarinet]]s, [[guitar]]s, [[drum]]s, and [[Bugle (instrument)|bugle]]s.

==History==
[[File:Mamacona (1387)-1-.JPG|200px|thumb|Peruvian paso dancing marinera]]
The origins of the dance can be traced to [[Spanish people|Spanish]], [[Moorish]], [[Andean]], and [[Romani people|Gypsy]] rhythmic influences. Although the dance had informally been around in Peru since the [[Early modern period|colonial era]], it was formally recognized as "Marinera" in honor of the [[Peruvian Navy|Navy of Peru]], or the ''Marina de Guerra del Peru'' in 1879 during the [[War of the Pacific]].

According to the Peruvian historian Romulo Cuneo Vidal, the Zamacueca was itself a dance of rest during the era of the [[Inca Empire]]. Thus, coming from such a far natively Peruvian background, the dance is itself simply a derivation of an ancient Peruvian dance. Ancient pottery dating from the [[Pre-Columbian era]] called [[Huaco (pottery)|huacos]] depicted people resting in Zamacueca positions.

The first Marinera to be written in musical notation was La Concheperla composed by [[Abelardo Gamarra Rondó]] and José Alvarado, by [[Rosa Mercedes Ayarza de Morales]] in 1894...

==Creation theories==
===Peruvian proposal===
Peru claims that the dance is exclusively Peruvian.

According to Peruvian historian Rómulo Cúneo Vidal, the zamacueca was itself a dance of rest during the times of the Inca Empire and pre-Inca cultures, supporting the proposal that Marinera is native to Peru as a derivation of traditional dance, as depicted in some ancient [[Huaco (pottery)|huacos]] of people resting in Zamacueca positions.

===Hispanic proposal===
Ballroom dances of Europe's Viceroyalty are also a proposed origin for many Latin American dances, including the Marinera. The Hispanic proposal also suggests that European ballroom dances such as "Fandango" and "Cashuas" led to the creation of the Chilean '''Sajuriana''', the Venezuelan '''Zambo''', the Argentine '''Cielo Gaucho''', the Mexican '''Tas-be''', the Colombian '''Bambuco''', the Ecuadorian '''Amor Fino''', and the Peruvian '''Toro Mata'''.

==Varieties==
[[Image:MANTEQUILLA and ROY MASON 236x272.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Peruvian Paso'''.]]
Different schools and dancing styles of the Marinera exist, based on location. There are Marinera dance academies all over Peru, and competitions are frequently held. The most important competition is the National Competition of the Marinera (''Concurso Nacional de Marinera'') held during the National Festival of the Marinera (''Festival Nacional de Marinera''), held in [[Trujillo, Peru|Trujillo]], every January.

The three main variations are the Marinera Limeña, the Marinera Norteña, and the Marinera Serrana. Sometimes the Marinera is danced with her partner mounted on a [[Peruvian Paso]] (the horse dancing, and the chálan directing it).

===Marinera Limeña===
This Marinera is elegant and a little slow-paced in comparison to other variations. The dance can be interpreted in low or high tones. The Marinera of contrapunto or "canto de jarana" usually consists of three Marineras, Resbalosa (Slippery), and a succession of "fugas" (Escapes).

Nowadays, the Marinera Limeña seems to be becoming overshadowed by the Marinera Norteña, because of its popular qualities. Nevertheless, the dance still has a small number of fans that dance it during October fests or during the anniversary of [[Lima]].

===Marinera Norteña===
It acquired characteristics of the Marinera Limeña, and soon enough it became a new variation of the dance. The dance itself tends to be quick-paced and though not as "elegant" as the Limeña, it can also be very stylish. Even though the dance originated in the Northern coasts of the country, it has become quite popular throughout Peru.

It is thanks to that popularity that the Marinera is considered the '''National Dance of Peru''', along with the Peruvian Waltz.

In Marinera Norteña, the man wears shoes, while the woman dances completely [[barefoot]]. With constant practice women are even able to dance barefoot on extremely hot pavement and coarse, very rough surfaces, as the soles of their feet become well seasoned and toughened up, something they are really proud of.

The dancer must go to the dance floor wearing their best clothes but with bare feet, in the same way they did the rural northern girls of the nineteenth century.
Being forced to dance barefoot on any surface without showing any discomfort, professional dancers should practice enough to develop thick calluses on the soles of their feet."<ref>((cite web|url=http://trajestipicosdelperu.blogspot.com/2012_01_01_archive.html |title=TRAJES TIPICOS DEL PERU Traditional Peruvian Dresses: enero 2012 |website=Trajestipicosdelperu.blogspot.com |date=2011-12-12 |access-date=2017-01-07))</ref>

"The Marinera Norteña allows men to wear shoes, but women must dance barefoot, soon developing thick calluses on their feet, of which they are proud to show off."<ref>((cite web |url=http://event-carnival.com/peru/trujillo-marinera-festival |title=Trujillo Marinera Festival 2017, Peru Festival |publisher=Event Carnival |date=2016-01-20 |access-date=2017-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108003139/http://event-carnival.com/peru/trujillo-marinera-festival |archive-date=2017-01-08 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

"It was in Trujillo that female dancers started the whole tradition of going barefoot—some even pride themselves on being able to put out cigarettes on their callused soles."<ref>((cite web |url=http://worldtravellist.com/seduced-by-la-marinera-perus-national-dance/ |title=Seduced by La Marinera, Peru's National Dance |publisher=World Travel List |date=2015-07-03 |access-date=2017-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307092500/http://worldtravellist.com/seduced-by-la-marinera-perus-national-dance/ |archive-date=2018-03-07 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

Very often the Marinera Norteña presentations on open air are purposely scheduled at noon, when the pavement is hotter, because this motivates and encourages the barefoot female dancers to dance better and to conquer the Chalán and also because the public is astonished to see how the girls smile and enjoy as they burn the soles of their feet on the scorching hot ground.

Besides high skills and constant rehearsals, marinera also demands great physical effort and sacrifices from the dancers, who must exercise and have a proper diet.  In order to strengthen the soles of their feet it is known that many marinera dancer women train by walking barefoot in the street, going to different places as a part of their regular routine and in their spare time, becoming what's known as "barefooters".  The braver, more advanced female dancers are even able to walk barefoot on broken glass and to put cigarettes out on the tough soles of their feet, in order to make them stronger and to show others what they are capable of.  Men, on the other hand, have intense practice on "zapateo" and the different steps of the dance until they master them.  A marinera norteña dancer leaves aside social life, family reunions and resting hours in order to dedicate time to his/hers passion.

There's no "Marinera Dress".  Female dancers should wear the typical clothing of the towns where this marinera style is performed.  It's mandatory though that women dance barefoot.  It is unacceptable for them to wear sandals, canvas shoes, ballet slippers or any kind of footwear to perform this dance.

For the men it is typical to wear "chalan" clothing, with cotton [[poncho]] and wide straw hat.  In some places they wear a white drill suit.  Men wear black, glossy shoes.

===Marinera Serrana===

This Marinera is typical from the highland and mountain regions of Peru. It usually has a minor tone and is characterized by a slower movement. This marinera is also repeated twice, and then is followed by a "fuga de huayno". The second part is more sentimental than the first one.

==See also==

*[[Peruvian Paso]]
*[[Peruvian music]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
* [http://www.warddevleeschhouwer.org/#!chicha-morada/c237n Marinera y Tondero] for piano solo (Ward De Vleeschhouwer) composed by Ernesto López Mindreau. 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180321171208/http://lostroveroscriollos.com/video.php?contentID=237 Marinera limeña (dance)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203015603/http://www.lostroveroscriollos.com/video.php?contentID=239 Marinera limeña (dance)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101110215856/http://www.lostroveroscriollos.com/video.php?contentID=238 Marinera norteña (dance)]
* Video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oysG47Kdyvg "Ferreñafe y Tradición"] Marinera composed by Alejandro Segura Dávila
* Video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiKA7gCGxaA "Ferreñafe y Tradición"] Marinera (instrumental version) composed by Alejandro Segura Dávila. Additional information about the province of [[Ferreñafe]] in [[Lambayeque Region|Lambayeque]] in Peru
* Video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KLKFjmSqBg "Batuta y Gloria"] Marinera (instrumental version) composed by Alejandro Segura Dávila. Additional information about the Peruvian [[Pisco Sour]]
* Video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cG-PxQYn-4Q "Mi Cooperativa"] Marinera (instrumental version) composed by Alejandro Segura Dávila. Additional information about [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Peru-Cultura-Pop/105010736245427?sk=app_2392950137#!/pages/Peru-Cultura-Pop/105010736245427?sk=wall Perú Cultura Pop]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101108225434/http://www.peruvianmusic.org/marinera-%E2%80%93-peru%E2%80%99s-elegant-dance The Marinera – Peru’s Elegant Dance]
* [http://www.danzawasi.com BALLET FOLCLORICO DANZAWASI, DIFUSOR DE LA CULTURA PERUANA EN MÉXICO]
* [http://www.musicaperuana.com/english/historia.htm What is Marinera?]
* [http://www.musicaperuana.com/english/marineras.htm Marineras - MIDI Format]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232212/http://www.enjoyperu.com/peru_travel_tours_information/conozca_peru_magazine/enjoy_peru_articles/la_marinera_la_marinera.html Marinera - The Dance of Peru]
*((in lang|es)) [http://www.musicaperuana.com/ El Rincón Musical Peruano]
*((in lang|es)) [http://www.musicaperuana.com/espanol/historia.htm ¿Qué es la Marinera?]
*((in lang|es)) [http://www.musicaperuana.com/espanol/marineras.htm Marineras - Formato MIDI]
*((in lang|es)) [https://web.archive.org/web/20061126223715/http://www.boletindenewyork.com/origenmarinera.htm Origen de la Marinera]
*((in lang|es)) [https://web.archive.org/web/20100324155743/http://www.clublibertad.org.pe/ 47th annual Concurso Nacional de Marinera]
((Portal bar|Peru))((Dance))

[[Category:Peruvian dances]]
[[Category:Peruvian culture]]
[[Category:Latin American folk dances]]
[[Category:Partner dance]]
[[Category:Culture of Spain]]

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