Peanut oil

Peanut oil, also known as groundnut oil or arachis oil, is a vegetable oil derived from peanuts. The oil usually has a mild or neutral flavor[1] but, if made with roasted peanuts, has a stronger peanut flavor and aroma.[2][3] It is often used in American, Chinese, Indian, African and Southeast Asian cuisine, both for general cooking, and in the case of roasted oil, for added flavor. Peanut oil has a high smoke point relative to many other cooking oils, so it is commonly used for frying foods.

History

Due to war shortages of other oils, use of readily available peanut oil increased in the United States during World War II.[4]

Production

Country Production, 2018
(tonnes)
1  China 1,821,000
2  India 1,540,976
3  Nigeria 364,100
4  Myanmar 252,465
5  Sudan 177,800
6  Senegal 175,900
7  Guinea 110,000
8  Argentina 102,700
9  United States 97,000
10  Ghana 70,218
11  Chad 64,000
12  Brazil 63,600
Source : FAOSTAT


Uses

Unrefined peanut oil is used as a flavorant for dishes akin to sesame oil. Refined peanut oil is commonly used for frying volume batches of foods like French fries and has a smoke point of 450 °F/232 °C.[5]

Biodiesel

At the 1900 Paris Exhibition, the Otto Company, at the request of the French Government, demonstrated that peanut oil could be used as a source of fuel for the diesel engine; this was one of the earliest demonstrations of biodiesel technology.[6]

Other uses

Peanut oil, as with other vegetable oils, can be used to make soap by the process of saponification.[7] Peanut oil is safe for use as a massage oil.

Composition

Its major component fatty acids are oleic acid (46.8% as olein), linoleic acid (33.4% as linolein), and palmitic acid (10.0% as palmitin).[8] The oil also contains some stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid and other fatty acids.[9]

Nutritional content

Peanut oil
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy3,699 kJ (884 kcal)
0 g
100 g
Saturated17 g
Monounsaturated46 g
Polyunsaturated32 g
0 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin E
105%
15.7 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Zinc
0%
0.01 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Cholesterol0 mg
Selenium0.0 mcg
Fat percentage can vary.
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA FoodData Central

Peanut oil is 17% saturated fat, 46% monounsaturated fat, and 32% polyunsaturated fat (table).[8]

Properties of common cooking fats (per 100 g)
Type of fat Total fat (g) Saturated fat (g) Mono­unsaturated fat (g) Poly­unsaturated fat (g) Smoke point
Butter[10] 80–88 43–48 15–19 2–3 150 °C (302 °F)[11]
Canola oil[12] 100 6–7 62–64 24–26 205 °C (401 °F)[13][14]
Coconut oil[15] 99 83 6 2 177 °C (351 °F)
Corn oil[16] 100 13–14 27–29 52–54 230 °C (446 °F)[11]
Lard[17] 100 39 45 11 190 °C (374 °F)[11]
Peanut oil[18] 100 17 46 32 225 °C (437 °F)[11]
Olive oil[19] 100 13–19 59–74 6–16 190 °C (374 °F)[11]
Rice bran oil 100 25 38 37 250 °C (482 °F)[20]
Soybean oil[21] 100 15 22 57–58 257 °C (495 °F)[11]
Suet[22] 94 52 32 3 200 °C (392 °F)
Ghee[23] 99 62 29 4 204 °C (399 °F)
Sunflower oil[24] 100 10 20 66 225 °C (437 °F)[11]
Sunflower oil (high oleic) 100 12 84[13] 4[13]
Vegetable shortening [25] 100 25 41 28 165 °C (329 °F)[11]

Health issues

Toxins

If quality control is neglected, peanuts that contain the mold that produces highly toxic aflatoxin can end up contaminating the oil derived from them.[26]

Allergens

Those allergic to peanuts can consume highly refined peanut oil, but should avoid first-press, organic oil.[27] Most highly refined peanut oils remove the peanut allergens and have been shown to be safe for "the vast majority of peanut-allergic individuals".[28] However, cold-pressed peanut oils may not remove the allergens and thus could be highly dangerous to people with peanut allergy.[29]

Since the degree of processing for any particular product is often unclear, many believe that "avoidance is prudent".[30][31]

References

  1. ^ "Peanut Oil - Uses, Health Benefits & Nutrition".
  2. ^ Liu, Xiaojun; Jin, Qingzhe; Liu, Yuanfa; Huang, Jianhua; Wang, Xingguo; Mao, Wenyue; Wang, Shanshan (2011). "Changes in Volatile Compounds of Peanut Oil during the Roasting Process for Production of Aromatic Roasted Peanut Oil". Journal of Food Science. 76 (3): C404–12. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02073.x. PMID 21535807.
  3. ^ "USA-Grown Peanut Sources - Peanut Oil". National Peanut Board. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  4. ^ "The Peanut Situation" (Dec 12, 1942) The Billboard
  5. ^ The Smoke Point of Fats & Oils - TheSpruce.com
  6. ^ "Peanut Biodiesel". Boiled Peanut World. 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  7. ^ "Saponification Table Plus The Characteristics of Oils in Soap", Soap Making Resource
  8. ^ a b "USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference". Nutrient Data Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2011. Choose peanut oil and then "Oil, peanut, salad or cooking".
  9. ^ "Peanut Oil - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  10. ^ "Butter, stick, salted, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h The Culinary Institute of America (2011). The Professional Chef (9th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-42135-2. OCLC 707248142.
  12. ^ "Oil, canola, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  13. ^ a b c "Nutrient database, Release 25". United States Department of Agriculture.
  14. ^ Katragadda HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA (2010). "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils". Food Chemistry. 120: 59. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070.
  15. ^ "Oil, coconut, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  16. ^ "Oil, corn, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  17. ^ "Lard, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  18. ^ "Peanut oil, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  19. ^ "Oil, olive, extra virgin, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  20. ^ "Rice Bran Oil FAQ's". AlfaOne.ca. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  21. ^ "Oil, soybean, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  22. ^ "Beef, variety meats and by-products, suet, raw, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  23. ^ "Nutrition data for Butter oil, anhydrous (ghee) per 100 gram reference amount"". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  24. ^ "Sunflower oil, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  25. ^ "Shortening, vegetable, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  26. ^ "Aflatoxin suspected in cooking oil". United Press International. 29 December 2011.
  27. ^ Common Allergens - Peanut FARE (FoodAllergy.org)
  28. ^ Crevel, R.W.R; Kerkhoff, M.A.T; Koning, M.M.G (2000). "Allergenicity of refined vegetable oils". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 38 (4): 385–93. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00158-1. PMID 10722892.
  29. ^ Hourihane, J. O'B; Bedwani, S. J; Dean, T. P; Warner, J. O (1997). "Randomised, double blind, crossover challenge study of allergenicity of peanut oils in subjects allergic to peanuts". BMJ. 314 (7087): 1084–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7087.1084. PMC 2126478. PMID 9133891.
  30. ^ "Peanut Allergy". Food Allergy Initiative. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  31. ^ Carlson, Margaret (13 January 2012). "Deaths Show Schools Need Power of the EpiPen: Margaret Carlson". Bloomberg.

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