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((Short description|Health and strength training movement))
((more citations|date=November 2019))
((Other uses|Physical Culture (disambiguation)((!))Physical Culture))
((about|the fitness movement|the study of the physical aspects of cultures|Anthropology|and|Cultural anthropology|and|Social anthropology))

'''Physical culture''', also known as '''body culture''',<ref name="TBIA1">((Cite book|title=The Body in Asia|chapter=Body Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tXlArv_HPcC|first1=Bryan S.|last1=Turner|first2=Yangwen|last2=Zheng|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York, Oxford|date=2009|pages=24–25|language=en|isbn=9781845455507))</ref> is a [[health]] and [[strength training]] movement that originated during the 19th century in Germany,<ref name="TBIA1" /> the UK and the US.

==Origins==
((See also|Western physical culture#History))
The physical culture movement in the [[United States]] during the 19th century owed its origins to several cultural trends.<ref>Shelly McKenzie, ''Getting Physical: The Rise of Fitness Culture in America'' (University Press of Kansas; 2013)</ref>

In the United States, German immigrants after 1848 introduced a physical culture system based on gymnastics that became popular especially in colleges. Many local [[Turners|Turner]] clubs introduced physical education (PE) in the form of 'German gymnastics' into American colleges and public schools. The perception of Turner as 'non-American' prevented the 'German system' from becoming the dominating form. They were especially important mainly in the cities with a large [[German-American]] population, but their influence slowly spread.<ref>Gertrud Pfister, "The Role of German Turners in American Physical Education," ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' (2009) 26#13 pp 1893-1925.</ref>

By the late 19th century reformers worried that sedentary white collar workers were suffering from various "[[diseases of affluence]]" that were partially attributed to their increasingly sedentary lifestyles. In consequence, numerous exercise systems were developed, typically drawing from a range of [[Traditional Sports and Games|traditional folk games]], dances and sports, military training and [[medical]] [[calisthenics]].

Physical culture programs were promoted through the education system, particularly at [[military academies]], as well as via public and private [[gymnasiums]].

Industry began the production of various items of exercise-oriented [[sports equipment]]. During the early and mid-19th century, these printed works and items of apparatus generally addressed exercise as a form of remedial [[physical therapy]].

Certain items of equipment and types of exercise were common to several different physical culture systems, including exercises with [[Indian club]]s, [[medicine ball]]s, wooden or iron [[wand]]s and [[dumbbell]]s.

[[Combat sports]] such as [[fencing]], [[boxing]], [[savate]] and [[wrestling]] were also widely practiced in physical culture schools and were touted as forms of physical culture in their own right.

The [[Muscular Christianity]] movement of the late 19th century advocated a fusion of energetic Christian activism and rigorous physical culture training.

=="The Battle of the Systems"==

As physical culture became increasingly popular and profitable, there arose intense national and then international competition amongst the founders and/or promoters of various systems.  This rivalry became informally known as "the [[Battle of the Systems]]".  Both public gyms and educational institutions tended to take an [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] approach, whereas private physical culture [[Club (organization)|clubs]] and organizations often promoted particular exercise systems initially based on ethnocentric and cultural links.

Early private establishments were based on ethnic and cultural affiliation, such as the Turners and Sokol movements. These ethnocentric systems in America were centered on integration, and later stood apart from their origin countries, having very little contact with them by the time [[World War I]] emerged. Later outfits were based on preference to what each system offered as a matter of practicality, with some systems retaining in their names historical references to their geographic origin.

The [[Germany|German]] [[Turnverein]] movement promoted a system of what became known as "heavy [[gymnastics]]", meaning strenuous exercises performed with the use of elaborate equipment, such as [[pommel horse]]s, [[parallel bars]], and [[climbing]] structures. The Turnverein [[philosophy]] combined physical training with [[intellectual]] pursuits and with a strong emphasis upon German culture. Numerous events in modern competitive gymnastics originated in, or were popularized by the Turnverein system.

The [[Czech Sokol movement]] for physical culture was largely inspired by Turnverein.

By contrast with the German and Czech systems, the "Swedish System" founded by [[Pehr Henrik Ling]] promoted "light gymnastics", employing little, if any apparatus and focusing on [[calisthenics]], [[breathing]] and [[stretching]] exercises as well as [[massage]].

At the turn of the 20th century, bodybuilder and showman [[Eugen Sandow]]'s system, based upon [[weight training|weight lifting]], enjoyed considerable international popularity, while [[Edmond Desbonnet]] and [[George Hebert]] popularized their own systems within France and French-speaking countries.  [[Bernarr Macfadden]]'s system became especially popular within the United States, via the promotion carried out through his publishing empire, particularly its flagship magazine itself titled "Physical Culture." 

Other notable advocates of physical culture include [[Jørgen Peter Müller]] and [[Mary Bagot Stack]].<ref>Zweiniger‐Bargielowska, Ina. (2005). ''The Culture of the Abdomen: Obesity and Reducing in Britain, circa 1900–1939''. ''[[Journal of British Studies]]'' 44 (2): 239-273.</ref>

==Physical culture ("physie") in Australia==
A physical culture practice, informally known as "physie" (pronounced "fizzy") developed in Australia in the 19th century and continues to this day, especially for women. It combines elements of march, rhythmic gymnastics and dance, with a focus on good posture and is aimed at young girls and women, from pre-school age to seniors.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-23/exploring-sydneys-obsession-with-the-physical-culture-movement/6566726 |title=Exploring Sydney's Obsession with the Physical Culture Movement |author1=John Donegan |author2=Richard Glover |date=22 June 2015 |work=ABC Radio Sydney))</ref>

The original physie school<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/physie-the-underground-fusion-of-dance-and-sport-20150626-ghy9m5.html|title=Physie: the 'underground' fusion of dance and sport|first=Saffron|last=Howden|date=June 26, 2015|website=The Sydney Morning Herald))</ref> was the medical gymnasium Bjelke-Petersen Bros, founded in [[Hobart]] in 1892 by Hans Christian [[Bjelke-Petersen]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://physicalculture.com.au/history/ |title=The BJP Physie History |website=BJP Physie))</ref> It has been in continuous operation since that time, becoming the Bjelke-Petersen School of Physical Culture Ltd. in 2011.((cn|date=December 2022)). BJP is the largest association of physie within Australia.

In March 1934, a "physical culture demonstration" was performed at the [[Theatre Royal, Adelaide| Theatre Royal]] in [[Adelaide]], by Weber, Shorthose & Rice.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58634551 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Mail (Adelaide)]] |volume=22 |issue=1,139 |location=South Australia |date=24 March 1934 |accessdate=26 December 2022 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia)) </ref>

Other leading historical schools include the Edith Parsons School of Physical Culture, founded in Sydney in 1961; and the Burns Association of Physical Culture, founded in Sydney in 1968, both still in operation.((when|date=December 2022)). Other schools founded later include the Western Zone Physical Culture (1972), and The Australian Physie and Dance Association (APDA) (2011).((cn|date=December 2022)) United Physie was founded in 2023.

Competition structure varies between associations, but generally there are local, state and national competitions for teams and individuals. National championships are typically held at prestigious venues such as Sydney Opera House or the Sydney International Convention Centre.

==Contemporary interest in 19th-century physical culture==

Considerable academic research into 19th-century physical culture has been undertaken since the 1980s, and numerous articles, theses and books have been produced addressing the topic from various perspectives.<ref>McKenzie, ''Getting Physical: The Rise of Fitness Culture in America''ch 1</ref>

A number of contemporary strength and health training programs are based directly upon, or draw inspiration from various physical culture systems.

The historic [[Hegeler Carus Mansion]] in [[LaSalle, Illinois]] features a basement gymnasium that is believed to be a uniquely preserved example of a late-19th-century [[turnverein]] physical culture training facility. 

Modern collections of antique physical culture apparatus include those of the Joe and Betty Weider Museum of Physical Culture, part of the [[H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports]] at the [[University of Texas at Austin]] and the Gymuseum collection at the Forteza Fitness and Martial Arts studio in Ravenswood, Chicago.

==See also==
* [[Fitness culture]]
* [[History of physical training and fitness]]
* [[Physical education]]
* [[Body culture studies]]
* [[Bodybuilding]]
* [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
* [[Powerlifting]]
* [[Strongman]]
* [[Arm wrestling]]
* [[Gymnastics]]
* [[Pilates]]
* [[Modern yoga]], based on a combination of physical culture and hatha yoga
* [[Western sports]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* McKenzie, Shelly. ''Getting Physical: The Rise of Fitness Culture in America'' (University Press of Kansas; 2013) 304 pages
* ((cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1467-6443.2011.01415.x|pmid=22250307|title="The Necessity for Better Bodies to Perpetuate Our Institutions, Insure a Higher Development of the Individual, and Advance the Conditions of the Race." Physical Culture and the Formation of the Self in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century USA|journal=Journal of Historical Sociology|volume=24|issue=4|pages=472–493|year=2011|last1=Martschukat|first1=Jürgen))
* ((cite journal|doi=10.1080/09523367.2018.1541889|title=Physical Culture Practices: New Historical Work on Women and Gender|journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport|volume=35|issue=6|pages=487–493|year=2018|last1=Vertinsky|first1=Patricia|last2=Hedenborg|first2=Susanna|doi-access=free))
* ((cite journal|doi=10.2307/1869777|jstor=1869777|title=Gymnastics and Sports in Fin-de-Siecle France: Opium of the Classes?|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=76|issue=1|pages=70–98|year=1971|last1=Weber|first1=Eugen|pmid=11609665 |s2cid=34502831))
* ((cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Follansbee Goodrich |title=Moral, Intellectual, and Physical Culture; Or, the Philosophy of True Living |date=1869 |publisher=Wood & Holbrook |location=New York: United States |isbn=978-1355886099 |url=https://archive.org/stream/07340530R.nlm.nih.gov/07340530R_djvu.txt |access-date=15 June 2019))

((Physical culture))

((DEFAULTSORT:Physical Culture))

[[Category:Physical culture| ]]
[[Category:Physical exercise]]

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